• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1121-1127
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• 2009

This study presents an eco-friendly and one-step finishing method for modifying fiber property that reduces fiber damage in wool/polyester blend fabrics. Lipase from aspergillus oryzae is used in this experiment. The enzymatic treatment condition is optimized by measuring the relative activity of lipase depending on pH level, temperature, concentration of lipase, and treatment time. The concentration of $CaCl_2$as an activator is determined by the characteristics including whiteness, water contact angle (WCA), and dyeing property. The modified properties of lipase treated fabrics are tested for pill resistance and surface morphology. The results are described as follows: the optimum condions for lipase treatment constitute a pH level of 8.0, treatment temperature of 40$^{\circ}$$_C$, concentration of lipase at 100% (o.w.f), and a treatment time of 90 minutes. $CaCl_2$helps in raising lipase activation, and the optimum concentration is 50mM. The whiteness, wet ability, and pill resistance of lipase treated fabrics improves as compared to the control. The dyeing property of lipase treated fabrics improved by 53.5% after using the one-bath dyeing method. This means that lipase treatment can save time and cost during the dyeing process since lipase treatment modifies wool and polyester fibers. The surface of lipase treated wool fibers do not exhibit any change, however voids and cracks manifest on the surface of lipase treated polyester fibers.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.117-143
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• 2009

The community of women into society in various fields is expanding, and married late, and accordingly, the first child birth is increasing age. Accordingly, dystocia has also increased. Listed in the literature that the traditional method of birth seemed to oriental medical interpretation of one of the ancient wisdom of the predecessors to explore. The result of this study is summarized as follows. 1. Child birth custom divide into childbirth preparation, childbirth and postpartum care. Postpartum care divide into preparation of the birthplace, food for pregnant woman and birth preparation of the necessary things. 2. Preparation of the birthplace of the court case and that qeen is three months, one month before that in the case of concubines were installed. The difference in manners, and actual number but the configuration of the same item was prepared. In the private, birthplace is installed husband's home or parent's home. 3. Rice and seaweed is food for pregnant woman. San Miguel (产 米), sangwak (山 藿) specifically called was selected by Keep elaborate. 4. 1 month before birth to baby clothing is usually prepared. For the safe of a paturient woman and a baby, magical prescription was practiced in so-guk-so(昭格署) in early chosun dynasty. After so-guk-so(昭格署) abolished magical practice was stopped. Then Wore old clothes based on dong-ui-bo-gam(東醫寶鑑) 5. Im-san-ye-zi-bub(臨产豫智法) specifically to instruct the royal birth is the birth of guidelines. Im-san-ye-zi-bub(臨产豫智法) cosist of birth place, abdominal pain Precautions, food, care after childbirth, remove the plecenta posion, method of cut navel, bath, protection. Through various court records of the situation, according to the guidelines are properly applied based on dong-ui-bo-gam(東醫寶鑑).

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2004

In recent, development of nano fiber has been one of the most active subjects in the world. Nano fiber is defined as a ultra fine yarn with a diameter unit of $10-100\times10^{-9}meter$, which is possible to be produced by an electro-spinning technology. In this study, physical characteristics and dyeing properties of nylon 66 nano fiber were investigated. Nylon 66 nano fiber was dyed with levelling type acid dyes. X-ray diffraction method and DSC analysis were used for the measurement of the degree of crystallization. Analysis of amino end groups was also performed in order to examine a relationship between number of amino groups and its dyeing property as well as water absorption behavior. The maximum exhaustion % of dyes and dyeing rate under various dyeing conditions, such as dyeing temperature and pH in dye bath, along with build-up properties for 2 acid dyes were evaluated. It was found that the degree of crystallization of nano fiber was smaller than that of regular fiber, and amino end groups of nano fiber were less than regular fiber. Half dyeing time of nano fiber was shorter than regular fiber because of the bigger specific surface area. Effect of pH on exhaustion % was small in case of nano fiber. Exhaustion of nano fiber increased with higher concentration of dye.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the uses of complementary and alternative therapies(CAT), pain, and quality of life(QOL) in patients with chronic back pain. Method: A descriptive survey was conducted using convenient sample. One hundred sixty two patients with chronic back pain participated in this study. Types and satisfaction of CAT, pattern of back pain, and QOL were investigated. Result: 83.3% of all participants reported in the use of CAT. The most common types of CAT used were acupuncture and half-bath. Yoga were the most high satisfaction among the types. The mean score of back pain was 4.12, QOL was 3.10, that was mostly low score. There was no significant difference back pain and QOL between CAT user and nonuser. Correlation with satisfaction of CAT according the most using types were a negative correlation with back pain and a positive correlation with QOL. Conclusion: These result indicate that the mostly patients with back pain feels the satisfaction of CAT use. It is important that provide the obvious information about CAT which can be helpful to patient.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.57-65
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• 1991

The quenching of steels by water is one of the important problems in engineering for the applications of heat treatment or continuous casting process, but the fundamental researches by the theoretical approaches have not been satisfactorily improved yet. The very rapid cooling problems by the thermal conduction including the latent heat of phase transformation in steel and the transient boiling heat transfer of water on the surface of the steel covering from $850^{\circ}C$ to $20^{\circ}C$ are the key problems of heat treatment. The present quenching experiments are performed for the cylindrical specimens of carbon steel, S45C of diameters (12-30). Nonlinear transient heat conduction and transient boiling heat transfer problem of water on the surface of specimens is analyzed by the numerical method of inverse heat conduction problem. The conditions for the calculation are that the initial temperature of specimens is $820^{\circ}C$ and the cooling water in bath are $20^{\circ}C$,$40^{\circ}C$,$60^{\circ}C$,$80^{\circ}C$,$95^{\circ}C$ with no agitation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.51-58
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• 1995

To prepare a durable softening water repellent, quaternized octadecyl methacrylate-2-diethyl-aminoethyl methacrylate as a mother resin and quaternized 1, 3-dioctadecyl-2, 7-dioxy-6, 8-di(2-hydroxyethyl)-1, 3, 6, 8-tetraazacyclodecane which increase the softening effect and the hydrostatic pressure blended with waxes and their emulsifier in various proportions to give water repellent PADWC. As the results of the measurement of water repellency, washable, tear strength and crease recovery to polyestercotton(P/C) blended fabrics treated with PADWC only or addition of textile finishing resin, the physical properties were increased. There was no significant lowering effect in water repellency when PADWC was treated the antistatic agent by the one-bath method, and the effect of water repellency by the adding the catalyst was studied. PADWC was confirmed as durable water repellent with the results of making little difference of water repellency as ${\pm}5$ point after and before washing.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 1995

Silicone softner(SSN-3) for permanent press(PP) finish was prepared by blending beef tallow hardened oil for Improving softness, water, the emulsion, which was synthesized from pentaerythritol monostearate as a softening component and silicone oil KF-96 as a lubricating component. The prepared SSN-3 and the PP finishing resin were applied to PP finishing cotton broad cloth and P/C gingham samples using one bath method. The properties such as crease recovery, tear strength, bending resistance test were tested. The samples treated with SSN-3 and PP finishing resin have improved properties, compared with nontreated samples, those treated only with PP finishing resin, those treated with commercial PP finishing softners and PP finishing resin. Also from the bending resistance test, the two kinds of fabric samples treated with SSN-3 of 3% showed grade 5 and these were good enough in feeling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.56-56
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• 2001

Ni-W alloy deposit is one of the best alternatives to hard chromium plating because of its good mechanical properties (high hardness, high strength, and good wear resistance). Ni-W alloy is deposited from weakly acidic or alkaline electrolytic bath with nickel sulfate, sodium tungstate or APT, and some kinds of organic hydroxy-acid complex and ammonia salts. W content of the deposit can be changed from 0 to 5Owt% and the coating with high W content is more attracted. But, meanwhile, the deposited layers are always found high internal stress, which cause them to become brittle and to bond insufficiently with the substrate. On the second hand, as the W content is incresed, the current efficiency reduced, which results in large quantities of hydrogen evolution and then produces bubbles on surface and pitting appearance In this paper, the influence of some additives on Ni-W alloy electroplating was investigated by means of compositional analysis and SEM. The initial results showed that 2-butyne-1,4-diol was the best brightener for Ni-W plating process. It could brighten and level deposit, but decreased the cathodic current efficiency. Its optimum concentration range is from O.lgjL to 0.5gjL. Besides, three kinds of additives including 2-butyne-1,4-diol were examined with Dagguchi method.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.172-179
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• 2020

The impact of effective parameters on the electrodeposition rate optimization of Au-Cu alloy at high thicknesses on the silver substrate was investigated in the present study. After ensuring the formation of gold alloy deposits with the desired and standard percentage of gold with the cartage of 18K and other standard karats that should be observed in the manufacturing of the gold and jewelry artifacts, comparing the rate of gold-copper deposition by direct and pulsed current was done. The rate of deposition with pulse current was significantly higher than direct current. In this process, the duty cycle parameter was effectively optimized by the "one factor at a time" method to achieve maximum deposition rate. Particular parameters in this work were direct and pulse current densities, bath temperature, concentration of gold and cyanide ions in electrolyte, pH, agitation and wetting agent additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface chemical analysis system (EDS) were used to study the effect of deposition on the cross-sections of the formed layers. The results revealed that the Au-Cu alloy layer formed with concentrations of 6gr·L^-1 Au, 55gr·L^-1 Cu, 24 gr·L^-1 KCN and 1 ml·L^-1 Lauryl dimethyl amine oxide (LDAO) in the 0.6 mA·cm^-2 average current density and 30% duty cycle, had 0.841 ㎛·min^-1 Which was the highest deposition rate. The use of electrodeposition of pure and alloy gold thick layers as a production method can reduce the use of gold metal in the production of hallow gold artifacts, create sophisticated and unique models, and diversify production by maintaining standard karats, hardness, thickness and mechanical strength. This will not only make the process economical, it will also provide significant added value to the gold artifacts. By pulsating of currents and increasing the duty cycle means reducing the pulse off-time, and if the pulse off-time becomes too short, the electric double layer would not have sufficient growth time, and its thickness decreases. These results show the effect of pulsed current on increasing the electrodeposition rate of Au-Cu alloy confirming the previous studies on the effect of pulsed current on increasing the deposition rate of Au-Cu alloy.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2010.06a
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• pp.90.1-90.1
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• 2010

Due to the rapidly diminishing energy sources and higher energy production cost, the interest in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) has been increasing dramatically in recent years. A typical DSSC is constructed of wide band gap semiconductor electrode such as $TiO_2$ or ZnO that are anchored by light-harvesting sensitizer dyes and surrounded by a liquid electrolyte with a iodide ion/triiodide ion redox couple. DSSCs based on one-dimensional nano-structures, such as ZnO nanorods, have been recently attracting increasing attention due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high optical transmittance, diverse and abundant configurations, direct band gap, absence of toxicity, large exiton binding energy, etc. However, solar-to-electrical conversion performances of DSSCs composed of ZnO n-type photo electrode compared with that of $TiO_2$ are not satisfactory. An important reason for the low photovoltaic performance is the dissolution of $Zn^{2+}$ by the adsorption of acidic dye followed by the formation of agglomerates with dye molecules which could block the I-diffusion pathway into the dye molecule on the ZnO surface. In this paper, we prepared the DSSC with the ZnO electrode using the chemical bath deposition (CBD) method under low temperature condition (< $100^{\circ}C$). It was demonstrated that the ZnO seed layers played an important role on the formation of the ZnO nanostructures using CBD. To achieve truly low-temperature growth of the ZnO nanostructures on the substrates, a two-step method was developed and optimized in the present work. Firstly, ZnO seed layer was prepared on the FTO substrate through the spin-coating method. Secondly, the deposited ZnO seed substrate was immersed into an aqueous solution of 0.25M zinc nitrate hexahydrate and 0.25M hexamethylenetetramine at $90^{\circ}C$ for hydrothermal reaction several times.