• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.15 no.2 s.38
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to investigate the bed climate and the physiological responses in sleep on the traditional Korean floor heating system called Ondol. Ondol has been the most widely used heating system in Korea, yet there has been a no systematic studies examined its environmental effects on human body. Experimental room was constructed to match the typical thermal environment of Ondol. (floor surface temperature; $32\~33^{\circ}C$, air temperature; $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, relative humidity; $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$RH, air velocity; 0.25 m/sec.) Three different combinations of bedclothes were chosen for the experiment based on the study results showing that they were the most widely used types in Korea. Type 1 was the combination of a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-padded Korean style blanket. Type 2 was a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-guilted Korean style blanket. Type 3 was a cotton-padded matless with a polyacryl blanket. Thermal resistance of each of these combina-tions in the bedclothes was measured using thermal manikin. Two adult female was chosen for the seven hour sleeping experiment which was known to be the average sleeping hours of Korean adult female. The bed climate was measured with the temperature under the mattress, the surface temper-ature of the mattress, and the air temperature and the relative humidity of the space between the mattress and blanket. The skin temperature, rectal temperature of the subjects and the bed climate were measured eight times, one hour before the experiment and every hour during the experiment. The weight loss and the subjective sensation were measured for the each subjects before and after the experiment. The procedure was repeated twice with two subjects and three types of bedclothes, yielding twelve combinations of results. The results were as follows; 1. With the surface temperature of $32\~33^{\circ}C$ of Ondol, air temperature was $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ with $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$ RH. The bed climates were $39.2{\pm}40.8^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.3\~36.2^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, and $26.9\~32.0^{\circ}C$ with $56.0\~71.3\%$ RH between the mattress and the blanket. 2. Mean skim temperature during sleep was 34.2"C with local skin temperature of $34.0\~35.5^{\circ}C$. The skin temperatures of abdomen, thigh, foot were higher than the other parts of the body. 3. The skin temperature of chest, thigh, leg and back varied significantly according to the combinations of bedclothes. With the cotton-padded blanket, the skin temperature was the highest, while with the cotton-guilted blanket showed lowest. 4. Examining the relationship between the mean skin temperature and the local skin temper-ature, the chest temperature showed the highest correlation with the former. Therefore, the chest temperature can be recommended to represent the skin temperature in measuring the bed climate. 5. The subjective bed climates were $39.0\~40.4^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.2\~35.9^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $29.8\~31.6^{\circ}C$ with $56.8\~68.4\%$ RH between the mattress and blanket. In sum, from this experiment we not only obtained the reliable value of bed climates on Ondol, but also showed that the bed climates and the physiological responses were affected differently according to the materials of bed clothes.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.173-181
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate actual sleeping environments in Ondol rooms depending on the season. The experiment was performed on five healthy women. The bedroom environments using Ondol were measured in five cases (three apartments and two houses). The environments in bedroom, bedding temperature, skin temperature and thermal sensation were measured continuously through the seven days for each season in real life. This data of sleeping environments were analyzed in the view of seasonal variations and housing types. Annual average bedroom temperatures: $26.2{\sim}31.0^{\circ}C$ in apartments, $15.7{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$ in houses. Annual average bedroom humidity: 48.3~82.1% RH in apartments, 64.9~87.0% RH in houses. During sleeping, temperatures of contact surfaces like sheets and under quilts ranged between $30.5^{\circ}C$ and $34.1^{\circ}C$ regardless of season or housing type. Annual average rectal temperature was $36.8^{\circ}C$ with no significant difference in season or housing type. In the point of thermal sensation, neutral temperature of the bedroom was $25.9^{\circ}C$ in apartments and $20.3^{\circ}C$ in houses. It was concluded that in spite of thermal environmental variations according to the seasons, skin, bedding and bedroom temperatures in apartments were better and more stable than those of houses. It is regarded that while houses are brick structured, apartments are steel-frame structured. Due to better insulation and air tightness, apartments were affected less from outdoor temperature and maintained higher room temperature than houses.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.43-56
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• 2015

Researches on the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era have been constantly conducted in the archeology field since the beginning of the 2000s. Most of the related researches in the past have been on the classification and chronological record of dwelling types in archeology, but architectural researches on the dwelling history that is connected from the prehistoric age to the Joseon Dynasty era are insufficient. There are no big differences between the excavated pit dwellings of the Joseon Dynasty era and those of the prehistoric age, so pit dwellings were considered to have been used as dwellings for common people until the Joseon dynasty era. This fact is confirmed by the frequency and density of pit dwellings. In this research, what space composition of the pit dwellings that are equipped with the Korean floor heating system is shown according to the plan types was examined and the development and transition process from pit dwellings to Folk houses were analyzed and their correlations with the Folk houses of the Joseon Dynasty era were examined. The Folk house form did not start with the form of the house on the ground but originate from the introduction of Ondol, the Korean floor heating system, to pit dwellings. As the Korean floor heating system is used, the room and kitchen space are composed in the pit dwelling, and the kitchen is expanded to the one that separates the fireplace for cooking to avoid heating that is unnecessary for the summer season. As the size of the dwelling was getting bigger, the division of the space is made by the pillars that support the interior space. Also, the dwelling is expanded into a single row house and a double row house according to the progress direction of Ondol. In other words, the pit dwellings in the Joseon Dynasty era develops with making up diverse floors through the combination and expansion of Ondol and kitchen according to the dweller's convenience and life style and surrounding environment. This research is significant in the sense that it helps understand the formation and development process of our traditional Folk houses and fills the gap between the pit dwellings, which have been dealt with inadequately, and traditional Folk houses in the Korean dwelling history.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.162-162
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.181-181
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.41-41
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• 2004

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.81-90
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• 1999

This study investigated the present traditional Korean farmhouse based on a survey of 30 households from Oiam-Ri folk Village in Chung-Nam Province. This study was primarily concerned with the present housing; the size and plan of the house, lighting and heating, the finishing materials of anbang(the master's bedroom or ondol) and the kinds of fumiture. I was also interested in identifying the socio-demographic and physical variables that influenced the housing, both the ordinary farm households and the descendent of nobility households. Bibliographical studies, cultural approaches, field surveys with tape recordings, and questionnaires were used to collect the data. The results showed that the types of house plans were mixed from the southern region(one-line type) and middle region(courtyard type). The heating system and the fuel for the ondol anbang has changed entirely from wood burning system to oil boiler system. The finishing material of the anbang floor changed from traditional oil paper and straw mats to vinyl flooring. Traditional fumiture and small decor items are disappearing and are being replaced by modem items, but the descendents of the nobility household kept many traditional type of fumiture and small decor items.

• Solar Energy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 1992

The purposes of the present study are to investigate the characteristics of heat storage and emission of the PCM($CalCl_2{\cdot}6H_2O$) panel, and to analyze the distribution of indoor air temperature in a floor heating space with PCM panels for the heating system. Two identical unit test cells sized $1.8m^W{\times}1.8m^L{\times}1.8m^H$ were built and installed with specially designed aluminium Ondol-panels. It held 1.2kg of calcium chloride hexahydrate(CCH). It was found that PCM panels could reduce the indoor air temperature fluctuations and maintain the phase changing temperature for considerably long duration, $2{\sim}3$ times longer in heating hour over no-CCH one. When the elapsed time was 6 hours, the average temperature difference between PCM panel and Ondol panel was $7.7^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.414-422
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• 2013

As structure-borne sound, the floor impact sound is one of the serious noises in residential building. Most of heating system applied to the typical Korean residential building is floor heating system which is called ondol. The ondol usually consists of finishing material, mortar with heating coil, light-weight aerated concrete and reinforced concrete. This study focused on the isolation of heavy-weight impact sound and modification of mortar and light-weight aerated concrete. Specifically the glass foam aggregate was added on light-weight aerated concrete. Also, water-cement ratio and amount of cement on mortar were revised. The sound pressure level of heavy-weight impact was measured in reverberation chamber using both bang-machine and impact ball. The size of specimen was 1 m by 1 m. Substitution ratio of glass foam aggregate on light-weight aerated concrete shows relationship with heavy-weight impact sound pressure level. In addition, heavy-weight impact sound pressure level was decreased with increment of water-cement ratio and amount of cement on mortar.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.578-583
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• 2008

Korea which has change of clear season is using unique heater by the name of On-dol being invented since ancient times. Floor-heating device has no radiator, and generates no noise and dust. It can obtain satisfied heating sense than other heating system in low room temperature. And also it is a pleasant system that equals bottom and top temperature in a room. The purpose of this study is to develop the Floor-heating device using pulsating heat pipe. It propose floor-heating device using pulsating heat pipe of the dry process which alternative polyethylene pipe(low XL pipe) that is used widely to existent floor heating system and produce pilot Experiment and analyzed operation condition and performance of most suitable. In this study, main purpose is to develop floor-heating system using pulsating heat pipe by finding an optimum working condition according to changing ratio and evaluating a performance.