• 오토저널
• /
• 제14권6호
• /
• pp.39-47
• /
• 1992

The engine combustion is one of the most important process affecting performance and emissions. One effective way to improve the engine combustion is to control motion of the charge inside a cylinder by means of optimum induction system design, because the flame speed is mainly determined by the turbulence in a gasoline engine. This paper describes the measurement and characterization of mean velocity and turbulence intensity inside the cylinder of a 4-valve gasoline engine using laser Doppler velocimeter(LDV) under motoring(non-firing) conditions. Since the measured LDV data in each cycle show small cycle variation during compression stroke in the tested engine, the mean velocity and turbulence intensity are calculated by ensemble averaging method neglecting cycle variation effects. In the ensemble averaging method, the effects of the calculation window, in which velocities are assumed as the same crank angle, on mean velocity and turbulence intensity are fully investigated. In addition, the effects of measuring point on the flow characteristics are studied. With large calculation window, the mean velocity is shown to be less sensitive with respect to crank angle and turbulence intensity decrease in its absolute amplitude. When the piston approch to the top dead center of compression, the turbulence intensity is found to be homogeneous in the cylinder.

• 성인간호학회지
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.211-221
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the pattern of changes on the score of nausea/vomiting and anxiety during one cycle of chemotherapy. Method: A total of 53 subjects who were admitted to C University Hospital for a period of 3 days and 2 nights for chemotherapy were selected from February to April, 2003. Total scores of nausea/vomiting were measured twice a day 3 days for a total of 6 measurements. Anxiety, anorexia, and fatigue were also measured at the first and last measurement points. Data were analyzed by one-way repeated measures, ANOVA, t-test, paired t-test, & Pearson's correlation. Result: The score of nausea/vomiting increased over time except for the 4th measurement point but no changes were significant over time. There were the significant differences between 1st and 2nd, and 2nd and 3rd nausea/vomiting score at p < 0.05. The scores of anxiety, anorexia, and fatigue between the first and 6th points were significantly different(t=-5.69, p=.001; t=6.25, p=.0001; t=3.65, p=.0007). Conclusion: Further studies are needed to identify the relationship between anxiety, and anticipatory and acute nausea/vomiting respectively.

• 가정과삶의질연구
• /
• 제22권6호
• /
• pp.201-218
• /
• 2004

The factors that affect the adjustment of the siblings of handicapped children were explored in this study. More specifically, how social and demographic variables affect the burdens the handicapped children's siblings experience, and how such burdens affect their adjustment in school and in the family were examined. The participants of this research were 139 students in elementary schools and middle schools, who have one or more handicapped siblings. The participants were recruited through their handicapped siblings who received services from social wet(are facilities in Daejon and Chungchong area. The scales used in this study were the measurement or Burdens for Handicapped children's siblings (Lee, Yoon Hwa, 2002), FACES (Olson et al, 1986). and The Measurement of Children's Adjustment in the School (Lim Jung Soon, 1993). The data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, average. standard deviation, T-test, one-way ANOVA, and multiple linear regression. 'rho results show that handicapped children's siblings have no difficulty in adjusting in the family if they have a religion, an elderly mother, and a high family income. They have no difficulty in adjusting in the family and in school, as long as they have no or little negative change in family relationship, low psychological burden, and no negative relational change for the handicapped sibling. Father's age and the family income their the only factors that affect their adjustment in school.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• 제10권2호
• /
• pp.122-127
• /
• 2018

PURPOSE. This study evaluated the dimensional stability of a complete-arch prosthesis processed by conventional method in water bath or microwave energy and polymerized by two different curing cycles. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Forty maxillary complete-arch prostheses were randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): MW1 - acrylic resin cured by one microwave cycle; MW2 - acrylic resin cured by two microwave cycles: WB1 - conventional acrylic resin polymerized using one curing cycle in a water bath; WB2 - conventional acrylic resin polymerized using two curing cycles in a water bath. For evaluation of dimensional stability, occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) and area of contact points were measured in two different measurement times: before and after the polymerization method. A digital caliper was used for OVD measurement. Occlusal contact registration strips were used between maxillary and mandibular dentures to measure the contact points. The images were measured using the software IpWin32, and the differences before and after the polymerization methods were calculated. The data were statistically analyzed using the one-way ANOVA and Tukey test (${\alpha}=.05$). RESULTS. The results demonstrated significant statistical differences for OVD between different measurement times for all groups. MW1 presented the highest OVD values, while WB2 had the lowest OVD values (P<.05). No statistical differences were found for area of contact points among the groups (P=.7150). CONCLUSION. The conventional acrylic resin polymerized using two curing cycles in a water bath led to less difference in OVD of complete-arch prosthesis.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• 제23권4호
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2011

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the inter- and intra-examiner reliability of ultrasonography (US) for measuring the thicknesses and cross-sectional area of the longus colli muscle (LCM) in healthy subjects. Methods: Twenty-five healthy adults participated in this study as subjects and two examiners attended to the study. LCM size was measured at the level of the thyroid cartilage. All subjects were randomly allocated to one of the three different methods. Method 1 was that the examiner A conducts the first measurement and one hour later conducts the second measurement and twenty four hours later conducts the third measurement, respectively. Method 2 was that the examiner B conducts the measurements in the same way as the examiner A. Method 3 was that the examiners A and B randomly conduct the measurements twice at an interval of one hour. Results: The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) for the intra-examiner reliability ranged from 0.78 to 0.98 at rest and 0.57 to 0.98 during contraction for the examiner A. The $ICC_{3,3}$ for the intra-examiner reliability ranged from 0.60 to 0.96 at rest and 0.57 to 0.92 during contraction for the examiner B. The $ICC_{2,3}$ for the inter-examiner reliability ranged from 0.80 to 0.91 at rest and 0.84 to 0.93 during contraction. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that US is a reliable method for measuring the LCM size.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.35-43
• /
• 2013

생활 속에서 걷기(보행)와 같은 운동을 보다 효과적으로 할 수 있다면 비만과 같은 생활습관 질병과 체중을 관리하는데 도움이 된다. 일반적으로 소모 칼로리는 보행시 이동하는 거리를 기준으로 계산된다. 그러나 보행거리는 보폭과 걸음수로 측정될 수 있는데, 대부분의 운동량 측정 계에서는 평균보폭을 기준으로 삼아 측정하고 있어 각기 다른 개인의 신체적 특성과 보행특성을 제대로 반영하지 못하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 보행속력에 따라서 보폭도 달라지기 때문에 보행속력을 고려하지 않는다면 보행거리가 길수록 오차가 점점 커져 잘못된 보행거리와 칼로리 소모량이 계산될 수밖에 없다. 이에 본 연구에서는 개인의 보행속력을 3단계로 분류하고 3축 가속도계로부터 측정된 x,y,z축 값으로 보행속력을 추정한 뒤 보폭을 자동으로 계산해 내는 개인별 자동보폭 측정기법을 고안하였다. 또한 측정기법의 유효성을 확인하기 위해 스마트 기기에서 애플리케이션을 개발하고, 이를 이용한 인식률 실험과 보행속력 분류 정확도 실험, 그리고 이동거리 측정실험을 통해서 그 효용성을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate intra-rater reliability and determine the validity of electromyography (EMG) measurements to represent muscle activity and ultrasonography (US) to represent muscle thickness during manual muscle testing (MMT) to external abdominal oblique (EO) and lumbar multifidus (MF). Twenty healthy subjects were recruited for this study and asked to perform MMT at differing levels. The subjects' muscle activity using EMG was measured by a ratio to maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) and root mean square (RMS) methods. The subjects' muscle thickness using US was measured by raw muscle thickness and change ratio of thickness to maximum (MVC) or resting condition. In three trials, measurements were performed on each subject by one examiner. The intra-rater reliability of measurements of EMG and US to EO and MF was calculated using intra-class coefficients. The intra-rater reliability of all measurements was excellent (ICC=.75~.98) in EMG and US. The conduct validity was calculated by one-way ANOVA with repeated measurements to compare whether the EMG and US measurements were different between MMT at different levels. There was only a significant difference between all grades at %MVC thickness measurement of US. These results suggest that a %MVC thickness measurement of US was a more sensitive and discriminate in all manual muscle testing grades. This information will be useful for the selection of US measurement and analysis methods in clinics.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제32권7C호
• /
• pp.608-615
• /
• 2007

일반적으로 양방향 전송을 통한 TOA(Time Of Arrival) 정보는 두 디바이스간의 정확한 RTT(Round Trip Time) 정보로부터 도출되지만 디바이스간의 서로 다른 클럭 표류의 영향으로 인하여 RTT 측정 시 요구되는 응답 시간이 길 경우 매우 심각한 TOA 오차를 야기 시키게 된다. 이를 해결하기 위해서 본 논문에서는 비동기 시스템에서 클럭 표류의 영향을 줄이면서 TOA와 TDOA(Time Difference Of Arrival) 정보를 획득하는 방안을 제안한다. 이를 검증하기 위해서 IEEE 802.15.4a Task Group에서 제시한 단방향 전송을 통한 측위 방안과 비교하였으며 제안된 방안이 기존 방법들보다 개선된 성능을 보임을 확인하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.51-54
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this paper is the development of measurement algorithm for green-sheet based on the digital image processing technique. The Low Temperature Cofired Ceramic (LTCC) technology can be defined as a way to produce multilayer circuits with the help of single tapes, which are used to apply conductive, dielectric and / or resistive pastes on. These single green-sheets have to be laminated together and fired in one step all. Main functionality of the green-sheet film measurement algorithm is to measure the position and size of the punching hole in each single layer. The line scan camera coupled with motorized X-Y stage is used for developing the algorithm. In order to measure the entire film area using several scanning steps, the overlapping method is used. In the process of development of the algorithm based on the image processing and analysis, strong background technology and know-how have been accumulated.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국가시화정보학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
• /
• pp.86-89
• /
• 2004

One most feasible way to measure the concentration field in the micro-channel is using micro-LIF(Laser Induced Fluorescence) method. However, an accurate concentration field at a given cross plane in a micro-channel has not been successfully achieved so far due to various limitations in the light illumination and fluorescence signal detection. The present study demonstrates a novel method to provide an ultra thin laser sheet beam having five(5) microns thickness by use of a micro focus laser line generator. The laser sheet beam illuminates an exact plane of concentration measurement field to increase the signal to noise ratio and considerably reduce the depth uncertainty. Nile Blue A was used as fluorescent dye for the present LIF measurement. The enhancement of the fluorescent intensity signals was performed by a solvent mixture of water $(95\%)$ and ethanol (EtOH)/methanol (MeOH) $(5\%)$ mixture. To reduce the rms errors resulted from the CCD electronic noise and other sources, an expansion of grid size was attempted from $1\times1$ to 3(3 or 5(5 pixel data windows and the pertinent signal-to-noise level has been noticeably increased accordingly.