• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.13-31
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• 1994

The fine structure of palisade chloroplasts has been studied in the mature leaves of 3 Dubautia species (D. scabra var. leiophylla, D. knudsenii and D. scabra var. leiophylla${\times}$D. knudsenii) to explore variation at the ultrastructural level, since the parental species exhibit quite different morphological and anatomical features. Types of thylakoidal membrane systems, occurrence and distribution of phytoferritin-like structures, lipid droplets, starch grains, mitochondria and microbodies were examined. Four different types of thylakoidal membranes were found in D. scabra var. leiophylla, 2 rather uniform types in D. knudsenii and 3 intermediate types in their hybrid. D. scabra var. leiophylla and the hybrid were marked by statistically significant differences in mean numbers of thylakoids per granum, while no significant difference was found between D. knudsenii and the hybrid. Phytoferritin-like structures which were about $100-120{\AA}$ in diameter as a whole particle each were found in all 3 species. The amount and distribution of particles varied by species. Lipid droplets, plastoglobuli, and starch grains occurred in all 3 species, but the frequency of starch grains also varied with the species. More frequent and larger starch grains were observed in D. knudsenii than in the other two species. Microbodies, or peroxisome, were observed throughout all species. They occurred, either with or without crystalline inclusions, around the chloroplasts.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.27-32
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• 2000

The assessment of wildland fire hazard is the first priority to be considered in the prevention, extinction and control of wildland fire. For the standard to measure wildland fire hazard, the wildland fire Warning System is currently being used in Korea which computes the wildland fire occurrence hazard index through a stick weight to moisture conversion formula. It shows the risk of fuel substance being exposed to fire by meteorological factors. For a comprehensive assessment of wildland fire hazards by area, the major factors'hazards need to be measured and the assessment of wildland fire needs to be conducted through historical statistic examination. Therefore, the wildland (ire outbreak frequency and its seriousness of damage are analyzed through historical statistic examination to conduct the assessment of a wildland fire hazard, and then the calorific value of a forest is analyzed through differential scanning calorimeter measurement which assesses the comparative calorific hazard according to the geographical distribution of vegetation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.109-121
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of This study is to analyze influence of functional and clinical improvement effect on temporomandibular disorders of Dong-Qi acupuncture treatment that often be used to temporomandibular disorder patients. Methods : We investigated to focus temporomandibular disorders in Jaseng oriental medicine hospital from September 8, 2000 to March 22, 2001. We compared to before and after treatment situation using temporomandibular disease & facial ache dolor pain and malignant function disorders & activation inhibition analysis from one cured Dong-Qi acupuncture treatment of outpatients-40 examples. Results : These results appeared that Sex distinction occurrence ratio was much more female than male of 1: 7. Age distinction occupied the most ratio in 20-30 generation. Jobs was mainly ranked students and companion. In cases treated before visiting our hospital, was mainly ranked our hospital first dignosis. the distribution interval of solider was mainly followed above 3 years. the distribution interval of treatment was mainly gone within 1 month and above 3 month, frequency of treatment was examined below 5 times, into 6 to 10 times, more than 11 times, respectively. Everything showed a very valuable effect except chewing and dentalgia in decrease of ache dolor pain and linkage pain related to mal-function. There are meaningful effect in Every part on Mal-function improvement. Every contents showed a very excellent effect except activation such as motivation ingestion and recreation in influence of activation. Conclusion : The above results showed a very valuable treatment effect of temporomandibular disorders on Dong-Qi acupuncture treatment. Therefore we are considered the necessity of continuous study and observation applying to other disease as well as temporomandibular disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.71-78
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• 2011

The aim of study was to reduce risk factors of musculoskeletal disorders, and prevent it according to evaluation and analysis of its symptoms survey, and work postures which doing much frequently. This study was conducted by 64 firefighters. It was surveyed physical burden levels, distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms, and analized work postures by using ergonomics tools, such as Rapid Entire Body Assesment(REBA), Rapid Upper Lim Assessment(RULA), NIOSH Lifting Equation(NLE). Physical burden levels, and distribution of musculoskeletal symptoms were surveyed according to frequency analysis, and the analysis of above tools were presented figures and scores. The all the results of REBA were that risk level was "High", action level was "Need soon" and the results of RULA were "The results are required detailed survey and immediate improvement" at Require rescue person handling, fire hose, hybraulic rescue equipment, universal axe work postures. The occurrence possibility of musculoskeletal disorders of fire fighters is quite high due to instability postures, excessive physical work and so on. Thus, making various efforts to prevent disorders, and improving working environment is necessary continuously.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2010

Polymer insulating materials such as cross linked polyethylene (XLPE) are employed in electric cables used for extra high voltage. These materials can degrade due to chemical, mechanical and electric stress, possibly caused by voids, the presence of extrinsic materials and protrusions. Therefore, this study measured discharge patterns, discharge phase angle, quantity and occurrence frequency as well as changes in XLPE under different temperatures and applied voltages. To quantitatively analyze the irregular partial discharge patterns measured, the discharge patterns were examined using a statistical program. A three layer sample was fabricated, wherein the upper and lower layers were composed of non-void XLPE, while the middle layer was composed of an air void and copper particles. After heating to room temperature and $50^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ in silicone oil, partial discharge characteristics were studied by increasing the voltage from the inception voltage to the breakdown voltage. Partial discharge statistical analysis showed that when the K-means clustering was carried out at 9 kV to determine the void discharge characteristics, the amount discharged at low temperatures was small but when the temperature was increased to $80^{\circ}C$, the discharge amount increased to be 5.7 times more than that at room temperature because electric charge injection became easier. An analysis of the kurtosis and the skewness confirmed that positive and negative polarity had counterclockwise and clockwise clustering distribution, respectively. When 5 kV was applied to copper particles, the K-means was conducted as the temperature changed from $50^{\circ}C$ to $80^{\circ}C$. The amount of charge at a positive polarity increased 20.3% and the amount of charge at a negative polarity increased 54.9%. The clustering distribution of a positive polarity and negative polarity showed a straight line in the kurtosis and skewness analyses.

• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.57-73
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• 2017

The formation of the lava dam of the paleo lake blocked the entrance to the Chatancheon River on the Jeongok lava plateau and it suddenly transformed the terrestrial ecosystem into the aquatic one by the overflow. The spiders in the lava dam adapted in the wetland and evolved into water spiders that could survive by forming bubble houses. Since then, the lava dam was connected to the present Hantangang River due to the dissection and the lake became a terrestrial environment, a small area of marsh composed of primarily clay soil layer. Change in water level of the habitat and thus the extension of the terrestrial area made the species a endangered now. This study carried out frequency of occurrence, degree of wetness and plant habitats of the vascular plant in the water spider habitat. As a result of this study, total 180taxa are of 55 (30.6%) wetland plant groups and of 113 (62.8%) upland plant groups except facultative plant groups. Among the wetland plant groups, the Isachne globosa community occupied the largest area, where the water spiders were most observed. The result of this study, the classification and the types of vascular plant species, would provide useful information for the sustaining healthy wetland ecosystem and the restoration of the habitat for the water spiders.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.5
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• pp.661-672
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• 2009

Recently it was found that various genetic structural variations such as CNV(copy number variation) exist in the human genome, and these variations are closely related with disease susceptibility, reaction to treatment, and genetic characteristics. In this paper we propose a new CNV detection algorithm using millions of short DNA sequences generated by giga-sequencing technology. Our method maps the DNA sequences onto the reference sequence, and obtains the occurrence frequency of each read in the reference sequence. And then it detects the statistically significant regions which are longer than 1Kbp as the candidate CNV regions by analyzing the distribution of the occurrence frequency. To select a proper read alignment method, several methods are employed in our algorithm, and the performances are compared. To verify the superiority of our approach, we performed extensive experiments. The result of simulation experiments (using a reference sequence, build 35 of NCBI) revealed that our approach successfully finds all the CNV regions that have various shapes and arbitrary length (small, intermediate, or large size).

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 2005

The propose of this study is to identify distributional characteristics of winter droughts through occurrence frequencies and to analyze synoptic characteristics on the sea level pressure fields and 500hPa levels in Korea. The regional distributions of winter droughts in occurrence frequency vary according to the monthly regional distributions of the variabilities of precipitation in Korea. In January and December, the eastern parts of Korea where the variabilities of precipitation show high, have high rate of drought frequencies, while the western parts have low rate of it. It means that the regional distribution of the drought frequencies in January and December shows the east-high and west-low pattern, In February the frequencies show the north-high and south-low pattern. In the distributions of the sea-level pressure and 500hPa level height anomalies, the positive anomalies appear around Korean Peninsula and Siberian high area, the negative anomalies on the Aleutian low area and the western parts of North Pacific Ocean during the drought period in January and February. The droughts appear when the inflow of warm and humid air from the south eastern parts blocked by the prevailing pressure patterns of the west-high and east-low. Therefore, the zonal wind of the Korean Peninsula is strong. The droughts of December reflect not only low frequencies of cyclone occurrence, also small inflow of warm and humid air from the southern parts stemming from positive anomalies over whole middle latitude of eastern parts of Asia including Korean Peninsula.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.116-125
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• 2012

The distribution, vegetation characteristics and an assessment of the conservation status of the Korea endemic species Coreanomecon hylomeconoides Nakai were investigated to collect biological basic data to formulate a conservation strategy. According to the distribution map of C. hylomeconoides based on the literature, specimen information, and local field surveys, natural populations of C. hylomeconoides are intensively distributed in the Southern regions of the peninsula, around Gyeongsangnam-do and Jeollanan-do. C. hylomeconoides was distributed in the middle and low slope adjacent to a valley. The altitude ranged from 227 m to 744 m, with inclinations of $5-10^{\circ}$. As a result of a vegetation survey within natural populations, a total of 238 taxa were identified from 29 quadrates in 8 natural populations. The importance value of C. hylomeconoides is 25.34% based on the coverage and frequency of the herbaceous layer with in the populations. The species diversity of the occurrence of the species in 8 natural populations was 1.52, while the averages of species evenness and the dominance values were calculated to be 0.83 and 0.17, respectively. As a result of assessing the conservation status through IUCN Red List criteria, C. hylomeconoides was evaluated as Near Threatened (NT). Conservation strategies are also discussed for the sustainable conservation of C. hylomeconoides.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.95-105
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• 2022

The Army, Navy, and Air Force are making various efforts to develop a weapon system that incorporates the 4th industrial revolution technology so that it can be used in multi-domain operations. In order to effectively demonstrate the integrated combat power through the weapon system to which the new technology is applied, it is necessary to establish a network environment in which each weapon system can transmit and receive information smoothly. For this, it is essential to analyze the Information Exchange Requirement(IER) of each weapon system, but many IER analysis studies did not sufficiently reflect the various considerations of the actual tactical network. Therefore, this study closely analyzes the research methods and results of the existing information exchange requirements analysis studies. In IER analysis, the size of the message itself, the size of the network protocol header, the transmission/reception structure of the tactical network, the information distribution process, and the message occurrence frequency. In order to be able to use it for future IER prediction, we present a technique for calculating the information exchange requirement as a probability distribution using the Poisson distribution and the probability generating function. In order to prove the validity of this technique, the results of the probability distribution calculation using the message list and network topology samples are compared with the simulation results using Network Simulator 2.