• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.293-299
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• 2000

Biodegradable microspheres made from poly-lactide-co-glycolide polymers have been considered as a new delivery system for single-dose vaccine. Purified tetanus toxoid (TT) was encapsulated in poly-lactide(PLA) and poly-lactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) microparticles using a solvent evaporation method in a multiple emulsion system (water-in oil-in water). The morphology of 77-loaded microparticles was spherical and the suface of them was smooth. The particle size was in a range of 2-10. Protein loading efficiency was 68-97.8%. PLGA (85:15) microparticle showed the highest efficiency. Protein release pattern was influenced by polymer molecular weight and composition. The release rate of PLA(Mw 100,000) microsphere was higher than any other microspheres. In consequence of the hydrolysis of PLGA(50:50) microspheres, environmental pH decreased from 7.4 to 5.0. The PLA, PLGA (75:25) and PLGA (85:15) microshperes showed no significant pH change. The antigenicity or n in microshperes was assayed by indirect sandwich ELISA using equine polyclonal tetanus antitoxin for capture antibody and human polyclonal tetanus antitoxin for primary antibody. The antigenicity of TT in PLA (Mw 100,000), PLGA(50:50, Mw 100,000) and PLGA (75:25, Mw 73,300) after 30 days incubation showed 54, 40.9 and 76.7%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.643-649
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• 1993

Soybean composition, which is different from those of other beans and grains, gives from 35 to 40 percent protein, 15 to 20 percent oil, and 20 to 25 percent sugar. Soybean has been extensively used as the raw material for traditional foods such as bean curd, soy sauce, soy paste and so on, since ancient times in Korea. Ultracentrifugal components of the soybean proteins represent four major peaks with sedimentation constants of about 2, 7, 11 and 15S. The two major reserve protein of soybean, 7S and 11S globulins, have been isolated and characterized by many works. The curd made with microbial enzyme exhibited minuter structure than those of the metal ion-and acid-treatment. Thus, the curd obtained by enzymatic operation serves as a material for further development of food items, and the procedure may by widely applicable in food processing.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2018

The effect of dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid (DBSA) with different addition amount of DBSA ($M_{DBSA}$), temperatures and solvent-to-oil ratio (SOR, v/v) on asphaltene aggregation in a solvent deasphalting system was investigated. Increasing the $M_{DBSA}$ at SOR 10 and $55^{\circ}C$ caused the asphaltene removal ratio (ARR) to increase first, then maximize at 1 wt% of $M_{DBSA}$ and then decrease continuously. Based on the SARA (saturate, aromatic, resin, asphaltene) composition, the adsorption amount of DBSA on the asphaltene surface and the self-aggregation of the DBSA, the reason for the change in ARR with $M_{DBSA}$ was found due to the adsorption mechanism. In addition, the asphaltene-resin-DBSA colloidal size confirmed the change of adsorption behavior between the asphaltene and DBSA. Based on the results of this study, a hypothetical adsorption mechanism of DBSA on asphaltene aggregation in the solvent deasphalting system was conceived of and proposed.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2004

To evaluate the durability of direct injection diesel engine using biodiesel fuel, a small D. I. diesel engine was operated on a blend(BDF 20) of 20％ biodiesel fuel and 80％ diesel fuel for 200 hours. Engine dynamometer test was performed at a load of 90％ and a speed of 1900 rpm to monitor the engine performance and exhaust emissions. Engine performance parameters and exhaust emissions were sampled at 1 hour interval for analysis. The combustion maximum pressure and the crank angle at this maximum pressure as a combustion variation factor were considered to study the combustion characteristics of BDF 20 in diesel engine during durability test. As the results, the standard deviations and errors of combustion variation factors on BDF 20 were very little and combustion characteristics were very stable during the durability test. BDF 20 resulted in lower emissions of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and smoke emissions with special increase of nitrogen oxides compared to diesel fuel. There was no also unusual change in engine oil composition from using BDF 20. Most of engine parts were clean and showed little wear, but soots were detected around the hole of fuel injector when BDF 20 was used in direct injection diesel engine for 200 hours.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.995-999
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• 1996

A method for the determination of cobalt(Ⅱ) by differential pulse voltammetry using a carbon paste electrode constructed by incorporating 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol(PAN) into a conventional carbon paste mixture composed of graphite powder and Nujol oil has been developed. Several influencing factors for the determination of cobalt(Ⅱ) were studied in detail and the optimum analytical conditions were found to be as follows: pH, 4.6; composition of electrode, 20%; temperature of deposition, 43 ℃; time of preconcentration, 15 min. Regeneration of the electrode surface for the continuous uses of the electrode was achieved by exposing the carbon paste electrode to an acidic solution. Response of the electrode was reproducible for the uses of five times and the relative standard deviations were 6.7 and 4.6% for 2.0×10-5 M and 4.0×10-6 M cobalt(Ⅱ), respectively. The calibration curve for cobalt(Ⅱ) obtained by differential pulse voltammetry was divided into two linear ranges of 1.7× 10-6-1.3×10-4 M and 2.0×10-7-8.0×10-7 M. The detection limit was estimated to be 1.3×10-7 M. The effects of coexisting ions were also investigated to test the applicability of the proposed method to the determination of cobalt(Ⅱ) in real samples.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.534-540
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• 2002

To develop novel transdermal formulation for aceclofenac, microemulsion was prepared for increasing its skin permeability. Based on solubiity and phase studies, oil and surfactant was selected and composition was determined. Microemulsion was spontaneously prepared by mixing ingredients and the physicochemical properties such was investigated. The mean diameters of microemulsion were approximately 90 nm and the system was physically stable at room temperature at least for 3 months. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo performance of microemulsion formulation was evaluated. Aceclofenac was released from microemulsion in acidic aqueous medium, and dissolved amounts of aceclofenac was approximately 30% after 240 min. Skin permeation of aceclofenac from microemulsion formulation was higher than that of cream. Following transdermal application of aceclofenac preparation to delayed onset muscle soreness, serum creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase activity was significantly reduced by aceclofenac. Aceclofenac in microemulsion was more potent than cream in the alleviation of muscle pain. Therefore, the microemulsion formulation of aceclofenac appear to be a reasonable transdermal delivery system of the drug with enhanced skin permeability and efficacy for the treatment of muscle damage.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.113-118
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the chemical composition of peanut mutants induced by gamma radiation (Co-60) at 300 Gy in seeds of the cultivar Shinnamkwang. The protein contents of twenty-eight peanut mutants ranged from 23.3% to 31.7% and were increased by from 0.5% to 8.4% in fifteen mutants lines from the 26.8% of the original variety, cv. Shinnamkwang. Lipid contents of in mutants ranged from 43.2% to 53.5%, an increase of 0.2% to 5.7% from the 47.8% of the original variety. The range of unsaturated oleic acid in 28 mutants was from 38.9% to 56.9% an increase of from 1.3% to 14.0% from the 50.6% in the original variety. Linoleic acid, the highest unsaturated fatty acid, constituted 32.6% meanly of mutants, it was 17.4% lesser than oleic acid, ranging from 25.9% to 42.0%. Palmitic acid (16:0) contents ranged from 8.6% to 11.1%, and the mutant line-9 had the highest content. The ratio of oleic to linoleic acid was 0.9 to 2.2. A negative coefficient (r=-0.98**) was obtained between oleic and linoleic acid, but for other fatty acids, no significant relation was observed. Similarly, a negative coefficient of r=-0.68**was observed between saturated and unsaturated acids. The sucrose compositions of mutants ranged from 2.6% to 6.2%.

• International Journal of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.52-58
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• 2019

Marine emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) have received much attention because the International Maritime Organization (IMO) requires the installation of vapour emission control systems for the loading of crude oils or petroleum products onto ships. It was recently recognised that significant corrosion occurs inside these vapour emission control systems, which can cause severe clogging issues. In this study, we analysed the chemical composition of drain water sampled from currently operating systems to investigate the primary causes of corrosion in vapour recovery systems. Immersion and electrochemical tests were conducted under simulated conditions with various real drain water samples, and the impact of corrosion on the marine vapour recovery system was carefully investigated. Moreover, corrosion tests on alternative materials were conducted to begin identifying appropriate substitutes. Thermodynamic calculations showed the effects of environmental factors on the production of condensed sulphuric acid from VOC gas. A model of sulphuric acid formation and accumulation by the characteristics of VOC from crude oil and flue gas is suggested.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1225-1236
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of aromatherapy, showing how the composition handling of aromatherapy and abdominal massage treatment reaches body ingredient transformation. The subjects for this research were total 18 middle-aged females in Seoul; aroma massage group of 7 females, aroma inhalation and water bathe group of 5 females, abdominal massage group of 6 females by jojoba oil without any medical effect. This clinic trial was held from July 1, 2008 to Aug.14, 2008. I held this clinic trial under the same condition after and before this clinic. A standard tape and OLYMPIA 3.5 of S hospital were used at the body measuring for subjects after and before clinic trials. I got Average and standard deviation by data analysis by SPSS Win. Ver.14.0. I did paired t-test for the comparison of before and after, and repeated measure ANOVA for between two groups or among three groups'. The verification was held Duncan Test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Body mass quotient (F=2.86, p= .063) and Body region (F=1.34, p= .279) among three groups showed no meaningful difference, but weight meaningful difference and aroma massage group showed the greatest difference of body measure change quantity. 2. In change quantity of abdomen girth, Waist circumference and WHR, abdomen girth (F=4.56, p= .012) and Waist circumference (F=4.37, p= .031) showed a meaningful statistical difference. The result of subsequent inspection showed that there was a meaningful difference among three groups and aroma massage group was best. 3. In Cell quantity, Body region quantity and Muscle volume, Body region quantity (F=2.76, p= .182) and Muscle volume (F=3.12, p= .054) showed no difference, but Cell quantity (F=3.79, p= .040) showed a meaningful difference. In the comparison of three groups there was no difference, but aromatherapy group showed more change quantity than any other group. According to the result of this study, the composition handling of aromatherapy and body massage was effective in the decrease of Abdominal fatness and Waist circumference, Weight and the increase of Cell quantity. so I suggest that woman use this therapy in the program of obesity management for her health improvement.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.995-1000
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• 2004

Nutritional composition and antioxidative capacity of mulberry fruit (Ficus-4x) were investigated for evaluation as new red-colored fruit. Contents of moisture, crude fat, crude protein, and vitamin C were similar, whereas that of crude ash was higher, to those of other berry fruits. Contents of minerals (Ca, 14.33 mg/100 g; P, 39.98 mg/100 g; Fe, 6.01 mg/100 g; Zn, 4.04 mg/100 g; Mn, 2.26 mg/100 g), particularly Fe, were higher than those of other berry fruits. Hardness, springness, cohesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of mulberry fruit were higher, and color values (L, 36.03; a, 1.80; b, 1.54) were lower than those of strawberry. Relative scavenging activities of mulberry fruit methanol extract and its cyanidine 3-glucoside on 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazy radical (DPPH) were 35.7 and 78.2%, respectively, using butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) as standard. Antioxidant activities in corn oil (peroxide values and conjugated dienoic acid) were tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) > mulberry fruit ethanol extract > mulberry fruit water extract > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > tocopherol. Results show mulberry fruit can be very useful red-colored fruit for development of functional foods with beneficial effects on radical scavenging and antioxidative capacities.