• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2018

BACKGROUND: In order to select a fungicide that can effectively control anthracnose disease in Japanese plum fruit, mycelial growth inhibition effect and spore germination inhibition effect of six fungicides were tested in vitro against six isolates of Colletotrichum acutatum and five isolates of C. gloeosporioides that were isolated from diseased Japanese plum fruit. METHODS AND RESULTS: Inhibitory effects of fungicides on mycelial growth were investigated after inoculating each isolate on potato dextrose agar amended with four discriminatory concentrations of each fungicide for 7 days at $25^{\circ}C$. For spore germination inhibitory effect, each isolate of the Colletotrichum spp. was cultured in potato dextrose agar for 7-14 days at $25^{\circ}C$. After adjusting the concentration of spores of each isolate to $1{\times}10^6mL^{-1}$ by diluting with 0.025% PDB, the spore suspension was mixed with each fungicide (1:4, v/v), and $60{\mu}L$ aliquots were dispensed to sterile hole slide glass. Hole slide glasses were placed in a humidified box and incubated for 15 hours at $25^{\circ}C$. Then, spore germination was observed under an optical microscope. At recommended concentration of fungicide prochloraz manganese showed the highest mycelial growth inhibitory effect and dithianon showed the lowest mycelial growth inhibition. The $EC_{50}$ values for the inhibition of spore germination by dithianon and pyraclostrobin were $0.069-0.126{\mu}g/mL$ and $0.37-1.59{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Although benomyl, prochloraz manganese, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole did not inhibit the spore germination, they appeared to restrain mycelial growth by abnormal growth of germ tube and mycelium after germination. CONCLUSION: Dithianon seemed to have preventive effect. Prochloraz manganese, azoxystrobin, and tebuconazole were likely to have control effect. Pyraclostrobin is considered to have both preventive and control effect against anthracnose disease of Japanese plum fruit.

• Journal of The Korean Ophthalmological Society
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• v.59 no.12
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• pp.1152-1159
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• 2018

Purpose: We prospectively investigated clinical changes and long-term outcomes after administration of the drugs recommended by the Age-Related Eye Disease Study-2 to patients with intermediate age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: This prospective multicenter study enrolled 79 eyes of 55 patients taking lutein and zeaxanthin. The primary endpoint was contrast sensitivity; this was checked every 12 months for a total of 36 months after treatment commenced. The secondary endpoints were visual acuity, central macular thickness, and drusen volume; the latter two parameters were assessed using spectral domain optical coherence tomography. Results: The mean patient age was $72.46{\pm}7.16years$. Contrast sensitivity gradually improved at both three and six cycles per degree. The corrected visual acuity was $0.13{\pm}0.14logMAR$ and did not change significantly over the 36 months. Neither the central macular thickness nor drusen volume changed significantly. Conclusions: Contrast sensitivity markedly improved after treatment, improving vision and patient satisfaction. Visual acuity, central retinal thickness, and drusen volume did not deteriorate. Therefore, progression of AMD and visual function deterioration were halted.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.159-164
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• 2012

Purpose: Of the various methods of vision training, the essay aims to explore the effective ways of using the Fresnel prism lens in order to expand the positive fusional vergence for the patient having specific condition of convergence insufficiency or basic exophoria. Methods: 15 students of city of Daejeon university without an eye disease (average age $22.73{\pm}1.68$) were selected and underwent the subjective refraction test and binocular vision test, and recording their test results before vision training and replacing an identical frame with a lens of same quality after the full calibration, the lens was then adhered with the Fresnel prism lens and continued to train for thirty minutes daily during two weeks. Afterwards, the binocular vision test was reattempted. The observation of the change in the results of the binocular vision test in use of the fresnel prism lens in the vision training test was researched. Results: After training, the positive fusional vergence had increased to a number of $22.27{\pm}2.26$ $\Delta$, to 7.80 $\Delta$, at near, the fused cross cylinder test increased to an average of $0.55{\pm}0.09$ D, 0.40 D after training, showing a normal result. The value of negative relative accommodation after training had an average of $2.22{\pm}0.08$D, showing that 0.42 D had increased. The value of near point of convergence after training had an average of $6.13{\pm}0.53$ cm, showing that 2.80 cm had decreased. To patients who had convergence insufficiency or basic exophoria, the value of the near vision test that used the Fresnel prism lens which was able to expand BO positive fusional vergence had increased without phoria. Conclusions: The changes were tested and the effectiveness of the Fresnel prism lens, due to the nature of the lens itself, helped with both cosmetic effects and cost. It also allows good optical correction effects, in addition to these clinical effects indicated before. Therefore, it may be determined that the Fresnel prism lens binocular vision therapy for patients is more popular and highly recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.526-534
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• 2010

The prevalence rate for chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, hypertension etc. caused by the increment of national income and the change of food life according to the globalization in Korea have been increased. Especially excess sodium intake may contribute to the development of hypertension, increasing cardiovascular disease risk. The objective of this study was to investigate sodium intake of nursery school meals in Gyeonggi-Do, and to construct database for lesser sodium intake policy. Survey consisted of 601 sample intakes of sodium in summer and in winter. A food weighed record method was used for measuring food intakes. Average intakes of ten children per nursery school were measured. The sodium contents of meals were analyzed by ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometer) after acid digestion by microwave. The sodium contents on food groups showed that sources (693 mg/100 g), grilled foods (689 mg/100 g) and kimchies (643 mg/100 g) had respectively higher sodium contents and the average sodium intake per meal was $582\pm204$ mg. The sodium contents of soups & hot soups and kimchies had 37.5% and 15.8% of total sodium intakes per meal, respectively. Sodium intakes per meal in summer and winter showed 572.3 mg and 592.3 mg, respectively. Regional ranking of sodium intakes showed the ascending order of apartment (514.3 mg/meal), rural region (540.5 mg/meal), multiplex house (635.9 mg/meal) and industrial complex (696.4 mg/ meal). A habit of excessive sodium intakes in childhood will threaten their health when they grow up to be adults; thus lesser intake of sodium per meal is needed for children in nursery school.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the expected values of accommodation and vergence system for analysis of binocular vision. Methods: Seventy three healty subjects without past history of eye disease were selected for this study, Patients showing clinical binocular anomalies including manifest squint and intermittent heterotropia were excluded and data was collected on 54 patients(mean age, 25.3${\pm}$2.7 year). Near point of convergence, distance and near phoiras were measured based on objective deviation angle. And then AC/ A ratio, relative accommodation were measured and all of the data were compared with the Morgan's expected values. Results: The values of distance and near heterophoria were 1.24${\pm}$2.72${\Delta}$ and 2.70${\pm}$4.91${\Delta}$ respectively and the gradient AC/A ratio was 3.92${\pm}$2.17${\Delta}$/D which were all about the same compared with the Morgan's expected values. The values of distance negative fusional convergence was same, however, distance positive fusional convergence was 7${\Delta}$ greater than the Morgan's one. There were no significant differences in the range values of both near vergences while the range of distance vergence was relatively larger than the Morgan's one. Positive relative accommodation was +0.37D greater and negative relative accommodation was -0.63D greater than the Morgan's values. Conclusions: The findings in this study appear that the Morgan's expected values have a possibilities of including considerable proximal convergence value. In comparison with Morgan's values, Korean's normal expected values have much different values of especially BO limit, so if the Morgan's values are directly applied to binocular vision analysis for Korean people, it may lead to an inaccurate binocular vision diagnosis. This results can be used to diagnose the accommodation and vergence system of Korean normal young adults.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-82
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to provide fundamental data for the factors influencing the asthenopia of emmetropia with phoria and alleviation of asthenopia. A total of 348 subjects, aged between 19 and 30 years old, who had no strabismus, an eye trouble or whole body disease, were examined using corrected visual acuity, corrected diopter, stereopsis and suppression tests from September of 2002 to September of 2004. We excluded 21 subjects for the following reasons: if they had an amblyopia affecting binocular vision or inaccurate data. After these exclusions, 327 subjects remained. We then individually measured the refractive error correction, pupillary distance, optical center distance, phoria, convergence, accommodation and the AC/A as well as the asthenopia during binocular vision using a questionnaire. After analysis of factors affecting asthenopia, we also examined the reductive effect of a prism on the asthenopia in subjects who had asthenopia. To determine the factors affecting asthenopia during binocular vision, statistic analyses were carried out using the Chi-square test and the multivariate Logistic regression model. The results of this study were as follow. For asthenopia during near binocular vision of emmetropia with phoria, in case of the lower the accommodation and convergence, a significantly higher rate of asthenopia was observed (p<0.001). When the AC/A is lower, the higher the rate of asthenopia was observed but not significantly and there was no association between phoria and asthenopia. When the multivariate logistic regression model was used to determine factors affecting binocular vision of emmetropia with phoria, in case of the lower accommodation and convergence, a significantly higher rate of asthenopia was observed. when the phoria is esophoria or higher exophoria, or when the AC/A is lower than normal, the higher the rate of asthenopia was observed but not significantly and there was no association between phoria. AC/A and asthenopia. Therefore accommodation and convergence could be predictive factors for asthenopia during near distance binocular vision. Prism was used among' subjects who had asthenopia during near distance binocular vision, the symptom of asthenopia was eased up to 74.2% in emmetropia with phoria.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.171-177
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• 2012

Pepper seedlings of 6-leaf stage were inoculated with cell suspension of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria 1523 7 days after the application of Bion-M by soil-drenching. Disease severity in the treatment with 20 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, with which Bion-M was composed, was 19%, whereas that of the untreated control was 75%. The resulting control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was calaulated as much as 74.7%. The control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl was dependent with the applied concentrations and ranged 29.3% to 49.3% at 4.0 and 0.8 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl, respectively. Phytotoxicity was observed at 20.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$, as lower leaves became to be yellowed and defoliated. The cell density of inoculum suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523 affected the control value of acibenzolar-S-methyl. With optical density (O.D.) of 0.5 the control value of 4.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ of acibenzolar-S-methyl was 86.0%. However, the control value improved as high as 97.8% at the O.D. value of 0.1. The control value was 75.0% in adult plant of pepper, when acibenzolar-S-methyl was treated by soil-drenching 7 days before inoculation with cell suspension of X. euvesicatoria 1523. The control effect of acibenzolar-S-methyl on pepper bacterial spot was obtained in pepper field, showing that the control value at 10.0 ${\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$ was 71.2%.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.214-227
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• 2013

Computed tomographic scan as a screening procedures in asymptomatic individuals has seen a steady increase with the introduction of multiple-raw detector CT scanners. This report provides a brief review of the current controversy surrounding CT cancer screening, with a focus on the radiation induced cancer risks and clinical efficacy. 1. A large study of patients at high risk of lung cancer(the National Lung Screening Trial[NLST]) showed that CT screening reduced cancer deaths by 20%(1.33% in those screened compared with 1.67% in those not screened). The rate of positive screening tests was 24.2% and 96.4% of the positive screening results in the low-dose CT group were false-positive. Radiation induced lung cancer risk was estimated the most important in screening population because ERR of radiation induced lung cancer does not show the decrease with increasing age and synergistic connection between smoking and radiation risk. Therefore, the radiation risk may be on the same order of magnitude as the benefit observed in the NLST. Optimal screening strategy remain uncertain, CT lung cancer screening is not yet ready for implementation. 2. Computed tomographic colonography is as good as colonoscopy for detecting colon cancer and is almost as good as colonoscopy for detecting advanced adenomas, but significantly less sensitive and specific for smaller lesions and disadvantageous for subsequent therapeutic optical colonoscopy if polyps are detected. The average effective dose from CT colonography was estimated 8-10 $mS{\nu}$, which could be a significant dose if administered routinely within the population over many years. CT colonography should a) achieve at least 90% sensitivity and specificity in the size category from 6 and 10 mm, b) offer non-cathartic bowl preparation and c) be optimized and standardized CT parameters if it is to be used for mass screening. 3. There is little evidence that demonstrates, for whole-body scanning, the benefit outweighs the detriment. This test found large portion of patient(86~90.8%) had at least one abnormal finding, whereas only 2% were estimated to have clinically significant disease. Annual scans from ages 45 to 75 years would accrue an estimated lifetime cancer mortality risk of 1.9%. There is no group within the medical community that recommends whole-body CT. No good studies indicate the accuracy of screening CT, at this time. The benefit/risk balance for any of the commonly suggested CT screening techniques has yet to be established. These areas need further research. Therefore wild screening should be avoided.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.79-87
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• 2008

Purpose: This study measured Y-intercept that means a fixation disparity, X-intercept that means a associated phoria and slope of a fixation disparity curve (FDC), which are variables of dissociated phoria and the FDC. We searched for the result value and examined the direction, distribution pattern and a variable that give an most affect on dissociated phoria and the FDC at distance and near. Also this study examined that there were statistically significant differences between distance and near, comparing the result value. Methods: We measured the dissociated phoria and the fixation disparity for 51 subjects at distance and near in June, 2007. All subjects ranged from 20 to 25 years of age (average 21.72${\pm}$1.88 years old) and had no eye disease. At distance the dissociated phoria measured with the distance MIM card (muscle imbalance measure card, Bernell co., USA), and the fixation disparity measured with the modified Mallett Far Unit (Bernell co., USA). At near the dissociated phoria measured with the near MIM card (muscle imbalance measure card, Bernell co., USA), and the fixation disparity measured with the Wesson fixation disparity card (American Optical co., USA). Results: The percentage distribution of types of fixation disparity curves was that at distance prevalence of Type I (74.6%) was the highest, followed by Type IV (17.6%) and Type II (3.9%), Type III (3.9%) and that at near prevalence of Type I (53.0%) was the highest, followed by Type III (29.4%), Type IV (13.7%) and Type II (3.9%). 2. There were significantly correlation in dissociated phoria, fixation disparity (Y-intercept) and associated phoria (X-intercept). 3. The fixation disparity at distance was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.000). The distance dissociated phoria was most affected by fixation disparity (Y-intercept) (p=0.342), but the influence was weak. 4. The fixation disparity at near was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.000). The near also dissociated phoria was most affected by associated phoria (X-intercept) (p=0.009). The result that compared the each variables with the same variables at distance and near had statistically significant on paired t-test for among dissociated phoria (t=7.529, p=0.000), X-intercept (t=5.860, p=0.000), the Y-intercept (t=4.640, p=0.000) but slope of the FDC did not differ significant (t=1.336 p=0.188). Conclusions: Relationship of fixation disparity and Heterophoria had close correlation at distance and near.