• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제40권5호
• /
• pp.487-501
• /
• 2019

In this study, steric height variability in the East Asian Seas (EAS) has been analyzed by using ocean reanalysis intercomparison project (ORA-IP) data. Results show that there are significant correlations between ocean reanalysis and satellite data except the phase of annual cycle and interannual signals of the Yellow Sea. Reanalysis ensemble derived from 15-different assimilation systems depicts higher correlation (0.706) than objective analysis ensemble (0.296) in the EAS. This correlation coefficient is also much higher than that of the global ocean (0.441). For the long-term variability of the thermosteric sea level during 1993-2010, a significant warming trend is found in the East/Japan Sea, while cooling trend is shown around the Kuroshio extension area. For the halosteric sea level, a dominant freshening trend is found in the EAS. However, below 300 m depth around this area, the signal-to-noise ratio of the linear trend is generally less than one, which is related to the low density of observation data.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제43권1호
• /
• pp.1-14
• /
• 2021

In this study, extreme wind speeds in the Western North Pacific (WNP) were estimated using reanalysis wind fields synthesized with an empirical typhoon vortex model. Reanalysis wind data used is the Fifth-generation European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA5) data, which was deemed to be the most suitable for extreme value analysis in this study. The empirical typhoon vortex model used has the advantage of being able to realistically reproduce the asymmetric winds of a typhoon by using the gale/storm-forced wind radii information in the 4 quadrants of a typhoon. Using a total of 39 years of the synthesized reanalysis wind fields in the WNP, extreme value analysis is applied to the General Pareto Distribution (GPD) model based on the Peak-Over-Threshold (POT) method, which can be used effectively in case of insufficient data. The results showed that the extreme analysis using the synthesized wind data significantly improved the tendency to underestimate the extreme wind speeds compared to using only reanalysis wind data. Considering the difficulty of obtaining long-term observational wind data at sea, the result of the synthesized wind field and extreme value analysis developed in this study can be used as basic data for the design of offshore structures.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제45권3호
• /
• pp.192-202
• /
• 2024

해양재분석 자료는 관측 자료를 수치 모델에 동화함으로, 관측 자료의 시공간적인 제약을 극복하고 해양 변수 간의 물리적 상호작용을 고려한 격자화된 고해상도 정보를 제공함으로써 해양순환 및 기후 연구에 광범위하게 사용되고 있다. 이 연구에서는 기존에 생산된 12년간(2011년부터 2022년까지)의 북서태평양 지역해양 재분석 자료를 확장하여 30년간(1993년부터 2022년까지)의 1/24° 수평해상도를 갖는 장기 재분석 자료(K-ORA22E)를 생산하고, 이를 분석하여 한반도 주변해역에서의 장기 해양기후변화를 진단하였다. K-ORA22E 데이터를 통해 한반도 주변 해역의 수온 상승 경향을 분석한 결과, 쿠로시오 확장역에서 쿠로시오의 경로가 지난 30년 동안 1년에 약 6 km 씩 북상하였으며, 쿠로시오 경로의 북쪽에서 수온 상승이 두드러졌다. 한반도 주변 해역 중에서는 동해에서 수온 상승이 가장 뚜렷했다. 특히, 동해에서는 표층보다는 중층에서 수온 상승이 두드러졌으며, 동한난류의 수온 상승률은 전 지구 평균보다 2-3배 높았다. 황해저층냉수가 출현하는 황해 중앙부에서는 장기적으로 수온이 상승하였으나, 한반도 서해안과 남해안에서는 수온이 오히려 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이러한 수온의 장기변화의 공간적인 차이는 쿠로시오 해류의 북상에 따른 열수송의 경로와 밀접한 관련이 있을 것으로 보인다. 이 연구에서 구축된 K-ORA22E와 같은 고해상도 지역 해양 재분석 자료는 한반도 주변 해역의 장기 변동성을 이해하고 기후 변화의 영향을 분석하는 데 중요한 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
• /
• 제20권2호
• /
• pp.102-118
• /
• 2015

본 연구에서는 국제 공동 해양 재분석 자료 비교 프로젝트 결과를 요약하였다. 다양한 재분석 자료 생산 시스템의 종류 및 특성을 소개하였으며, 대표적인 8가지 해양 변수(열용량, 열염분 높이, 해수면 높이, 표층 열속, 혼합층 깊이, 아표층염분, $20^{\circ}C$ 등온선 깊이, 해빙)에 대한 전지구 해양 자료 동화 모델 성능을 비교 분석하였다. 일반적으로 단일 재분석 자료 결과보다 앙상블 평균 값이 비교적 높은 성능을 나타내었으나, 검증 변수와 해역에 따라 서로 다른 특징을 보였다. 해양 변수 중에는 염분 및 해빙 변동이 모델간 가장 큰 편차를 보였다. 심층 해역, 남극해, 서안 경계 해역을 포함한 연안역에서는 공통적으로 객관 분석장과 동화 모델간의 편차가 크게 나타났다. 국내에서도 독립적으로 운영되고 있는 해양 자료 동화 모델간의 비교 분석 프로그램이 추진되어, 향후 관련된 국제 공동 연구에 활발히 참여할 수 있는 기회가 확대되기를 기대한다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제41권4호
• /
• pp.213-232
• /
• 2019

This study evaluates the accuracy of four satellite-composite (OSTIA, AVHRR, G1SST, FNMONC-S) and three model-reanalysis (HYCOM, JCOPE2, FNMOC-M) daily sea surface temperature (SST) data around the Korean Peninsula (KP) using ocean buoy data from 2011-2016. The results reveal that OSTIA has the lowest root mean square error (RMSE; 0.68℃) and FNMOC-S/M has the highest correction coefficients (r = 0.993) compared with observations, while G1SST, JCOPE2, and AVHRR have relatively larger RMSEs and smaller correlations. The large RMSEs were found in the western coastal regions of the KP where water depth is shallow and tides are strong, such as Chilbaldo and Deokjeokdo, while low RMSEs were found in the East Sea and open oceans where water depth is relatively deep such as Donghae, Ulleungdo, and Marado. We found that the main sources of the large RMSEs, sometimes reaching up to 5℃, in SST data around the KP, can be attributed to rapid SST changes during events of strong tidal mixing, upwelling, and typhoon-induced mixing. The errors in the background SST fields which are used in data assimilations and satellite composites and the missing in-situ observations are also potential sources of large SST errors. These results suggest that both satellite and reanalysis SST data, which are believed to be true observation-based data, sometimes, can have significant inherent errors in specific regions around the KP and thus the use of such SST products should proceed with caution particularly when the aforementioned events occur.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제38권4호
• /
• pp.271-286
• /
• 2016

We evaluate the temperature and salinity fields in the East Sea reproduced by the global ocean reanalysis data using HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model (HYCOM for short). Temporal correlation of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) change between HYCOM and the Group for High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature (GHRSST) are higher in summer than winter. Though distributions of temperature and salinity in the HYCOM are similar to those from historical data (World Ocean Atlas 2013 V2), salinity in the HYCOM is lower (highter) in the region where the salinity is high (low). Temperature fields in the Ulleung basin of HYCOM are quite similar to those derived from Pressure-recording Inverted Echo Sounder (PIES), such as the correlation coefficient is higher than 0.7. This indicates that the HYCOM represents well the circulation and meso-scale phenomena in the Ulleung basin.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2005년도 Proceedings of ISRS 2005
• /
• pp.30-33
• /
• 2005

Though sensible heat flux is one of heat flux components, it is generally considered that the importance is low compared with other components because of the small value. Actually sensible heat flux over the tropical ocean is extremely small, less than $100\;W/m^2$ .. However, it should be noted that sensible heat flux in boreal winter over the western boundary current regions is considerably large, about $100\;W/m^2$, and not neglected. In this study we carry out intercomparison of various global sensible heat flux data including not only satellite-derived data but also reanalysis data in order to clarify the characteristics of those data.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• 제34권1호
• /
• pp.73-83
• /
• 2012

Antarctica is very sensitive to climate change but the number of stations is not sufficient to accurately analyze climate change in this regoin. Model reanalysis data supplements the lack of observation and can be used as long term data to verify climate change. In this study, the 20CR (Twentieth Century Reanalysis) Project data from NCEP/NCAR and monthly mean data (temperature, solar radiation and longwave radiation) from 1871 to 2008, was used to analyze the temperature trend and change in radiation. The 20CR data was used to validate the observation data from Antarctica since 1950 and the correlation coefficients between these data were determined to be over 0.95 at all stations. The temperature increased by approximately $0.23^{\circ}C$/decade during the study period and over $0.20^{\circ}C$/decade over all of the months. This increasing trend was observed throughout the Antarctica and a slight increase was observed in the Antarctic Peninsula. In addition, solar radiation (surface) and longwave radiation (surface and top of atmosphere) trends correlated with the increase in temperature. As a result, outgoing longwave radiation at the surface is attenuated by atmospheric water vapor or clouds and radiation at the top of the atmosphere was reduced. In addition, the absorbed energy in the atmosphere increases the temperature of the atmosphere and surface, and then the heated surface emits more longwave radiation. Eventually these processes are repeated in a positive feedback loop, which results in a continuous rise in temperature.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
• /
• pp.285-288
• /
• 2008

We analyzed evaporation data in the Japanese Ocean Flux Data Sets with Use of Remote Sensing Observations (J-OFURO) Ver.2. There exists huge evaporation in Gulf Stream, Kuroshio Extension, the ocean dessert and the southern part of the Indian Ocean. The temporal variation of evaporation is overwhelmingly large, of which the standard deviation is more than 120(mm), in the Kuroshio Extension region. Also, the result of harmonic analysis gives that this large variation is closely related to annual variation. In addition, the first EOF mode shows long-term variation showing the maximum amplitude between 1992 and 1994 and remarkable decrease after 1994, and large amplitude in the equatorial region and northeast of Australia. The second and third modes were strongly influenced by El Nino. Moreover, we compared J-OFURO2 evaporation product with other products. We used six kinds of data sets (HOAPS3 and GSSTF2 of satellite data, NRA1, NRA2, ERA40 and JRA25 of reanalysis data) for comparison. Most products show underestimation in the most regions, in particular, in the northern North Pacific, mid-latitudes of the eastern South Pacific, and high-latitudes of the South Pacific compared with J-OFUR02. On the other hand, JRA25 and NRA2 show large overestimation in the equatorial regions. RMS difference between NRA2 and J-OFURO2 in the Kuroshio Extension was significantly large, more than 120(mm).

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한원격탐사학회 2008년도 International Symposium on Remote Sensing
• /
• pp.289-292
• /
• 2008

Recently, several satellite data analyses projects and numerical weather prediction (NWP) reanalysis projects have produced the ocean surface Latent Heat Flux (LHF) data sets in the global coverage. Comparisons of these LHF data sets showed substantial discrepancies in the LHF values. Recently, the increase of LHF in during 1970s-1990s over the global ocean is shown by the LHF data that have been developed at the Objective Analyzed Air-Sea Fluxes (OAFlux) project. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. It is interesting to investigate the existence of the increase of LHF over a global ocean in the other LHF products. In this study, we assessed the consistencies and discrepancies of the inter-annual variability and decadal trend for the period 1988-2005 among six LHF products ((J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER, NCEP1,2 and OAFlux) over the global ocean. As results, all LHF products showed a positive trend. In particular, the positive trend in satellite-based data analyses (J-OFURO2, HOAPS3, IFREMER) is larger than that in reanalysis products (NCEP1/2). Also, the consistencies and discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends across the six data sets. The positive trend of LHF is remarkable in the regions of western boundary currents such as the Kuroshio and the Gulf Stream in all LHF data sets. But, the discrepancies are shown on the spatial patterns of the LHF trends in tropics and subtropics. These discrepancies are primarily caused by the differences of the input meteorological state variables, particularly for the air specific humidity, used to calculate LHF.