• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.481-491
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• 1995

Endovaginal and endorectal receiver only surface coils were designed for MR imaging (MRI) and $^1H$ MR spectroscopy (MRS) for the uterine cervix and the prostate. The shape of endovaginal coil wire was rectangular with round corner. Size of the coil wire was empirically determined for 7cm and 4cm along the long and short axis, respectively. The coil wire loop was supported by acryl handle and bent about $150^{\circ}$ at one side of the loop considering the average angle of the cervix to the vagina. We called this as a "spoon-type endovaginal coil". The wire of the endorectal coil was made of the flexible materials so that the wire loop became long elliptic shape by pushing the acryl handle into the plastic tube for the comfort of patients when the coil was inserted into the cervix. Then, the shape was maintained to be circle by popping out handle. Conventional spin echo (SE) and fast spin echo (FSE) sequences were used as 71 and 72 weighted imaging sequences, respectively. Matrix size was 128~$256{\times}256$. FOVs for surface coil and body coil were 14cm and 24cm, respectively. 3D volume localized in vivo $^1H$ MR spectroscopy of the human cervix and prostate was performed using PRESS or STEAM localization method with the following parameters . TR=3 sec, TE=135 msec for PRESS or 30 msec for STEAM, NEX=2, NS=48, Sl=2048, and SW=2500 Hz. Using home-built endovaginal and endorectal coils, excellent T1- and T2-images were obtained to visualize early cervical and prostate tumors. 3D volume localized in vivo IH MRS was useful to differentiate the cancerous tissue from the normal tissue.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.41 no.2 s.113
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• pp.195-211
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• 2006

During the 1986-1994 Uruguay Round negotiations under the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (later World Trade Organization), the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) was adopted by participating countries. TRIPS has not only allowed intellectual property to be introduced into international trade arenas, but also extended the scope of protection to biodiversity such as plant genetic material, arguing that intellectual property rights (IPRs) would help conserve biodiversity. In this paper, I aim to deconstruct the global IPRs regimes over biodiversity by adopting geographers' sensitivity to place and scale as an analytical window. By investigating how all the issues regarding IPRs over biodiversity that are raised by diverse disciplines, such as environmental ethics, environmental economics and political economy approach, are scale-related, I demonstrate how biodiversity IPRs, and its introduction into international trade agreements, though separate issues with no inevitable relationship to one another, have been put together for the construction of global IPRs regimes. I argue that the notion on the construction of scale (i.e., rhetorical and discursive construct of globalization) can contribute to revealing how fragile global environmental conservation regimes are.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.143-150
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• 2011

Purpose : The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic accuracy of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and bitewing images in detection of secondary caries. Materials and Methods : One hundred and twenty proximal slots of Class II cavities were randomly prepared on human premolar and molar teeth, and restored with amalgam (n=60) and composite resin (n=60). Then, artificial secondary caries lesions were randomly created using round steel No. 4 bur. The teeth were radiographed with a conventional bitewing technique and two CBCT systems; Pax-500ECT and Promax 3D. All images were evaluated by five observers. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve ($A_z$) was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy. Significant difference was tested using the Friedman test (p value<0.05). Results : The mean $A_z$ values for bitewing, Pax-500ECT, and Promax 3D imaging systems were 0.882, 0.995, and 0.978, respectively. Significant differences were found between the two CBCT systems and film (p=0.007). For CBCT systems, the axial plane showed the greatest $A_z$ value. Conclusion : Based on the design of this study, CBCT images were better than bitewing radiographs in detection of secondary caries.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

Objective: The Purpose of the study was to investigate the bone morphogenic protein expression of rhBMP-2(recombinant human bone morphogenic protein-2) as singnaling molecule and ${\beta}-TCP$(Tricalcium phosphate) as a bone substitute and carrier medium of rhBMP-2. Materials and Methods: 16 rabbits divided into 2 group of each 8 rabbit. Two standardized bone defect, round bilateral defect was made in the cranium of the 8 rabbit of first group, and was grafted with $150{\sim}500{\mu}m$ diameter ${\beta}-TCP$ 0.25g in one side, which was soaked with rhBMP-2, and autogenous bone was grafted on another side as a positive control. Second group of 8 rabbit, only ${\beta}-TCP$ was grafted with same size and same manner. After 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks, specimen was taken for microscopic immunohiostochemical and histomorphometric analysis. Result: Grafting ${\beta}-TCP$ with rhBMP show the early formation of the bone regenerative factor (BMP-4) and more quantity of new bone formation than only use of ${\beta}-TCP$ (8,12 week), even show less new bone formation than autogenous bone. Conclusion : The experimental study result that ${\beta}-TCP$ graft combination with rhBMP-2 as a delivery system is an effective with osteoinductive capacity and biodegradable properties, so that provide clinical availibility of composite use in reconstruction of bony defect.

• ALGAE
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2008

Seaweed biomass was estimated using a nondestructive method in the rocky subtidal zones in Munseom, Jeju Island, Korea from July 2006 to April 2008. Seasonal samplings were done at the depth of 1, 5, 10 m using 50 x 50 cm quadrat. Mean biomass was comprised of 2,784 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ and the biomass values varied seasonally from 1,176 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ to 4,217 g wet wt m$^{-2}$ with the highest point in April. Biomass reached maximum at 5 m depth in spring, but was shifted to 10 m depth in summer. Common seaweeds appeared year round in Munseom were Codium minus, Ecklonia cava, Sargassum spp., articulated corallines and Plocamium telfairiae. Among them, E. cava showed the highest biomass (average of 1,288 g wet wt m$^{-2}$), comprising 4% of total biomass. Only 12 species’' biomass covered 98% of total value, which indicated the contribution of few common species to algal community. Seaweed biomass in Munseom represented one of the highest values in coastal regions in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.354-364
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• 1990

The ultrastructure and silk formational process of the flagelliform glands, one of the capture thread producing organs in the orb web spider (Nephila clavata L. Koch), have been studied with electron microscope. A pair of flagelliform glands consist of three distinct regions: excretory duct, storage sac and convoluted tail. This gland is connected to the large spinning tube (spigot) of the posterior spinnerets with two pairs of aggregate glands, and showed a characteristic spigot structure called "triad". The excretory duct consists of three long segments surrounded by the same sheath of connective tissue. The distal duct near the spinning tube bears the electron lucent subcuticles which have the functions of water removal and orientation of the silk fiber, whereas the proximal duct near the sac contains the cuticule precursor transported through the intercellular space. Cytoplasms of the sac and tail regions have well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and contain the round secretory granules commonly, but the electron densities and internal textures of the granules do not coincided. Adjacent epithelial cells are connected with the specialized septate junctions, and secretory granules accumulated at the apical pole are released to the lumen by the apocrine secretion.secretion.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.288-295
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• 2005

Five dogs at the age of 2-13 years, with variant respiratory signs like as dry cough, dyspnea, exercise intorelance and lameness were presented. On thoracic radiographs, all dogs had abnormalities such as soft tissue density, round mass image, increased pulmonary infiltration and pleural effusion. All dogs were diagnosed as adenocarcinoma on cytopathologic examinations by fine needle aspiration with ultrasound guidance. Computed tomography was performed in three cases to evaluate clinical stage. Primary papillary adenocarcinoma was confirmed after necropsy in one case.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.89-97
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• 1991

For the ultrastructural observation on Babesia gibsoni(B gibsoni), the protozoa were challenged experimentally to splectomized dog. To examine the ultrastructure of the B gibsoni in the erythrocyte, the infected erythrocytes were collected at the cephalic or jugular vein of the dog. The results obtained by TEM(transmission electron microscopy) were as follows; 1. The sizes of protozoa in erythrocytes are $0.92{\pm}0.36{\mu}m{\times}0.67{\pm}0.21{\mu}m$, the sizes of nucleus of the protozoa are $0.55{\pm}0.24{\mu}m{\times}0.38{\pm}0.26{\mu}m$, and sizes of rhoptries in plasma of the protozoa are $0.33{\pm}0.05{\mu}m{\times}0.25{\pm}0.07{\mu}m$, respectively. 2. The tropozoite membrane in the erythrocyte was one, and it's nuclear membrane was made up of double. But the protozoa of initial stage in infected erythrocyte had double clear mambranes, and distinguished from plasma membrane of red blood cell. 3. The mitochondrialike structures covered with two membranes were observed in the protozoa. 4. Mitochondria and vesicles of the reticulocyte were observed near protozoa in the erythrocyte. 5. There are rhoptry, coiled structure and single nucleous in the merozoite. 6. The shape of rhoptry was round or ovoid form and in occasionally, the content of rhoptry was lost partially. 7. There was able to observe the dividing process of the protozoa. 8. Maurer's cleft-like structure was observed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.375-379
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• 2005

Porcine juvenile pustular psoriasiform dermatitis (PJPPD) is a disease of young pigs and characterized by nonpruritic round eruption of skin. The cause of this disease is yet undetermined but is presumed to be genetic predisposition. There may be few opportunities for veterinarian to detect this disease compared with actual situation in field because these lesions resolve spontaneously in two months. The authors detected spontaneous PJPPD case and performed clinical and pathological studies on three pigs from one farm. The specific skin lesions were observed in the forty-day old pigs of mixed breed, which were produced by the sows received semen from the same boar, restrictively. However, there was no skin lesion of pigs in suckling or fattening periods. Grossly, lesions were commonly found on the ventral abdominal part as a papule and were spreaded to the skin of whole body. With the spreading of lesions centrifugally, skin was showed as a umbilicated plaques or mosaic pattern with a few pustules or crusts. Microscopically, the most prominent lesion was the psoriasiform hyperplasia with acanthosis, down growth of rete ridges, exocytosis of eosinophils and neutrophils, ballooning degeneration of superficial epidermis, and koilocytic degeneration of keratinocytes. Additionally, there were moderate dermal edema and severe mixed cellular infiltration, especially eosinophils. No infectious agent which can cause the skin lesion, was detected or cultured, and no lesion caused by infectious agents was also observed, pathologically. With pathological results of this study, it is supposed that pathogenesis or severity of PJPPD may be related to the infiltration of eosinophil or hypersensitivity.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2009

In this thesis, the emphasis is laid especially on the culture & structure of Huizhou Province, China as the prime mover of the specifically-regional Huizhou $X{\bar{i}}n^{\prime}{\bar{a}}n$ medicine. Huizhou was the home town & stronghold of Neo-coufucian masters Cheng-Zhu (Cheng brothers and Zhu-hsi)". The tradition of the region as "The arts province" resulted in the flourishing trend of nurturing prominent Confucian-doctors. The remarkable all round activities of Huizhou Merchants (新安商人 $X{\bar{i}}n^{\prime}{\bar{a}}nsh{\bar{a}}ngr{\acute{e}}n$), as the reigning power merchant at the period were the second mover of the Zeitgeist. Their nation-wide network all over China made it possible to gain valuable inlormation and access to news including the field of medicine in time. Some merchants actually have "abandoned their own jobs to become doctors of medicine". This Confucian-Merchant culture was one of intrinsic characteristics of Huizhou region, inducing "Pragmatic Scholarship". With the enlargement of the population of Confucian-tumed doctors and improvement of the societal status of doctors, the resultant occupational triad of local Confucian govemment officials, local $X{\bar{i}}n^{\prime}{\bar{a}}nsh{\bar{a}}ngr{\acute{e}}n$ merchants, and local doctors was established after the Middle-Ming Dynasty. Ultimately, the two prime movers of the concomitant development of medicine in the Province Huizhou in this study are concluded to be the synergy effects of the Neo-Confucian tradition and economic power of the prevalent Huizhou Merchants ($X{\bar{i}}n^{\prime}{\bar{a}}nsh{\bar{a}}ngr{\acute{e}}n$).