• 한국학교보건학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.61-73
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• 2008

Purpose: Several health behavior factors affect the incidence of type 2 diabetes. Especially, obesity, which causes insulin resistance, is the most important determinant of diabetes. Therefore, we expect the risk factors associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes are affected by obesity and, additionally, the related factors with diabetes caused by obesity can be controlled. Methods: This study used data collected from the 2001 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). A stratified multistage probability sampling method was applied and the final sample included 5,500 subjects over 30 years old who had completed necessary health examinations and health behaviors survey. Results: The risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes are affected by obesity. According to logistic regression model stratified by body mass index (BMI) and sex, abdominal obesity and age were the significant risk factors of diabetes regardless of sex and BMI. However, drinking, smoking, total energy consumption, and protein consumption were risk factors for women with normal BMI, while carbohydrate consumption was a risk factor for man with normal BMI. Sleeping hours affected diabetes for women with obesity and fiber consumption was a risk factor for both women and men with obesity. In addition, statistically the family history of diabetes was a significant risk factor only in the group with normal weight, not in the group with obesity. Conclusion: The study results will provide information for implementing a regional initiative of type 2 diabetes prevention by BMI.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.388-395
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• 2015

Objectives To grasp the trend of constitution medical industry related to the metabolic disorders by analyzing the web resource.Methods Web search with the search formula ("constitutional" or "spirit") and ("Metabolic" or "diabetes" or "high blood pressure" or "hyperlipidemia" or "obesity") for 20 years (1995.09.10 ~ 2015.09.09.) in the web portal address "Web search with the search formula ("constitutional" or "spirit") and ("Metabolic" or "diabetes" or "high blood pressure" or "hyperlipidemia" or "obesity") for 20 years (1995.09.10 ~ 2015.09.09.) in the web portal address "http://web.search.naver.com".Results In the search area of news, blogs, cafes and knowledge-in, the number of searched pages retrieved by the word "constitution" was about 1.78 million. In the news 9760 cases of "obesity", 4046 cases of "hypertension" and 3253 cases of "diabetes" were searched. In Naver Web search Korean medicine clinics related to "constitution" were 24.3%. If we multiple 25.3% to 1000, the actual number of herbal hospitals, The constitution related to Korean medicine clinics is estimated to be approximately 3160 places. Among metabolic disorders, "Overweight", "Diabetes" and "Hypertension" were most frequently searched.Conclusions Constitutional industry related to metabolic diseases is very actively created on the internet in various areas. Among metabolic diseases, obesity, diabetes, hypertension were found with high frequency.

• Journal of mucopolysaccharidosis and rare diseases
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.35-37
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• 2016

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) often develops type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) related to severe obesity. The prevalence of T2DM in adults with PWS (7-20%) exceeds greatly the prevalence in the general population (5-7%). It is uncommon for pre-pubertal children with PWS to develop overt diabetes or glucose intolerance. GH therapy and genotype did not influence the development of altered glucose metabolism. It has been assumed that T2DM in PWS develops as a consequence of morbid obesity and concomitant insulin resistance. However recent studies suggest the relationship between morbid obesity and T2DM development is more complex and appears to differ in PWS subjects compared to non-PWS subjects. PWS patients had relatively lower fasting insulin levels and increased adiponectin levels compared with BMI-matched obese control despite of similar levels of leptin. So PWS children may be protected to some extent form of obesity-associated insulin resistance. Although there's no data, it seems logical to approach diabetes management including weight loss and increased exercise, using similar pharmacological agents as with non-PWS obesity-related diabetes such as metformin or thiazolidinedione, with the introduction of insulin as required. On the other hand, several recent T2DM in PWS case reports suggest favorable outcomes using Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog with regard to ghrelin reduction, control of glucose and appetite, weight loss and pre-prandial insulin secretion. The role of GLP-1 agonist therapy is promising, but has not yet been fully elucidated.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제38권7호
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• pp.587-596
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• 2015

Obesity and diabetes arise from an intricate interplay between both genetic and environmental factors. It is well recognized that obesity plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance and diabetes. Yet, the exact mechanism of the connection between obesity and diabetes is still not completely understood. Metabolomics is an analytical approach that aims to detect and quantify small metabolites. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the application of metabolomics to the identification of disease biomarkers, with a number of well-known biomarkers identified. Metabolomics is a potent approach to unravel the intricate relationships between metabolism, obesity and progression to diabetes and, at the same time, has potential as a clinical tool for risk evaluation and monitoring of disease. Moreover, metabolomics applications have revealed alterations in the levels of metabolites related to obesity-associated diabetes. This review focuses on the part that metabolomics has played in elucidating the roles of metabolites in the regulation of systemic metabolism relevant to obesity and diabetes. It also explains the possible metabolic relation and association between the two diseases. The metabolites with altered profiles in individual disorders and those that are specifically and similarly altered in both disorders are classified, categorized and summarized.

• Journal of Medicine and Life Science
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2021

Atypical antipsychotics are more effective than typical antipsychotics and have fewer side effects such as tardive dyskinesia and extrapyramidal symptoms; therefore, prescriptions of atypical antipsychotics are increasing. However, recently, it has been reported that atypical antipsychotics have a higher incidence of diabetes, hyperglycemia, and obesity than typical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics induce obesity-inhibiting appetite-related receptors such as serotonin and dopamine. Decreased exercise due to improving psychotic symptoms, and genetic characterictics can also cause weight gain. Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia were another metabolic problem related to treatment with atypical antipsychotics. The mechanisms of hyperglycemia were mainly related obesity, decreased anorexigenic hormones, and increased insulin resistance in multiple organs. There are also reports that genes related to diabetes have an effect on the incidence of diabetes mellitus treated with atypical antipsychotics. On the other hand, although it is not clear why hypoglycemia occurs, it documented in case reports all over the world. There are more reports of atypical antipsychotics than typical antipsychotics and these are frequently reported in Asians. Further research on the mechanism of hypoglycemia related to atypical antipsychotics is strongly recommended.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제45권5호
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• pp.316-322
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• 2012

Objectives: Abdominal obesity increases mortality and morbidity from cardiovascular disease and there is a possibility that smoking effects obesity. However, previous studies concerning the effects of smoking on obesity are inconsistent. The objective of this study was to examine whether smoking is positively related to abdominal obesity in men with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Subjects consisted of 2197 type 2 diabetic patients who visited Huh's Diabetes Center from 2003 to 2009. Indices of abdominal obesity were defined as visceral fat thickness (VFT) measured by ultrasonography and waist circumference (WC). Overall obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI). Results: Statistically significant differences in WC and VFT by smoking status were identified. However, there was no statistical difference in BMI according to smoking status. Means of WC and VFT were not significantly higher in heavy smokers and lower in mild smokers. Compared to nonsmokers, the BMI confounder adjusted odds ratio and 95% confidence interval for VFT in ex-smokers and current-smokers were 1.70 (1.21 to 2.39) and 1.86 (1.27 to 2.73), respectively. Conclusions: Smoking status was positively associated with abdominal obesity in type 2 diabetic patients.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.645-671
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• 2021

Objectives: Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) is strongly related with central obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), hyperglycemia, and hypertension. This study reviewed the potential of Chenpi in treatment of MetS through amelioration of co-related diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. Methods: Six electronic databases (Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Korean Traditional Knowledge Portal, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), PubMed, and Embase) were used to search for in vitro, in vivo, and clinical research that discusses the potential effects of Chenpi (Citrus unshiu Markovich, Citrus reticulata Blanco) on diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. Results: This review suggests the potential of Chenpi as a candidate for the treatment of metabolic syndrome through improvement of co-related diabetes, hyperlipidemia, obesity, hepatic steatosis, and inflammation. However, comparison of the results of each study was limited by a lack of quantification of the experimental materials.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.423-426
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• 2013

Females are more often affected by constipation than males, especially during pregnancy, which is related to the menstrual cycle. Although still controversial, alterations of progesterone and estrogen may be responsible. Therefore, this study was conducted in order to determine whether the female sex steroid hormone itself is responsible for development of constipation in both female and male mice. Administration of estrogen resulted in a decrease in weight of accumulated feces on days 2, 3, 4, and 5 in male mice and on day 5 in female mice, compared with the control group, but progesterone administration did not. Administration of estrogen resulted in a decrease in gastrointestinal movement, compared to normal; however, no significant change was observed by administration of progesterone. In conclusion, estrogen, rather than progesterone, may be a detrimental factor of constipation via decreased bowel movement in mice.

• 동서간호학연구지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.106-116
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• 2023

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of obesity on the incidence of diabetes mellitus in adults with pre-diabetes. Methods: This study employed a longitudinal study design and utilized secondary data drawn from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study. This study used data from a sample of 3,693 adults with prediabetes who were followed every two years from 2001 to 2018. Statistical data analysis for frequency, number of cases per 1,000 person-years, log-rank test, Kaplan-Meier curve, and Cox's proportional hazards regression analysis was performed using IBM SPSS statistics version 26. Results: During the observation period, there were 1,309 (35.4%) patients with diabetes, and the total number of person-years was 35,342. The incidence of diabetes was higher in the obese group compared to the normal weight group (body mass index [BMI]: hazard ratio=1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.40~1.77, waist: hazard ratio=1.55, 95% CI=1.38~1.76, waist to hip ratio [WHR]: hazard ratio=1.53, 95% CI=1.24~1.89, body fat [BF] (%): hazard ratio=1.42, 95% CI=1.27~1.61). Conclusion: An increase in BMI, waist circumference, and WHR, which are indicators of obesity, can exacerbate the risk factors for diabetes. Thus, a decrease in BMI, waist circumference, and WHR is necessary to prevent pre-diabetes. In particular, health care professionals should provide individualized weight management program interventions, including adult obesity programs and obesity counseling in partnership with local health departments, to reduce BMI and waist circumference in people at high risk for diabetes.

• Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2018

Background: We aimed to estimate the proportion of patients with diabetes who achieved target glycemic control, to estimate diabetes-related costs attributable to poor control, and to identify factors associated with them in the United Arab Emirates. Methods: This retrospective cohort study used administrative claims data handled by Abu Dhabi Health Authority (January 2010 to June 2012) to determine glycemic control and diabetes-related treatment costs. A total of 4,058 patients were matched using propensity scores to eliminate selection bias between patients with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) <7% and HbA1c ${\geq}7%$. Diabetes-related costs attributable to poor control were estimated using a recycled prediction method. Factors associated with glycemic control were investigated using logistic regression and factors associated with these costs were identified using a generalized linear model. Results: During the 1-year follow-up period, 46.6% of the patients achieved HbA1c <7%. Older age, female sex, better insurance coverage, non-use of insulin in the index diagnosis month, and non-use of antidiabetic medications during the follow-up period were significantly associated with improved glycemic control. The mean diabetes-related annual costs were $2,282 and $2,667 for patients with and without glycemic control, respectively, and the cost attributable to poor glycemic control was $172 (95% confidence interval [CI], $164-180). The diabetes-related costs were lower with mean HbA1c levels <7% (cost ratio, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.88-0.99). The costs were significantly higher in patients aged ${\geq}65$ years than those aged ${\leq}44$ years (cost ratio, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.25-1.70). Conclusion: More than 50% of patients with diabetes had poorly controlled HbA1c. Poor glycemic control may increase diabetes-related costs.