• 대한음성학회지:말소리
• /
• 제35_36호
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 1998

This study aims at examining the relationship between tonal events and their related vowel and syllable duration in Korean. Two things were investigated: one is to see if there is a hierarchical relationship in prosodic unit-final-lengthening and the other is to see if accentual phrase initial high tone syllable gets lengthened. Generally, higher prosodic units show larger degree of lengthening of the final vowel and also final syllable duration than the lower ones except for accentual phrase: Mean duration of utterance-final or intonational-phrase-final syllable(and its vowels) was longer than that of accentual-phrase-final or word-final syllable(and its vowels). However, mean duration of accentual phrase final syllable was shorter than that of word final syllable. Mean vowel duration of accentual phrase initial high tone syllable was shorter than that of any other prosodic unit. Its mean syllable duration, however, was longer than that of accentual-phrase-final or word-final syllable, indicating that strong consonants(fortis and aspirated) frequently appear in the accentual phrase initial position and this position is a prosodically strong position showing longer duration as well as high tone.

• 한국동물학회지
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.230-237
• /
• 1995

Playback experiments were excecuted with seven threat Tit males inhabited in Gsngnae Myeon, Darak Ri, Chungbuk province to investigate the signal value of partial song (one unit phrase composed of two notes) as a species recognition releaser. Territorial males responded strongly to their own natural, synthetic and partial songs played in the field. However, thew showed weak or no responses to the playback songs of other species: Coal Tit (Porus ate4 and Yellow-throated Bunting (EmberiEa elegansl.6reat Tits distinguished conspecific partial songs readily from songs of other species. The results demonstrated that one unit phrase which is a basic arrangement of the Great Tit song, containes information on species recognition.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
• /
• 제27권1호
• /
• pp.29-45
• /
• 2014

Objective : The interpretation of 'yang-deficiency and yin-prosperity, yang-prosperity and yin-deficiency in cold diseases' from Nangyeong has been various until now. For further understanding Nangyeong, the exact interpretation of this phrase has been required. Methods : Collect the contents that are related this phrase from the commentary of Nangyeong, Sanghannon(傷寒論), and other traditional Chinse and Korean medical books. Based on analyzing them, compare Nangyeong with Sanghannon. Results : The meaning of Yin-Yang in the phrase have 5 viewpoints, except one that this phrase is not correct. If the phrase is interpreted according to Sanghanseorye(傷寒序例), the valid interpretation is that yin-yang has two different meaning in the one phrase. Conclusion : 'Yang-deficiency and yin-prosperity' from Nangyeong goes for the outer symptoms of Taeyangbyeong(太陽病) in cold diseases, yang-prosperity and yin-deficiency from it goes for the inner symptoms of Yangmyeongbyeong(陽明病) in cold diseases.

• 아시아태평양코퍼스연구
• /
• 제4권2호
• /
• pp.1-39
• /
• 2023

Recent research in usage-based Second Language Acquisition has provided new insights into second language (L2) learners' development of formulaic language (Wulff, 2019). The current study examines the use of phrase-frames, which are recurring sequences of words including one or more variable slots (e.g., it is * that), in written and oral production data from Asian learners of English across four proficiency levels (beginner, low-intermediate, high-intermediate, advanced) and native English speakers. The variability, predictability, and discourse functions of the most frequent 4-word phrase-frames from the written essay and spoken dialogue sub-corpora of the International Corpus Network of Asian Learners of English (ICNALE) were analyzed and then compared across groups and modes. The results revealed that while learners' phrase-frames in writing became more variable and unpredictable as proficiency increased, no clear developmental patterns were found in speaking, although all groups used more fixed and predictable phrase-frames than the reference group. Further, no developmental trajectories in the functions of the most frequent phrase-frames were found in both modes. Additionally, lower-level learners and the reference group used more variable phrase-frames in speaking, whereas advanced-level learners showed more variability in writing. This study contributes to a better understanding of the development of L2 phraseological competence.

• 한국음향학회지
• /
• 제24권2호
• /
• pp.117-126
• /
• 2005

본 연구는 대용량 데이터베이스 분석을 통한 한국어의 운을 특성 규명을 시도하였다. 남녀 화자 1명씩 각각 낭독한 650개의 뉴스기사 문장 (총 1,300 개)은 분절음 레이블링과 운율 레이블링을 한 후, 각 운율단위의 성조유형과 크기, 상위운율단위의 크기와 하위 운율단위 수간의 상관관계, 그리고 강세구의 하강곡선과 상승곡선의 기울기와 F0 값에 대한 비교분석을 수행하였다. 운율단위의 지속시간, 어절수, 음절수와 하위 운율단위의 수는 화자뿐만 아니라 운율단위 위치에 따라서 차이를 보였으며 하위 운율단위의 수는 상위 운율단위의 음절수와 지속시간과 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 강세구 내의 하강곡선의 기울기는 강세구 음절수와 반비례 관계를 보였으며 강세구 첫 성조의 유형에 따라 기울기 값에 차이가 있었다. 이 차이는 고성조로 시작한 강세구 성조의 F0 상승과 성조 간 상승 폭의 차이로 설명할 수 있었다. 강세구 경계의 하강곡선은 일정하면서 강세구 내의 하강곡선에 비해 다소 급격한 기울기를 보였다. 강세구 내의 두 상승곡선은 유사한 기지값을 보였으나 강세구 시작 상승곡선의 F0 변화량이 끝 상승곡선의 F0 변화량보다 크게 나타났다. 그리고 하나의 상승곡선이 강세구를 이루는 L Ha의 경우에는 강세구의 음절수에 반비례 관계를 보였다.

• 한국언어정보학회지:언어와정보
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.55-80
• /
• 2015

In this paper, I show how oyey 'except' and pakkey 'but' in Korean are semantically different from but/except in English. The exceptive oyey is attached only to a definite NP and shows no restriction on the NP that it is associated with. The referent of the NP is removed from either the restrictor, or nuclear scope, of the associated NP, also giving rise to two different inferences about the exception phrase. The inferences are based on the condition that an expression should make a non-trivial meaning contribution in a sentence. The complement of oyey is really taken to be an exception in one interpretation, but not in the other. The exceptive pakkey is assumed to be a NPI. It does not require a phrase that a pakkey-phrase is associated with. It can be attached to any type of phrases, including a NP. Attached to a full phrase, it is interpreted as a scalar item. Its core meaning contribution is to remove weaker alternatives from the scalar set locally. For a general interpretation, the other meanings are captured globally. A pakkey-phrase with a demonstrative has a conjunctive meaning, and it can be analyzed like oyey in one of the two interpretations.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
• /
• 제23권1E호
• /
• pp.10-15
• /
• 2004

In performing speech conversion from a source speaker to a target speaker, it is important that the pitch contour of the source speakers utterance be converted into that of the target speaker, because pitch contour of a speech utterance plays an important role in expressing speaker's individuality and meaning of the utterance. This paper describes statistical algorithms of pitch contour conversion for Korean language. Pitch contour conversions are investigated at two 1 evels of prosodic phrases: intonational phrase and accentual phrase. The basic algorithm is a Gaussian normalization [7] in intonational phrase. The first presented algorithm is combined with a declination-line of pitch contour in an intonational phrase. The second one is Gaussian normalization within accentual phrases to compensate for local pitch variations. Experimental results show that the algorithm of Gaussian normalization within accentual phrases is significantly more accurate than the other two algorithms in intonational phrase.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제6권4호
• /
• pp.117-123
• /
• 2014

This study investigated the intonation patterns of accentual phrase in Jeju dialect. 9 speakers (Experiment 1) and 6 speakers (Experiment 2) read a carrier sentence '__ youngah miwonghumnida' with a target accentual phrase varying its number of syllables from 1 to 8. The results showed that like Seoul dialect pattern could be the basic pattern of accentual phase in Jeju dialect even though several differences were observed in the realization of each tone: Flat staircase-like tones in L, M, and even in H were often observed, and a very small difference in F0 between intial L and +H was found in many speakers. For some of these differences, this paper tried to give an explanation still in the Intonational Phonology framework. However, introducing M tone as a lexical tone was also suggested as one possible solution. Finally, unlike Seoul dialect, most speakers showed pattern in an accentual phrase beginning with a strong consonant, i.e., aspirated and unaspirated obstruents including /h/ and /s/.

• 말소리와 음성과학
• /
• 제2권3호
• /
• pp.11-22
• /
• 2010

The present study attempts to investigate declination in Korean and its relevant aspects to the length of utterance, the clause boundary, and focus. More specifically, I examine the relation of declination with the length of utterance, the declination reset at the clause boundary, and the effect of focus on declination. Results showed that the length of utterance had no relation with the first and last pitch values of the utterance but that they were consistent regardless of the length of utterance. However, the declination slope changed to be relatively gentle from the fourth accentual phrase to the end of the whole intonational phrase. There was a reset of declination in such a way that the first pitch in the second phrase was always lower than that of the first phrase, but the first pitch in the third phrase was not always lower than that of the second phrase when the whole utterance was composed of three phrases. Finally, the pitch values of the focusing words decreased as their position went back in a sentence. One declination line was formed in the case of focused utterance, but in the case of an utterance that contained a clause boundary, a new declination line was formed at the start of each new clause. These findings can be applied to developing a Korean speech synthesizer that contains natural prosody; they can be also utilized for teaching Korean prosody.

• 음성과학
• /
• 제11권3호
• /
• pp.23-36
• /
• 2004

Many languages show reverse durational variation between preceding vowel and following voiced/voiceless (lax/tense) consonants. This study investigated the likely effects of phoneme type (tense vs. lax) on the timing structure (duration of syllable, word, phrase and sentence) of Korean. Three rates of speech (fast, normal, slow) applied to stimuli with the target word /a-Ca/ where /C/ is one of /p, p', $p^h$/. The type (tense/lax) of /C/ caused marked inverse durational variations in the two syllables /a/ and /Ca/ and highly different durational ratios between them. Words with /p', $p^h$/ were significantly longer than that with /p/, which contrasts with many other languages where such pairs of words have a similar duration. The differentials between words remained up to the phrase and sentence level, but in general the higher linguistic units did not statistically differ within each level. Thus, the phrase is suggested as a compensatory unit of phoneme type effects in Korean. Different rates did not affect the general tendency. Distribution of time variations (from normal to fast and slow) to each syllable (/a/ and /Ca/) was also observed.