• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.281-289
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• 1991

Neurospora crassa (KCTC 6079) produces tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1) during sexual differentiation under derepressed conditions in the presence of inducers such as amino acid analogues, antimetabolites or protein synthesis inhibitors. The selection of inducer concentration and induction time as well as inducer type are critical for the optimization of the enzyme production. The best inducer was found to be cycloheximide. Since cycloheximide was toxic to the cells, an optimal inducer concentration and an optimal induction time were determined to maximize the enzyme production from batch cultures. Mathematical models for the cell growth and the enzyme production were proposed and used for process optimization. By optimizing the induction conditions, maximum tyrosinase productivity was increased significantly.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1342-1350
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• 2009

This paper investigates the production and optimization of $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme using synthetic medium by Kluyveromyces lactis NRRL Y-8279 in stirred tank bioreactor. Response surface methodology was used to investigate the effects of fermentation parameters on $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme production. Maximum specific enzyme activity of 4,622.7 U/g was obtained at the optimum levels of process variables (aeration rate 2.21 vvm, agitation speed 173.4 rpm, initial sugar concentration 33.8 g/L, incubation time 24.0 hr). The optimum temperature and pH of the $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme produced under optimized conditions were $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0, respectively. The enzyme was stable over a pH range of 6.0-7.5 and a temperature range of $25-37^{\circ}C$. The $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ values for O-nitrophenol-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG) were 1.20 mM and $1,000\;{\mu}mol/min{\cdot}mg$ protein, respectively. The response surface methodology was found to be useful in optimizing and determining the interactions among process variables in $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme production. Hence, this study fulfills the lack of using mathematical and statistical techniques in optimizing the $\beta$-galactosidase enzyme production in stirred tank bioreactor.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 1999

In order to produce functional chitin oligosaccharides, a chitinolytic bacterium was newly screened from the viscera of Korean bony fishes, and identified as Bacillus sp. LJ-25. For the production of chitinolytic enzymes, $1.0\%$ nutrient broth and $0.3\%$ colloidal chitin were used as nitrogen and carbon source, respectively. The optimal temperature, initial pH and concentration of NaCl for the enzyme production by Bacillus sp. LJ-25 were $30^{\circ}C$ 6.5-7.0 and $1.0\%$, respectively. The enzyme activity of Bacillus sp. LJ-25 increased until the incubation time of 168 hr, followed by a decrease in activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2012

The optimal physical factors affecting enzyme production in an airlift fermenter have not been studied so far. Therefore, the physical parameters such as aeration rate, pH, and temperature affecting PLA-degrading enzyme production by Actinomadura keratinilytica strain T16-1 in a 3 l airlift fermenter were investigated. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize PLA-degrading enzyme production by implementing the central composite design. The optimal conditions for higher production of PLA-degrading enzyme were aeration rate of 0.43 vvm, pH of 6.85, and temperature at $46^{\circ}C$. Under these conditions, the model predicted a PLA-degrading activity of 254 U/ml. Verification of the optimization showed that PLA-degrading enzyme production of 257 U/ml was observed after 3 days cultivation under the optimal conditions in a 3 l airlift fermenter. The production under the optimized condition in the airlift fermenter was higher than un-optimized condition by 1.7 folds and 12 folds with un-optimized medium or condition in shake flasks. This is the first report on the optimization of environmental conditions for improvement of PLA-degrading enzyme production in a 3 l airlift fermenter by using a statistical analysis method. Moreover, the crude PLA-degrading enzyme could be adsorbed to the substrate and degraded PLA powder to produce lactic acid as degradation products. Therefore, this incident indicates that PLA-degrading enzyme produced by Actinomadura keratinilytica NBRC 104111 strain T16-1 has a potential to degrade PLA to lactic acid as a monomer and can be used for the recycle of PLA polymer.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.470-476
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• 2011

A potent fungus for amylase production, Chrysosporium asperatum, was isolated from among 30 different cultures obtained from wood samples collected in the Junagadh forest, India. All of the isolated cultures were screened for their ability to produce amylase by submerged fermentation. Among the selected cultures, C. asperatum (Class Euascomycetes; Onygenales; Onygenaceae) gave maximum amylase production. In all of the different media tested, potato starch was found to be a good substrate for production of amylase enzyme at $30^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.0. Production of enzyme reached the maximum when a combination of starch and 2% xylose, and organic nitrogen (1% yeast extract) and ammonium sulfate were used as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. There was no significant effect of metal ions on enzyme activity. The enzyme was relatively stable at $30^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, and no inhibitory effect of $Ca^{+2}$ ions on amylase production was observed.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 1998

The medium optimization was investigated to maximize the production of fibrinolytic enzyme by Bacillus subtilis KCK-7 isolated from Chungkookjang, which could hydrolyze the fibrin produced through the blood coagulation mechanism in human body. The simultaneous addition of 5% soluble starch and 0.5% cellobiose to the medium as carbon sources resulted in the highest production of the fibrinolytic enzyme. Likewise, the optimized composition of medium appeared to be 0.5% peptone, 0.3% beef extract, 0.5% cellobiose, 5% soluble starch, 2% raw soybean meal and 0.02% Na$_2$HPO$_4$. In addition, the fibrinolytic enzyme production by Bacillus subtilis KCK-7 reached to the maximum level after the cultivation for 48 hr, using the optimized medium.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.947-953
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• 2011

A fungal strain, Aspergillus terreus strain GA2, isolated from an agricultural field cultivating sweet sorghum, produced feruloyl esterase using maize bran. In order to obtain maximum yields of feruloyl esterase, the solid state fermentation (SSF) conditions for enzyme production were standardized. Effective feruloyl esterase production was observed with maize bran as substrate followed by wheat bran, coconut husk, and rice husk among the tested agro-waste crop residues. Optimum particle size of 0.71-0.3 mm and moisture content of 80% favored enzyme production. Moreover, optimum feruloyl esterase production was observed at pH 6.0 and a temperature of $30^{\circ}C$. Supplementation of potato starch (0.6%) as the carbon source and casein (1%) as the nitrogen source favored enzyme production. Furthermore, the culture produced the enzyme after 7 days of incubation when the C:N ratio was 5. Optimization of the SSF conditions revealed that maximum enzyme activity (1,162 U/gds) was observed after 7 days in a production medium of 80% moisture content and pH 6.0 containing 16 g maize bran [25% (w/v)] of particle size of 0.71-0.3 mm, 0.6% potato starch, 3.0% casein, and 64 ml of formulated basal salt solution. Overall, the enzyme production was enhanced by 3.2-fold as compared with un-optimized conditions.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2015

Fructooligosaccharides have been mainly produced by microbial fructosyltransferases (FTase) enzymes. The present work focuses on the optimization of medium composition and cultivation parameters affecting FTase produced by Penicillium aurantiogriseum AUMC 5605 in shake flask cultivation. FTase production was optimized in two steps using DeMeo's fractional factorial design. A 1.46-fold increase in FTase production (105.4 U/mL) was achieved using the optimized culture medium consisting of (g/L): sucrose, 600; yeast extract, 10; $K_2HPO_4$, 5; $MgSO_4{\cdot}7H_2O$, 0.5; $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, 1.0 and KCl, 0.5. The obtained results showed that the maximum FTase enzyme activity was produced at initial cultivation pH values ranging from 6.0-6.5, at agitation speed of 200 rpm and using vegetative fungal cells as inoculum. Moreover, results showed that optimization of medium composition and some cultivation parameters resulted in an increase of about 93.7% in the enzyme activity than the nonoptimized cultivation conditions after 96 h of cultivation. Additionally, maximum production and specific production rates recorded 2340 U/L/h and 102 U/L/h/g cells, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.22-28
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• 1999

A bacterium producing exo-inulinase was isolated from soil and identified Pseudomonas sp. and named as Pseudomonas sp. NO5. The optimal culture conditions for the efficient production of exo-inulinase from Pseudomonas sp. NO5 were obtained by cultivating with the medium 1$\%$ sucrose, 0.5$\%$ yeast extract, 0.5$\%$ $(NH_4)_2$$HPO_4$, 0.05$\%$ $MgSO_4$ㆍ$7H_2$0, 0.001$\%$ and $FeSO_4$ㆍ$7H_2$0 at $37^{\circ}C$ in initial pH 7.0 for 20 hours. The enzyme was induced maximally in the presence of sucrose or inulin at early stationary phase about 20 hour after cultivation.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.718-726
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• 2010

A selected fungal strain, for production of the raw-starchdigesting enzyme by solid-state fermentation, was improved by two repeated sequential exposures to ${\gamma}$-irradiation of $Co^{60}$, ultraviolet, and four repeated treatments with Nmethyl-N'-nitrosoguanidine. The mutant strain Aspergillus sp. XN15 was chosen after a rigorous screening process, with its production of the raw-starch-digesting enzyme being twice that of usual wild varieties cultured under preoptimized conditions and in an unsupplemented medium. After 17 successive subculturings, the enzyme production of the mutant was stable. Optimal conditions for the production of the enzyme by solid-state fermentation, using wheat bran as the substrate, were accomplished for the mutant Aspergillus sp. XN15. With the optimal fermentation conditions, and a solid medium supplemented with nitrogen sources of 1% urea and 1% $NH_4NO_3$, 2.5 mM $CoSO_4$, 0.05% (v/w) Tween 80, and 1% glucose, the mutant Aspergillus sp. XN15 produced the raw-starch-digesting enzyme in quantities 19.4 times greater than a typical wild variety. Finally, XN15, through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of a raw rice corn starch slurry, produced a high level of ethanol with $Y_{p/s}$ of 0.47 g/g.