• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권11호
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• pp.5637-5642
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• 2012

Objective: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignancies and its mortality ranks third among all cancers in China. We previously noted that XRCC1 Arg194Trp was associated with GC risk in Western China in a study on XRCC1 Arg194Trp and ADPRT Val762Ala. We aimed to further explore the association of these polymorphisms with risk of the noncardia subtype. Methods: We enrolled 176 noncardia GC patients and 308 controls from four hospitals and a community between October 2010 and August 2011. Genotyping was performed in a 384-well plate format on the Sequenom MassARRAY platform. A self-designed questionnaire was utilized to collect epidemiological data from the subjects regarding demographic factors and potential risk factors. Results: Subjects were aged $56.8{\pm}11.8$ (mean ${\pm}$ standard deviation) and $57.6{\pm}11.1$ years in the case and control groups, respectively. Individuals carrying the XRCC1 Trp/Trp or Arg/Trp variant genotype were at significantly increased risk of noncardia GC (adjusted OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.00-2.17), after adjustment for family history of cancer, drinking, and smoking. The increased risk of XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant genotype was more pronounced among subjects below 60 years old (adjusted OR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.07-2.96), compared to older individuals. ADPRT Val762Ala variants (Ala/Ala or Val/Ala) were not associated with noncardia GC (adjusted OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.69-1.54). Conclusions: Our study suggests that XRCC1 Arg194Trp is a genetic susceptibility factor for developing noncardia GC in Han Chinese in Western China. In particular, individuals with the XRCC1 Arg194Trp variant genotype are at increased risk for GC below 60 years old.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.26-44
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• 1999

The study was done to improve the job training course for Community Health Practioners (CHPs) by evaluating the level of help that the training provided to the CHPs in carrying out their work and to analyze the management activities of the CHPs in order to develop a more effective CHP training program. The methodologies used in the study were a questionnaire survey. The survey results were analyzed using SPSS Windows. The study results are as follows. 1. The total average level of help from the job training(Theory. Practice and Field Practice) for carrying out the CHP work was found to be $3.04\pm.53$ (of a possible 4), which indicates a high level of help. The average for clinical practices was $3.16\pm.60$. for theory. $3.11\pm.40$ and for field practice. $2.84\pm.60$. 2. For the theory content of the job training courses. the help level was low in the area of mother and child health management/family planning with an average of $2.65\pm.62$ and in the area of health information system development with an average of $2.62\pm.83$. The reason for these deficiencies were. in order of frequency. few opportunities to apply learning. training content that was inadequate. training methodologies which were incongruent with content. improper training items and insufficient class hours. For the practice. the clinical work in rehabilitation/orthopedics departments and in ENT/Opthalmology departments had averages of $2.96\pm.86$ and $2.97\pm.80$ respectively. This low level resulted from the lack of direct experience. lack of sincerity during the practice time. lack of practice guidance. insufficient time and lack of practice equipment. in that order. For the field practice. the delivery management averaged $2.06\pm.90$ as the lowest help level. In this case 68% of respondents replied that there were no relevant reasons for this deficiency. 21% responsed that there was a lack of direct experience, 7%, a lack of practice guidance and 4.8%, insufficient time. 3. There were significant differences for several demographic variables when comparing the help level of the clinical courses (practice and Field Practice). A higher help level was reported by older nurses as compared to younger ones, experienced nurses as compared to scholarship nurses, and married over single. Also for nurses who had finished more other programs and were qualified or licensed in several areas the level was high. Although it was not statistically significant the level was higher if the work area was in a rural county, not a city, and if one had more recently completed the job training(P<,05). 4. Of the respondents 58.6% replies stated the period of job training for the CHP was adequate, but 51.7% reported that the period for theory courses was too short while an other 48.3% responded that it was sufficient. For practice locations, 50% responsed that it was good to practice in medical institutions(primary, secondary and tertiary) at the same time. While 48.3% agreed that doing theory and practice simultaneously was good, and 56.9% agreed that field practice should be done after completing theory and practice training. Hence, the development of new field practice guidelines suitable for changing environments of health management are required in place of the existing ones which were considered low in help level to the practical work of the CHPs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1980

A dietary survey of 100 children, aged 5 to 6, of Y.C. Kindergarten located in Yowido apartment compound of Seoul, was conducted July 18 to August 21, 1979. The results are summarized as follows: General family environment: Ninety four percent of the subjects were from families having two to three children, without grandparents in the home. One hundred percent of fathers were educated at or above the college level, while 83.9% of mothers had completed college. Mothers' ages ranged from 30 to 40 years, with 58% in the $31{\sim}35$ age bracket. Nearly 60% of the fathers were office and government employees, 10% were professors and teachers, 30% were engaged in businesses and other work, while 91.3% of mothers were unemployed. Anthropometric measurements: Mean values of standing height, body weight, girth of head and girth of chest, ranged from the 75th to the 90th percentile of Korean standards. None of the subjects had anthropometric indicators below the 5th percentile, representing the malnutrition borderline, of the Korean standards; while 12%, 24%, 17% and 14% of subjects supposed the 97th percentile in standing height, body weight, girth of head, and girth of chest, respectively. Furthermore, 58% of subjects exceeded Jelliffe's standard in arm circumferences; 60%, in triceps skinfold thickness; and 14.5% of subjects exceeded 120% of the latter standard. From this data, a certain number of these children were judged to he rather overweight. Dietary intake: Mean intake per day of energy and of nutrients, excluding iron, reached or exceeded Korean recommended dietary allowances. The energy input ratio of carbohydrate: protein: fat was 61.4 : 13.2 : 25.4, showing lower dependance on carbohydrates and higher dependance on fat for energy needs, compared with the average for Korean children of the same age group. Mean FAO-protein score of each subject's diet was shown to be as high as 90.6. Energy intake was divided among breakfast, lunch, and evening meal, on the average, in a ratio of 19.6 : 24.1 : 23.0. Approximately 33.3% of the daily caloric intake came from the snacks. Nutrition Knowledge of mothers: Nutrition knowledge of mothers was highly scored. Mothers' self-evaluations of their knowledge of nutrition was highly correlated with attitudes toward nutrition behavior.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.640-645
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• 2008

목 적 : 알레르기 질환이 알레르기 행진의 임상 양상을 보이며 이를 이해하는 것이 예방에 중요 한 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 그러나 국내에서 알레르기 진행에 대한보고는 미미 한 실정이다. 방 법 : 2006년 5월 1일부터 30일 까지 서울에 위치한 4개 대학병원의 소아 알레르기 클리닉을 방문한 6세 미만 환아의 보호자들을 대상으로 설문 조사를 시행하였다. 결 과 : 총 229명의 환아 중 여자는 122명 남자는 107명이였다. 2세 이하에서는 아토피피부염(79%)이 가장 흔했고 뒤이어 천식(13%)과 알레르기비염(13%)의 순이었다. 2-4세에서는 알레르기비염(38%), 천식(37%), 아토피피부염(19%)의 순이었다. 4-6세에서는 천식(72%)이 가장 흔했으며 알레르기비염(64%)과 아토피피부염(21%)의 순이었다. 73%에서 가족력이 있었고 이중 아버지 알레르기 병력이 가장 흔했다. 알레르기비염을 가진 환아의 50%에서 천식, 30%에서 아토피피부염을 경험하였고 천식을 가진 환아의 57%가 과거에 아토피피부염을 가지는 알레르기 행진을 볼 수 있었다. 알레르기 질환의 심각도 조사에서 부모들은 영아기에는 천식을, 유아기에는 아토피피부염을 가장 심각한 알레르기 질환으로 생각하였다. 결 론 : 국내에서 6세 미만의 소아에서 알레르기 행진이 진행한다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.404-414
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• 2020

본 연구의 목적은 다문화 가정 자녀의 초등학교 4학년부터 중학교 3학년까지의 6년 동안의 성취동기 변화패턴에 기초한 잠재집단을 찾고, 확인된 잠재집단과 학업성취 간의 관련성 및 잠재집단을 결정하는 예측요인을 확인하는 것이다. 다문화청소년패널연구의 1차년도(2011년)부터 6차년도(2016년)까지 6개 년도의 자녀와 어머니의 1,254쌍 자료를 분석 대상으로 하였으며, 분석방법으로 잠재계층성장분석, 일원분산분석, 다항로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 잠재계층성장분석 결과 성취동기의 종단적 변화양상은 '최상수준 변동형 집단', '중수준 변동형 집단', '저수준 무변화형 집단', '최저수준 무변화형 집단'의 네 가지 특징을 보이는 것으로 확인되었다. 둘째, 잠재집단에 따라 6개 시점 모두에서 모든 잠재집단 간 동일한 패턴의 학업성취 수준 차이가 있는 것으로 확인되었으며, 성취동기 수준이 높은 잠재집단 순으로 학업성취가 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 셋째, 다항로지스틱 회귀분석 결과, 부모 변인 중 부모효능감, 자녀 변인 중 자아존중감, 교사 변인인 교사지지가 잠재집단 구분에 영향을 미치는 중요 변인인 것으로 확인되었다. 본 연구는 다문화 가정 자녀의 성취동기 변화 특성이 학업성취 수준에 중요한 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사하며, 성취동기 향상을 위해 잠재집단 구분에 영향을 미치는 부모, 자녀, 교사 변인에 대한 적극적 개입이 필요함을 보여준다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.169-197
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• 2012

최근 근로자의 일과 가정생활의 균형을 도모하기 위한 방안으로 육아휴직 지원제도의 확대가 필요하다는 주장이 종종 제기되고 있다. 그러나 육아휴직의 이용은 출산 후 고용의 연속성을 보장함과 동시에 개인의 인적자본을 감퇴시켜 장기적으로 근로활동을 저해할 수 있다는 점에서 보다 세심한 접근이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 지난 2001년에 도입된 육아휴직급여제도의 단계적인 확대가 여성의 제도 이용률과 근로 연속성을 증진시켰는지를 조사하였다. 분석 결과, 육아휴직급여의 증액이 여성근로자의 육아휴직 이용률을 증가시킨 것으로 나타났다. 또한 육아휴직급여의 증가로 인해 출산 후 노동시장 복귀율이 단기적으로는 낮아졌으나, 장기적으로는 부정적인 효과의 크기가 줄어드는 경향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 동일 직장으로의 복귀 가능성에 대한 부정적인 효과는 장기적으로도 지속되는 것으로 확인되었다. 추가적으로 육아휴직급여의 증가로 인해 사업장 단위에서 가임기 여성근로자의 비중이 변하였다는 증거를 발견하지 못하였다. 이러한 결과는, 고용보험 피보험자 자격을 동반한 근로활동만을 분석했다는 한계점이 존재하나, 여성의 경제활동 참여를 장려하기 위한 정책수단으로서 육아휴직급여 확대는 실효성이 없음을 암시한다. 한편, 육아휴직제도의 보다 포괄적인 평가를 위해서는 여성의 고용안정뿐만 아니라 아동의 발달 측면에서의 분석이 필요하므로 이 분야에 대한 정책적 관심이 요구된다.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.335-348
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• 2007

This study aimed to investigate how the current elementary school teachers think about nutrition education, how they are teaching, and what kind of problems have occurred. And this study was made to provide basic materials to be used for the effective nutrition education in the elementary school. The survey was done on 60 elementary school teachers and 570 elementary school students of the 5th and 6th grade in Gyeonggi Province by questionnaire and analyzed for the perception of nutrition education, current status of nutrition education, nutrition knowledge and cooking knowledge. The average scores of nutrition knowledge were 2.72 for male and 3.75 for female students out of full score of 5. The fifth grade students learned more nutrition education than the sixth grade ones in accordance with the different curricula. Nutrition education was taught as apart of other subjects(87%) and mainly done by lectures. For most of the students, information source of the nutrition education was the meal service(47.4%) and the most common one was the Internet that 38.1 % of the teachers used. Most of the students responded that nutrition education was necessary in the curriculum of elementary school for proper growth(36.2%), intelligence(25.9%), health(21.5%), and dieting(16.4%). The perception for the suitable teacher was in the order of nutrition specialist and dietician. And the right time of the related class was in the order of spare time everyday, a special activity time, and the meal service time. The important contents of nutrition education were in the order of proper eating habits, growth & nutrition, food hygiene and diseases. Nutrition problems of the elementary students were in the order of unbalanced diet, too much ingestion of processed and instant foods, lack of table manners, and child fatness and weakness. 80.0% of the teachers supported the early nutrition education and demanded it should begin when children are in kindergarten. The analysis showed that nutrition education should be taught by parents(29.4%), teachers(29.2%), and nutritionists(25.9%) and that family and school should cooperate closely. Main responses of the teachers to the children's problems were that they had too much instant food, did not eat in a variety, and had no manners in eating. Ironically, they thought malnutrition, fainting and growth stunt were not important nutrition related problems.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권17호
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• pp.7467-7472
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• 2015

Background: Breast cancer is known to be one of the most prevalent cancers among women in both developing and developed countries. The incidence of breast cancer in Pakistan has increased dramatically within the last few years and is the second country after Israel in Asia to have highest proportional cases of breast cancer. However, there are limited data for breast cancer available in the literature from Pakistan. Objectives: The study was conducted to bring to light the common clinical presentation of breast cancer and to evaluate the frequency of established risk factors in breast carcinoma patients and furthermore to compare the findings between premenopausal and postmenopausal women in Pakistan. Materials and Methods: A 6 months (from July 2012 to Dec 2012) cross sectional survey was conducted in Surgical and Oncology Units of Civil Hospital, Karachi. Data were collected though a well developed questionnaire from 105 female patients diagnosed with carcinoma of breast and analyzed using SPSS version 17. Institutional ethical approval was obtained prior to data collection. Results: Out of 105 patients, 43 were premenopausal and 62 were postmenopausal, 99 being married. Mean age at diagnosis was $47.8{\pm}12.4years$. A painless lump was the most frequent symptom, notived by 77.1%(n=81). Some 55.2% (n=58) patients had a lump in the right breast and 44.8%(n=47) in the left breast. In the majority of cases, the lump was present in upper outer quadrant 41.9% (n=44). Mean period of delay from appearance of symptoms to consulting a doctor was $5.13{\pm}4.8months$, from the shortest 1 month to the longest 36 months. Long delay (> 3 months) was the most frequent figure 41.9%. Considering overall risk factors most frequent were first pregnancy after 20 years of age (41%), physical breast trauma (28.6%), lack of breast feeding(21.9%), and early menarche <11 years (19%), followed by null parity (16.2%), consumption of high fat diet (15.2%), family history of breast cancer or any other cancer in first degree relatives (9.5% and 13.3%, respectively). Some of the less common factors were late menopause >54 years (8.6%), use of oral contraceptive pills (10.5%), use of hormone replacement therapy (4.7%),smoking (4.7%) and radiation (0.96%). Significant differences (p<0.005) were observed between pre and post menopausal women regarding history of physical breast trauma, practice of breast feeding and parity. Conclusions: A painless lump was the most frequent clinical presentation noted. Overall age at first child > 20 years, physical breast trauma, lack of breast feeding, early menarche <11 were the most frequent risk factors. Physical breast trauma, lower parity, a trend for less breast feeding had more significant associations with pre-menopausal than post-menopausal onset. Increase opportunity of disease prevention can be obtained through better understanding of clinical presentation and risk factors important in the etiology of breast cancer.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.103-116
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• 2015

Objectives: Medical students suffer from mental health and academic problems due to academic stress. We investigated academic stress and exhaustion along with psychological issues caused by medical education during the years in the School of Korean Medicine. Methods: Two hundred fifty-one university students from the School of Korean Medicine, Pusan National University, were asked to complete the Medical Stress Scale (MSS), Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey (MBI-SS), Positive Affect and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) three times during each semester for two years from 2013 onwards. We analyzed the influence of school term and vacation on educational stress and negative affect with the T-test. The Pearson's correlation analysis and regression analysis were used to predict changes during the first semester or first years of study in the School of Korean Medicine. Results: Academic stress and burnout increased steadily until the first semester of third grade, which was measured with MSS and MBI-SS. The anxiety level was highest when the students started the first grade and it decreased significantly after the first semester. Negative affect repeatedly increased significantly after each school term; however, it reduced after each vacation. In the first grade, 19.5% of the last measure of MSS can be explained with the first measure of MSS. Discussion: This study extensively reviewed the trends and characteristics of four years of academic stress and its related psychological influence, and discussed its importance for developing a more efficient academic curriculum for traditional Korean Medicine.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.671-677
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• 2020

우리나라에서 발생하는 여성암 중 1위는 유방암으로 또한 지속적으로 발생률이 증가하고 있다. 이는 경제성장과 함께 좌식 생활이 증가한 영향 때문이라는 의견이 다수다. 본 연구는 경기도 소재 암 전문병원을 내방한 환자와 정상군을 대상으로 국제표준 운동상태 설문을(IPAQ) 실시하였고 설문의 운동 상태를 표준 점수화(MET) 하여 환자군과 정상군의 표준점수 차이에 따른 유방암 발생의 영향 정도를 비교하였다. 연구 대상자의 나이는 환자군과 정상군과의 통계적 차이를 벗어나지 않는 대상자로 선정 하였고 유방암 발병의 운동 상태외의 요소에 의한 유방암 발생 영향 파악을 위하여 체질량, 가족력, 초경 연령, 출산력, 교육 정도 등을 함께 설문하였다. 대체로 유방암 환자군이 정상군 대비 낮은 MET 점수 결과를 나타났고 폐경 전 여성보다 폐경 후 여성에서의 운동에 의한 유방암 발생 영향이 더 크게 나타났다. 또한 체질량 크기와도 유사한 유방암 발생영향 결과를 나타났다. 운동을 통한 적정 체중 유지는 체내 유방암의 발암 물질 축적을 낮출 수 있어서 유방암 발생을 낮출 수 있는 효과가 있다.