• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.125-137
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• 2006

Pleurotus eryngii is one of the most promising mushrooms produced on the domestic farms. The quality as well as quantity of Eryngii is sensitively affected by micro climate factors such as temperature, relative humidity, $CO_2$ concentration, and light intensity. To safely produce high-quality Eryngii all the yew round, it is required that the environmental factors be carefully controlled by well designed structures equipped with various facilities and control systems. At the commercial mushroom cultivation houses of permanent frame type (A, B), this study was carried out to find out reasonable range of each environmental factor and yield together with economic and safe structures influencing on the optimal productivity of Eryngii. This experiment was conducted for about two-year ken Nov. 2003 to Dec. 2005 in cultivation house. Ambient temperature during the experiment period was not predominantly different from that of a normal year. The capacity of the hot water boiler and the piping systems were not enough. Because the capacity of electric heater and air circulation were not enough, air temperatures in cultivation house before improvement of system were maintained somewhat lower than setting temperature, and maximum air temperature difference between the upper and lower growth stage during a heating time period was about 5.1. But the air temperatures after system improvement were maintained within the limits range of setting temperature without happening stagnant of air. Air temperature distribution was generally distributed uniform. Relative humidity in cultivation house before , improvement was widely ranged about $44{\sim}100%$. But as the relative humidity after improvement was ranged approximately $80{\sim}100%$, it was maintained within the range of relative humidity recommended. And $CO_2$ concentration was maintained about $400{\sim}3,300mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ range. The illuminance in cultivation house was widely distributed in accordance with position, and it was maintained lower than the recommended illuminance range $100{\sim}200lx$. The acidity of midium was some lower range than the recommend acidity range of pH $5.5{\sim}6.5$. The yield was relatively ununiform. In case of bottle capacity of 1,300cc, the mushroom of the lowest grade was less than 3%. The consumption electric energy was quite different according to the cultivation season. The electric energy consumed during heating season was much more than that of cooling season.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.563-574
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• 1986

The structure of gonads, gametogenesis and reproductive cycle of the jackknife clams, Solen strictus and Solen gordonis were investigated mainly by histological observation. The first species used were monthly sampled at the coastal area of Dadaepo, Pusan, Korea and Naechodo, Kunsan, Korea for one year from February 1982 to January 1983. The second species were monthly sampled at the sand beach of Dadaepo, Pusan, Korea, from February 1982 to January 1983. Sexualities of Solen strictus and Solen gordonis are dioecious, and these species are oviparous. The gonads are irregularly arranged from the subregion of mid-intestinal gland in visceral cavity to reticular connective tissue of foot. The ovary was composed of a number of small ovarian sacs and the testis was composed of several testicular lobuli which from the tubular structure. Early multiplicating oogonium was about $10{\mu}m$ in diamater. Nucleus and nucleolus, at that time, were distinct in appearance. Each of the early growing oocytes made an egg-stalk, connected to the germinal epithelium of the ovarian sac. A great number of undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells are abundantly distributed in the ovarian sacs in the early development stages. With the further development of gonad, these tissue and cells gradually disappeared. Then the undifferentiated mesenchymal tissue and eosinophilic granular cells function as nutritive cells in the formation and development of the early stage germ cells. Mature oocytes were free in the lumen of ovarian sacs and gradually become round or oval. Ripe oocyte was about 80 to $90{\mu}m$ in diameter. With the further development of testis, each of the testicular lobuli formed stratified layers composed of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa in groups on the germinal epithelium. After spawning, the gonad gradually degenerated, and disorganized completely. Then new differentiated tissues were rearranged next year. The annual reproductive cycle of those species could be classified into five stages; multiplicative, growing, mature, spent, degenerative and resting stage. It seems that the spawning season is closely related to the water temperature, and the spawning of Solen strictus occurs from June to July at above $20^{\circ}C$ in water temperature. The peak spawning season appeared in June at Dadaepo and in July at Kunsan, The spawning of Solen gordonis occurs from May to June with the peak spawning season in June. Percentages of the first maturity in female of Solen strictus ranging from 5.1-6.0 cm and 7.1-8.0 cm in shell length were $50\%$ and $100\%$, respectively.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Health Promotion Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1-16
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• 2004

This paper considers the possibilities of health promotion from the following perspectives; (1) IUHPE, (2) socio-cultural similarities, (3) action research, and (4) learning from our past. 1. The IUHPE values decentralized activities through regions, and countries such as Japan, Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan and China belong to NPWP region. Since IUHPE World Conference was held in Japan in 1995, Japan used to occupy more than 60% of NPWP membership. After 2001, membership is increasing rapidly in Chinese speaking sub-region. The transnational collaboration is still in its beginning phase. 2. Confucianism is one of key points. Confucian tradition should not be seen only as obstacles but as advantages to seek a form of health promotion more acceptable in East Asia. 3. Within the new public health framework, people are expected to create and live their health. However, especially in Japan, the tendency of 'lacking of face-to-face explicit interactions' is still common at health-promotion settings as well as academic settings. Therefore, the author tried participatory approaches such as asking WlFY (interactive questions designed for subjects to review their daily life and environment) and as introducing round table interactions. So far, majority of participants welcome new trials. 4. The following social phenomena are comparatively discussed after Japanese invasion and occupation of Korea ended in 1945; ·status of oriental medicine, ·separation of dispensary services, and ·health promotion specialist as a national license. In contrast to Japanese' tendency of maintaining the status quo and postponing of substantial social change, trend toward rapid and dynamic social changes are more commonly observed in Korea. Although all of above possibilities are still in their beginning stages, they are going to offer interesting directions waiting for further challenges and accompanying researches.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2009

This study was to investigate the muscoulosckeletla pain from 214 dental hygienist during treatment process in Ulsan and Kyungnam. The data collection was done from March to May in 2009 with questionnaire. The study results were as follows. In the participant's age characteristic, under 23 years old(34.1%) was majority, other participant age group were 24~26 years old(33.6%), 25~29 years old(20.6%), and over 30 years old(11.7%). Other participant characteristic were unmarried participant(86.4%), none religion(43.5%), and graduation from college(88.3%). In the participant's business characteristic, working place were dental clinic(57.5%), and dental hospital(42.5%), career was 1~2 years(42.5%) and a number of change job was once(45.1%). Salary were 1,300,000~1,490,000 won (33.6%), 1,500,000~1,990,000 won(29.9%), under 1,300,000 won(26.2%), 2,000,000~2,490,000 won(7.5%). A number of dental hygienist was over 20 person(85.9%) and the average dental hygienist was 15.6 person. A number of dentist were one person(28.5%), 2 person(22.4%), 4 person(19.2%) and the average dentist was 3.2 person. Dental hygienist's working hour was 8~9(49.5%), a large part of dental hygienist was assistance of general treatment(70.1%). Other results were 5 days/week working(60.3%), and night shift(49.1%). In an effect of musculoskeletal pain during working, neck pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward 15 degree or head round", "non balanced shoulders", "bend waist", "bend wrist", and "sit astraddle on a chair". Shoulders pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "head forward over 15 degree", "bend waist", and "stand up straightly". Knee pain was significantly influenced by body posture such as "stand up straightly", and hip pain was influenced by "sit astraddle on chair".

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-99
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• 1994

Ch'ang-Ts'al-Ts'un is a rural Village near Lung-jing City in Yen-pien Korean Autonomous Province of China. It was formed about 100 years ago by Korean Immigrants and has been developed maintaing the characteristics of traditional Korean architecture. Therefore investigating the spatial structure of this village is a meanigful work to confirm and explore one branch of Korean architecture. This study aims at analyzing the spatial structure of the village using direct data collected from the field work and indirect data from books and maps. The field work consists of on-the-site survey of the village layout, interviews of residents, observation notes and photography. Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un is located 360-370 m high above the sea level and at the side of a long valley. A river flows in the middle of the valley and relatively flat arable land exists at the both sides of the river. The location of the village related to the surrounding river and mountains suggests that the site of the village was chosen according to Feng-Shui, Chinese and Korean traditional architectural theory. The main direction of the house layouts is South-western. The village has been growing gradually until today. Therefore it is meaningful to make the village layout before Liberation(1946 A.D.) because the characteristics of Korean architecture prevailed more in that period. The area of the previous village is limited to the west side of the creek. New houses were later added to the east of the creek, forming a 'New Village'. Previously the village was composed of 3 small villages: Up, Middle and Down. Also the main access roads connecting the village with the neighboring villages were penetrating the village transversely. Presently the main access road comes to the village longitudinally from the main highway located in front of the village. The retrospective layout shows the existence of well-formed Territory, Places and Axes, thus suggesting a coherent Micro-cosmos. The boundary of imaginery territory perceived by present residents could be defined by linking conspicous outside places sorrounding the village such as Five-mountains, Front-mountain, Shin-dong village, Standing-rock, Rear-mountain and Myong-dong village. Inside the territory there are also the important places such as Bus-stop, Memorial tower of patriots, Road-maitenance building and the village itself. And inside it 5 transverse and 1 longitudinal axes exist in the form of river, roads and mountains. The perceived spatial structure of the village formed by Places, Axes and Territory is geometrical and well-balanced and suggests this village is fit for human settlement. The administrative area of the village is about 738 ha, 27 % of which is cultivated land and the rest is mountain area. Initially the village and surrounndings were covered with natural forest But the trees have been gradually cut down for building and warning houses, resulting in the present barren and artificial landscape with bare mountains and cultivated land. At present the area of the village occupied by houses is wedge-shaped, 600 m wide and 220 m deep in its maximum. The total area of the village is $122,175m^{2}$. The area and the rate of each sub-division arc as follow. 116 house-lots $91,465m^{2}$ (74.9 %) Land for public buildings and shops $2,980m^{2}$ (2.4 %) Roads $17,106m^{2}$ (14.0 %) Creek $1,356m^{2}$ (1.1 %) Vacant spaces and others $9,268m^{2}$ (7.6 %) TOTAL $122,175m^{2}$ (100.0 %) Each lot is fenced around with vertical wooden pannels 1.5-1.8 m high and each house is located to the backside of the lot. The open space of a lot is sub-divided into three areas using the same wooden fence: Front yard, Back yard and Access area. Front and back yards are generally used for crop-cultivation, the custom of which is rare in Korea. The number of lots is 116 and the average size of area is $694.7m^{2}$. Outdoor spaces in the village such as roads, vacant spaces, front yard of the cultural hall, front yard of shops and spacse around the creek are good 'behavioral settings' frequently used by residents for play, chatting, drinking and movie-watching. The road system of the village is net-shaped, having T-junctions in intersections. The road could be graded to 4 categories according to their functions: Access roads, Inner trunk roads, Connecting roads and Culs-de-sac. The total length of the road inside the village is 3,709 m and the average width is 4.6 m. The main direction of the road in the village is NNE-SSE and ESE-WNW, crossing with right angles. Conclusively, the spatial structure of Ch'ang-Ts'ai-Ts'un village consists of various components in different dimensions and these components form a coherent structure in each dimension. Therefore the village has a proper spatial structure meaningful and appropriate for human living.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.111-120
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• 2009

There are barley, wheat, oat, rye and triticale winter cereal crops for whole crop silage. These small grains have been suitable to use for round-baled silage making as livestock feed. Studies were carried out to understand the growth and productivity of five winter cereals grown at paddy field in middle region of South Korea. The ratio of culm weight per plant were described by quadratic function for 5 winter cereals crops. The peak of culm ratio were 1 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 5 May in wheat variety Keumkang', 10 May in rye 'Gogu'(Rye), 11 May in triticale variety 'Shinyoung' and 13 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The ratio of leaf per plant were linearly decreased by growing. In barley and oat, the ratio of spike weight per plant were linearly increased after heading, but in wheat and triticale, it were not accumulated at one time after heading and rapidly increased after fertilization. The ratio of spike weight per plant in barley was outstandingly higher than that of wheat, triticale, rye and oat, respectively. So, barley variety 'Youngyang' recommended for whole crop forage use was suitable for forage use because of high at ratio of the leaf and spike. The proper cutting date by the percentage of dry matter for baled-silage making, 30$[\sim}$40%, were 25 May in barley variety 'Youngyang', 25 May to 5 June in wheat variety 'Keumkang' and triticale variety 'Shinyoung', 15 May in rye 'Gogu' and 5 June in oat variety 'Samhan', respectively. The total aerial fresh weight accumulation at different cutting dates were described by quadratic function for barley, wheat and triticale. The forage fresh yield were peaked at 7 May in barley, 14 May in wheat, 17 May in triticale and late of May in oat, respectively. The dry matter yields of four small cereals were linearly increased after over-wintering. The yield at the date of proper harvesting time by water content for baled silage making were sequently high oat, barley, wheat, triticale and rye. The relative growth rate was relatively high in rye at early cutting but high in oat at late cutting. In barley, wheat and triticale, the rate were similar.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.102-109
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• 2011

The genioglossus muscle plays an important role in maintaining upper airway patency during inspiration; if this muscle does not contract normally, breathing disorders occur due to closing of the upper airway. These occur because of disorders of synaptic input to the genioglossus motoneurons, however, little is known about it. In this study, the distribution of GABA-, glycine-, and glutamate-like immunoreactivity in axon terminals on dendrites of the rat genioglossus motoneurons, stained intracellularly with horseradish peroxidase (HRP), was examined by using postembedding immunogold histochemistry in serial ultrathin sections. The motoneurons were divided into four compartments: the soma, and primary (Pd), intermediate (Id), and distal dendrites (Dd). Quantitative analysis of 157, 188, 181, and 96 boutons synapsing on 3 soma, 14 Pd, 35 Id, and 28 Dd, respectively, was performed. 71.9% of the total number of studied boutons had immunoreactivity for at least one of the three amino acids. 32.8% of the total number of studied boutons were immunopositive for GABA and/or glycine and 39.1% for glutamate. Among the former, 14.2% showed glycine immunoreactivity only and 13.3% were immunoreactive to both glycine and GABA. The remainder (5.3%) showed immunoreactivity for GABA only. Most boutons immunoreactive to inhibitory amino acids contained a mixture of flattened, oval, and round synaptic vesicles. Most boutons immunoreactive to excitatory amino acids contained clear and spherical synaptic vesicles with a few dense-cored vesicles. When comparisons of the inhibitory and excitatory boutons were made between the soma and three dendritic segments, the proportion of the inhibitory to the excitatory boutons was high in the Dd (23.9% vs. 43.8%) but somewhat low in the soma (35.7% vs. 38.2%), Pd (34.6% vs. 37.8%) and Id (33.1% vs. 38.7%). The percentage of synaptic covering of the inhibitory synaptic boutons decreased in the order of soma, Pd, Id, and Dd, but this trend was not applicable to the excitatory boutons. The present study provides possible evidence that the spatial distribution patterns of inhibitory and excitatory synapses are different in the soma and dendritic tree of the rat genioglussus motoneurons.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.211-221
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• 1999

The ultrastructural changes of cuticular surface, excretory and digestive organs of Anisakis simplex larvae chronologically recovered from experimental cats were observed with a SEM and TEM. The larva recovered from an experimental cat at 3 days post-infection (PI) retained the cuticular surface with regular transverse striations and a longitudinal groove on the lateral side of body. This finding suggests that the molting of the 3rd stage larva of A. simplex to 4th one occurred from the 3rd day after infection in cats. The excretory organ (renette cell) consisted of a large cell with numerous ductules ramified from the main duct, mitochondria and secretory granules in cytoplasm. Secretory granules in the renette cell of larvae recovered at 24 hours PI were round whereas those of control and larvae recovered at 6 hours PI were amorphous. Muscular esophagus and ventriculus also retained many secretory granules in the cytoplasm. The secretory granules in these organs of larvae recovered at $6\sim24$ hours PI were electron-dense and widely distributed whereas those of control worm were packed in a pocket and retained various electron densities. In the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells, numerous fine glycogen particles and mitochondria were distributed. The chronological changes of secretory granules in renette cell, muscular esophagus and ventriculus seem to be related with the worm penetration into host tissue.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.204-209
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• 2015

BACKGROUND: Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is cultivated worldwide and one of important vegetables in Korea where year-round production of radish is possible. Most of radishes in autumn are cultivated with double-row spacing except for Gangwon-do where sing-row spacing is predominant. However, no research has been conducted on double-row spacing in radish cultivation so far. This study was conducted to reveal the optimum double-row spacing in autumn cultivation of radish. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using top two popular autumn radish cultivars 'S' and 'C', seeds were sown in spacing between rows of $55{\times}25$, $45{\times}25$, $35{\times}25$ and $25{\times}25cm$, and that within rows of $35{\times}28$, $35{\times}25$, $35{\times}22$ and $35{\times}19cm$. Plants were harvested 58 days after sowing and leaf weight, length and number, and root weight, length sugar content and pithiness were investigated. In the spacing between rows, no significant difference was observed in leaf weight, length and number in both cultivars; however, 25 cm of spacing between rows significantly reduced the root length and weight in 'S' and 'C' cultivars, respectively. In spacing within rows, 28, 25 and 22 cm did not affect fresh root weight in both cultivars, producing appropriate radish roots of 1,500g on average. However, 19 cm of spacing within rows did not reduced fresh root weight in 'S' cultivar but did significantly in 'C' cultivar (1148.3 g). Sugar contents and pithiness of roots were also affected by spacing but its effect was very small and different between cultivars. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that optimum double-row spacing in autumn radish cultivation is 35 cm and 22 cm of spacing between and within rows, respectively, the spacing that did not reduce the yield and quality of radish roots in two popular autumn radish cultivars.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1319-1336
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• 2006

The successive round of talks oil Korea-USA Free Trade Agreement (FTA) has continued, and it also has the Intellectual property(IPR) unit. Until now, tile one of most disputing concerns in IPR unit through talks is the limitation of compulsory license of claimed invention. The US is urging to establish a safeguard for IPR, as similar measure of the US, to protecting the profit of the US enterprises through these on-going talks, it is more likely expected to take the offensive about infringement of the patent seriously. Based on the current circumstances, the provision strategy study is needed to obtain Korea inventors the first inventor defense under the US patent law system as well as understand the current Korea's patent law and its revision against that in the US. In patent Law, both nations with first to file system and first to invent system permit a prior user of an invention to continue to use the invention notwithstanding its subsequent patenting by another under being subject to certain qualifications and limitations, even though a patent by a later inventor is granted. Normally, the first inventor defense has been used to compensate the drawbacks of the first to file system. The US patent Law, however, adopting the first to invent system admits the first inventor defense. Therefore, pursuing counteract provision under consideration with Korean patent Law system and research environment along with investigating the reason why the US adopted its patent law system, the scope of right, and the new reform of Act. 2005 of the institute, which promotes the first Korean inventor to possess the defense right of the US, provides certain preparations for Korean companies against the expected offensive from the US ones under the US patent Law system.