• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.4
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• pp.565-572
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• 2001

The spatial genetic structure of Needle fir(Abies holophylla Max.) seedlings on forest gap within a Needle fir forest at Mt. Odae in Korea was analyzed on the basis of ISSR(inter-simple sequence repeats) marker analysis. The gap size was $1,500m^2(50m{\times}30m)$, and we sampled 416 one- or two-year-old seedlings by 2m intervals. Some trees at the upper crown layer except Needle firs and all trees at the middle and lower crown layers were removed, and Needle firs at the upper crown layer showed very weak growth strength or to be withering to death. The results of spatial autocorrelation using 31 polymorphic ISSR markers revealed that it was genetically homogeneous within spatial distance of 15.6m and the randomness of genetic distribution was from 15.6m to 31.2m. The genetic patch size of seedlings in forest gap might be restricted by the density of mother trees, making allow for the average height of adult Needle firs, the seed dispersal area, and the average distance between adults. For the directionality of seedling distribution, we investigated the variography using 'genetic configuration' which was the value of configuration in Multidimensional Scaling by genetic distance. In directional variogram, the increment of spatial distance from East to West direction was inversely proportional to genetic homogeneity. We presumed that this anisotrophy of seedling distribution at this forest gap resulted from the directionality of seed dispersal rather than the difference of fecundity between mother trees or the microhabitat variation, taking the evenness of forest floor condition, a vast seed production and the random distribution of seedlings at the studied site into consideration.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-118
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• 1996

It is to be growing up the interest of community health affairs through visiting nursing care. The health medical treatment of Korea has been changed largely on the period. The juvenile population has decreased. This means that is has took the population consensus of advanced national organization to be increased by the old age. The transition of disease has changed from the contagious disease importance to the chronicity disease omportance because the domestic district population has experienced the sudden urbanization circumstance district population has experienced the sudden urbanization circumstance to be growing up $70\%$ of the whole population. When the nursing service has common function to be delivering from all direction to home, this study is getting the great important phase velocity in order to manage the kernel questional adult chronicity disease of health medical institution at the present age. (1) community over system or with people particularity (2) the first of third step medical treatments. The variety of medical treatments organization has quantity of the delivery manpower and specially between consumers and rdlated person. A qualitative difference is showed at the purpose to be seizing. That research related person is use at district health center in Seoul, by foundation on nurse registration book of H collage hospital and public health registration book. According the chronicity disease. age. and sex. nature agree-able standard 54 people took the content analysis on nurse registration book of total 108 people. The results of the study were as follows: 1. General background factors are houses or kind of medical facilities and number of patients in family. The first medical treatment is more patients than third medical treatment organization. The first medical treatment of economic environment os appering to be worse. 2. The chronicity disease frequency have been different speciality according to medical treatment organization. On case of the first medical treatment. Diabetes and High Blood Pressure were good but Cerebrum Vascular Accident(CVA) showed many for bed case. In addition. the number of family is comparative large exception of CVA on according for moving condition and health more than the first medical treatment. However. family condition. whole family percentage is decreasing preferably through the potential resource is increasing by the number of and the construction of family. The ability of real resource is considered to be low. 3. The average percentage of nurse service has appered to be differed two groups by the first step medical treatment(33.72 times) and third step medical treatment(45.70 times). However, the difference (the first step medical treatment and third step medical treatment) is to be limited to issue the medicine at the service. The condition of nurse care was the indirect nursing care. Supportiong area was to be related to volunteer service and administration support. 4. The various nursing care average percentage of the chronicity disease was increased by orders of Diabetes. High Blood Pressure. and CVA in examination result and the medical treatment. The indirect nursing care was also same. At third step medical treatment, orders of chronicity disease were same. The case of other area on service conditions were increased by order of Diabetes. High Blood Pressure, and CVA. However. it is never appearing the difference at bottleneck affairs nursing care. 5. When the visiting nursing care demand particularly. the average percentage of nursing care from the first step medical treatment that the time under a person is many more than the time over two people. However, there was no difference in statistic. Third step medical treatment is $49.81\%$ at the time under a person. The average nursing care service is appeared by more many when the visiting nursing care demand is a few by 12.83 at the time over two people. 6. By visiting nursing care percentage to be frequency that nursing care averaghe percentage and inter-relation are large. The related factor of the first medical treatment is 0.96. However, the related factor of third medical treatment has shown the decreased 0.49 for the condition of relation more than that. Therefore. the nursing care average percentage is related to the visiting times of a nurse. This result is be showing the obvious fact that the first step medical treatment is few more than third step medical treatment.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.2 s.62
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

Objectives: This was a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study for evaluation of safety and effective dose finding of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ in patients with chest pain and discomfort. Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ are composed of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (丹蔘), Notoginseng Radix (三七根) and Borneolum (龍腦). Major effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Notoginseng Radix are vasodilatation, sedation and analgesic action. Borneolum has an antibacterial effect, and can stimulate the central nervous system. All of these substances are oriental herbs that have been used for a long time in east Asia. Cardiotonic Pills fi received Investigational New Drug (IND) approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA and 40 million people in the world take this pill. We performed a phase IV clinical study to confirm its efficacy and safety in patients who have probable cardiogenic or psychogenic chest pain or chest stifling. Methods: This study was planned for a multi-center clinical trial including four university hospitals of oriental medicine in Korea. This was the first time to evaluate the 'planning treatment according to diagnosis (辨證施治)' of chest pain or chest discomfort according to oriental medical guidelines. The patients who were included in this trial were adult volunteers from 20 to 70 years old who had chest pain or chest discomfort more than twice during a recent month, and we received written consent to participate in this study from all of them. After administration of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ for 8 weeks, number of occurrences, duration, appearance and degree of chest pain or chest discomfort was observed and degree of symptoms (severity of illness, global improvement) were measured using a patient's global assessment composite scale. Results: In the patient's global assessment scale, the severity of illness of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group (n=25) was 14/25=0.56 but of the placebo group (n=25) was 7/25=0.28 (p-value=0.0449). This result indicates Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$have a positive effect on the symptoms of chest pain and discomfort. However, the global improvement of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$group was 23/25=0.92, and of the placebo group was 22/25=0.88 (p-value=0.6374). The total symptom score of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $1.68\pm20.06$, and of the placebo group was $16.76\pm72.l4$(p-value=0.2285). The number of symptom events of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $72\pm29.78$, and of the placebo group (n=25) was $10.80\pm38.42$ (p­value=0.3660). We could not find any effects on the other factors examined besides the severity of illness, beyond the difference of standard deviations. Conclusions: Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ significantly reduced chest pain and chest discomfort in patients. Therefore, we expect that Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ will be helpful for patients with chest pain and chest discomfort not only caused by heart disease but also by other diseases.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.10
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• pp.1102-1111
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• 2008

Purpose : Resveratrol, extracted from red wine and grapes, has an anti-cancer effect, an antiinflammatory effect, and an antioxidative effect mainly in heart disease and also has neuroprotective effects in the adult animal model. No studies for neuroprotective effects during the neonatal periods have been reported. Therefore, we studied the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats via anti-apoptosis. Methods : Embryonic cortical neuronal cell culture of rat brain was performed using pregnant Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 18 days of gestation (E18) for the in vitro approach. We injured the cells with hypoxia and administered resveratrol (1, 10, and $30{\mu}g/mL$) to the cells at 30 minutes before hypoxic insults. In addition, unilateral carotid artery ligation with hypoxia was induced in 7-day-old neonatal rats for the in vivo approach. We injected resveratrol (30 mg/kg) intraperitoneally into animal models. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to identify the neuroprotective effects of resveratrol through anti-apoptosis. Results : In the in vitro approach of hypoxia, the expression of Bax, caspase-3, and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, indicators of the level of apoptosis, were significantly increased in the hypoxia group compared to the normoxia group. In the case of the resveratrol-treated group, expression was significantly decreased compared to the hypoxia group. And the results in the in vivo approach were the same as in the in vitro approach. Conclusion : The present study demonstrates that resveratrol plays neuroprotective role in hypoxic-ischemic brain damage during neonatal periods through the mechanism of anti-apoptosis.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.504-510
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• 2004

Background: Vasodilatory shock after cardiac surgery may result from the vasopressin deficiency following cardio-pulmonary bypass and sepsis, which did not respond to usual intravenous inotropes. In contrast to the adult patients, the effectiveness of vasopressin for vasodilatory shock in children has not been known well and so we reviewed our experience of vasopressin therapy in the small babies with a cardiac disease. Material and Method: Between February and August 2003, intravenous vasopressin was administrated in 6 patients for vasodilatory shock despite being supported on intravenous inotropes after cardiac surgery. Median age at operation was 25 days old (ranges; 2∼41 days) and median body weight was 2,870 grams (ranges; 900∼3,530 grams). Preoperative diag-noses were complete transposition of the great arteries in 2 patients, hypoplastic left heart syndrome in 1, Fallot type double-outlet right ventricle in 1, aortic coarctation with severe atrioventricular valve regurgitation in 1, and total anomalous pulmonary venous return in 1. Total repair and palliative repair were undertaken in each 3 patient. Result: Most patients showed vasodilatory shock not responding to the inotropes and required the vasopressin therapy within 24 hours after cardiac surgery and its readministration for septic shock. The dosing range for vasopressin was 0.0002∼0.008 unit/kg/minute with a median total time of its administration of 59 hours (ranges; 26∼140 hours). Systolic blood pressure before, 1 hour, and 6 hours after its administration were 42.7$\pm$7.4 mmHg, 53.7$\pm$11.4 mmHg, and 56.3$\pm$13.4 mmHg, respectively, which shows a significant increase in systolic blood pressure (systolic pressure 1hour and 6 hours after the administration compared to before the administration; p=0.042 in all). Inotropic indexes before, 6 hour, and 12 hours after its administration were 32.3$\pm$7.2, 21.0$\pm$8.4, and 21.2$\pm$8.9, respectively, which reveals a significant decrease in inotropic index (inotropic indexes 6 hour and 12 hours after the administration compared to before the administration; p=0.027 in all). Significant metabolic acidosis and decreased urine output related to systemic hypoperfusion were not found after vasopressin admin- istration. Conclusion: In young children suffering from vasodilatory shock not responding to common inotropes despite normal ventricular contractility, intravenous vasopressin reveals to be an effective vasoconstrictor to increase systolic blood pressure and to mitigate the complications related to higher doses of inotropes.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.848-856
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• 2004

Black Bengal goat is primarily reared for meat, skin comes here as a by-product. The present trial describes the effect of age on different carcass characteristics of Black Bengal goats of either sex. A total of 61 Black Bengal goats of different age and sex groups were slaughtered. They were reared under semi-intensive management on milk alone or with concentrates (of 10.14 MJ ME and 10.48 g M/kg DM) and freshly cut Napier grass (2 MJ ME and 25 g CP/kg of fresh matter) that provides the estimated NRC (1981) requirement. The four age groups were: pre-weaned kids (0-90 day), post-weaned kids (91-180 days), growing (181-365 days) and adult (>365 days). Goats were slaughtered according to 'Halal' method by severing the major vessels of the throat by a transverse cut. Different slaughter parameters of Black Bengal goat can be best predicted from the equations as follows: live weight (kg)=0.801 (shoulder height (cm))-24.32, ($r^{2}$=0.94); carcass weight (kg)=0.364 (height at hind legs (cm))-11.54, ($r^{2}$=0.91); edible weight (kg)=0.623 (shoulder height (cm))-19.94, ($r^{2}$=0.91) and saleable weight (kg)=0.701 (shoulder height (cm))-21.99, ($r^{2}$=0.92). Live weight, carcass weight, edible weight and saleable weight of castrated goat at one-year onward ranges from 20-22, 9.4-10.5, 14-16 and 16.6-18.8 kg, respectively, which are about 80% higher than most of the reported observations on Black Bengal goat of same age and sex. Slaughter weight, warm carcass weight, edible weight and saleable weight increased curvilinearly with age of slaughter but not affected (p>0.05) by sex. However, linearity of the response curve of affect of age on mentioned parameters ends at around 9 months. Visceral fat as per cent of live weight increased curvilinearly with age and attain its maximum (about 6%) at about 500 days. However, linear part of the quadratic model ends at about 300 days when visceral fat content is about 4.8% of body weight. Blood and skin yield for one-year old male goat was 797 g and 1.61 kg, respectively. Absolute yield of blood and skin increased curvilinealry and attained maximum level at about 400 days (13.3 months). Average proportion of different carcass cut were - round 27%, rump 7%, loin 10%, ribs (6-12th) 14%, shoulder 21%, Neck 7%, chest 14%. Thigh and shoulder constituted about 48.3% of the cold carcass weight. Overall crude protein content of meat samples of different carcass cuts progressively decreased with age starting from 57 at 0-90 days to 58, 47 and 33 per cent, respectively at 91-180, 181-365 and >365 days, respectively. Overall meat fat content increased almost linearly from 11.1% during 91-180 days to 22.9 and 39.5% during 181-365 and >365days, respectively. Results from this trial suggest that both carcass yield and carcass composition changes with age; and sex have little or no effect on carcass yield and carcass composition. However, caution should be made in using second conclusion as there were few female animals slaughtered relative to the male. Optimum slaughter age for Black Bengal goat reared under semi-intensive management with adequate feeding and management would be about 9 months when their live weight, warm carcass weight, edible and saleable weight of carcass can be about 16.74, 7.28, 12.05 and 13.81 kg, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.171-180
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• 2010

This study aims at investigating the health and nutritional status of the adults according to frequency of eating out. One day food intake data were collected by 24 hr recall dietary survey and body size, blood pressure and some blood lipids and other constituents were measured on 137 Daejeon metropolitan citizens 20 yrs old and above who visited Chungnam National University Hospital for physical examination during the period of December 6, to December 15, 2008. The frequency of eating out were categorized into four levels: less than once a week, once a week, 2-3 times a week, 4 times a week and above. Body mass Index, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipid, blood glucose, GPT and GOT did not showed any significant difference according to the frequency of eating out of the subjects. Though, systolic blood pressures and serum levels of total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol showed a little tendency to be high in the subjects eating out 2-3 times a week. In the contrary, serum triglyceride level tended to be low in the same group. The subjects eating out 4 times a week and over took more total protein, animal protein, animal fat, phosphorus and vitamin $B_2$ than any other group. Also protein energy ratio was the highest in the group eating out 4 times a week and above and they took more animal food group, other food group, beverages teas and alcohols than other groups eating out. These results showed that higher frequency of eating out leads to higher intake of protein, fat, phosphorus, animal food groups and other food groups (oils, beverages, seasonings) and to lower intake of vitamin C and plant food groups. It, thus, suggested that the strategy for restaurant business is required to provide the menu substituted animal food by more plant food.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.321-327
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• 2019

When Aphidius colemani mummies were stored at four different temperatures (6, 8, 10 and 12 ± 1℃), they could be stored at 8℃ for 10 days with over 50% adult emergence. A number of mummies of Rhopalosiphum padi parasitized by A. colemani adults emerged from mummies after 8℃ storage clearly reduced with increasing duration of storage and especially declined with storage longer than 13 days showing < 20% parasitism. However, there were no differences in aphid parasitisms by A. colemani on 3 to 10 days after storage. Over 3 day storage at 8℃ was adversely affected on survival of A. colemani adults. Therefore, cold storage of A. colemani adults is considered as an unsuitable method for mass production of biological control agent. When 2-day-old Meteorus pulchricornis cocoons were stored at 6, 8 and 10 ± 1℃, it was possible to be stored up to 63 days at 8℃, showing the highest emergence. With increasing of cold storage duration at 8℃, parasitism on 2^nd and 3^rd larval instar of Spodoptera litura by stored M. pulchricornis significantly reduced. However, parasitic rate by M. pulchricornis stored for 2 weeks was similar to that by 1 week stored ones. Therefore, M. pulchricornis cocoons could be stored up to 2 weeks at 8℃ for stockpiling before release.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.213-230
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• 2008

The aim of this study was to analyze the initial movement and the stress distribution of each tooth and periodontal ligament during the lingual lever-arm retraction of 6 maxillary incisors using FEA. Two kinds of finite element models were produced: 2-properties model (simple model) and 24-properties model (multi model) according to the material property assignment. The subject was an adult male of 23 years old. The DICOM images through the CT of the patient were converted into the 3D image model of a skull using the Mimics (version 10.11, Materialise's interactive Medical Image Control System, Materialise, Belgium). After series of calculating, remeshing, exporting, importing process and volume mesh process was performed, FEA models were produced. FEA models are consisted of maxilla, maxillary central incisor, lateral incisor, canine, periodontal ligaments and lingual traction arm. The boundary conditions fixed the movements of posterior, sagittal and upper part of the model to the directions of X, Y, Z axis respectively. The model was set to be symmetrical to X axis. Through the center of resistance of maxilla complex, a retraction force of 200g was applied horizontally to the occlusal plane. Under this conditions, the initial movements and stress distributions were evaluated by 3D FEA. In the result, the amount of posterior movement was larger in the multi model than in the simple model as well as the amount of vertically rotation. The pattern of the posterior movement in the central incisors and lateral incisors was controlled tipping movement, and the amount was larger than in the canine. But the amount of root movement of the canine was larger than others. The incisor rotated downwardly and the canines upwardly around contact points of lateral incisor and canine in the both models. The values of stress are similar in the both simple and multi model.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.363-368
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• 2015

Purpose: In this study, dominant eye is monitoring and level of dominant was measured in subjective and objective test. Methods: The average age of 21.08 years old of 129 adult (69 male, 60 female) who was no underlying ocular disease were participated in this study. dominant eye was determined by monocular instrument in subjecttive test and using a thin ring ($3.8cm{\times}3.8cm$) in objective test and level of dominant was measured direction of movement of the thin rim. Results: In the subjective test, there are 100 (77.52%) subjects whose dominant eye was right eye, and 29 (22.48%) subjects whose dominant eye was left eye. In the objective test, 90 (69.77%) subjects had right eye d and 33 (25.58%) subjects had left eye, as dominant eye, and 6 (4.65%) subjects had no dominant eye. Comparison of subjective test and objective test by dominant eye were equal in the 104 (80.62%) subjects, unequal in the 19 (14.73%) and center 6 (4.65%) subjects. The level of dominant eye in objective dominant eye test, there were middle 52 (57.78%) subjects, high 38 (42.22%) subjects in the right eye, and middle 25 (75.76%) subjects, high 8 (24.24%) subjects in the left eye. Conclusions: In this study O - Ring Test hasadvantage of direction and level of dominant eye, and middle or center dominant eye was shown in unequal. From this results, testing of dominant eye should be relationship equal and unequal, also required to be study in dominant eye level in binocular vision.