• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.2
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• pp.239-246
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• 2013

This study observed changes of understory vegetation to evaluate the role of forest aggregate after 15% aggregated retention harvest in mature oak forest (> 100 years) in Gyungsangbukdo Bonghwagun in 2010 and 2011. Spontaneous responses of understory vegetation cover (%), species richness, abundance of plant growth forms (herbaceous and woody plants), and overall attributes (by Ordination analysis) were estimated in aggregate area (0.15 and n=36) and clear cut area (0.85 and n=192) in experimental site and control site (1 and n=300). Based on ordination analysis, overall change of species composition in aggregated sites were relatively lower than in harvest area. Right after treatment, total cover of cutted area slightly decreased from 15.6% to 14.7%, and species richness increased from 14 species to 22 species. Cover and richness in the both of aggregate and control sites increased. In plant growth forms, 15% aggregate harvest revealed positive effects on the abundance (cover and richness) of herbaceous plants than woody group. After retention treatment, overall, edge effect likely played major component of vegetation changes in aggregate forest and in harvested area, mechanical damage from harvest operation and change of forest structure by clear cutting were critical. As pre-treatment data, which are rare in ecological studies in Korea, were critical for interpretation between patterns that may have arisen from spatial distributions in the original forest, our experimental design have higher opportunity for long term monitoring on the effect of forest aggregate and vegetation regeneration in clear cutted area.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the relationships between stand attributes and litterfall amounts in a 28-year old Quercus acutissima stand. Eighteen sampling plots of $20m{\times}20m$ were chosen and litterfall was collected from May 2005 to December 2006. There was no correlation between stand attributes(tree density, mean diameter at breast height, mean height, basal area) and litterfall amounts except for flower and miscellaneous litter for the study period. There were no significant relationships between leaf litter and basal area(r=0.02, 0.05; P=0.93, 0.83) and between leaf litter and tree density(r=-0.10, 0.05; P=0.85, 0.69). Also, leaf litter was affected neither by mean diameter at breast height(r=-0.08, 0.30; P=0.73, 0.22) nor by mean height(r=-0.24, 0.09; P=0.34, 0.70). Other litter amounts such as bark, branch, and acorn showed no relationships with the stand attributes (P>0.05). The lack of significant relationships between litterfall amounts and stand attributes could be due to the closed canopy with a complete crown cover in this mature oak stand.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.291-304
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• 2021

Updating a forest type map is essential for sustainable forest resource management and monitoring to cope with climate change and various environmental problems. According to the necessity of efficient and wide-area forestry remote sensing, CAS500-4 (Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4; The agriculture and forestry satellite) project has been confirmed and scheduled for launch in 2023. Before launching and utilizing CAS500-4, this study aimed to pre-evaluation the possibility of satellite-based tree species classification using RapidEye, which has similar specifications to the CAS500-4. In this study, the study area was the Chuncheon forest management complex, Gangwon-do. The spectral information was extracted from the growing season image. And the GLCM texture information was derived from the growing and non-growing seasons NIR bands. Both information were used to classification with random forest machine learning method. In this study, tree species were classified into nine classes to the coniferous tree (Korean red pine, Korean pine, Japanese larch), broad-leaved trees (Mongolian oak, Oriental cork oak, East Asian white birch, Korean Castanea, and other broad-leaved trees), and mixed forest. Finally, the classification accuracy was calculated by comparing the forest type map and classification results. As a result, the accuracy was 39.41% when only spectral information was used and 69.29% when both spectral information and texture information was used. For future study, the applicability of the CAS500-4 will be improved by substituting additional variables that more effectively reflect vegetation's ecological characteristics.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.93-100
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• 2008

For investigation of adsoption properties of cadmium elimination by wood charcoal, $25m{\ell}$ aqueous cadmium solutions in various concentrations were treated with 0.2 g wood charcoal of Red Oak (Quercus mongolica) for 280 minutes. Almost 100% of cadmium elimination ratio was obtained in the solutions with initial concentration of 20 and 40 ppm in the treatment, whereas they were 75 and 50% in those of 80 and 160 ppm. In the effect of treatment time, the highest amount of cadmium ions was eliminated during the first ten minutes in each solution so that the elimination ratio of each case was over 70% of the maximum elimination value. From the analysis of adsorptive cadmium adsorption mechanism using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm, it was suggested that cadmium ion molecules were adsorbed at the active sites on the charcoal particle in form of one layer. The Gibbs free energy of the adsorption process was calculated in negative value for each solution. This means the adsorption processes are spontaneous which do not require the extra input energy.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.1 s.129
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• pp.77-86
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• 2005

In order to investigate the ability of log wood for oak mushroom production as a source of an alternative energy, both chemical and physical characteristics of log wood were investigated according to the cultivation periods. Also, both chemical and physical characteristics of material that treated by steam explosion were investigated to confirm the pretreatment effect by remaining enzyme as a control. The contents of ash, water-, alkali- and organic soluble extracts have been increased after the inoculation. It appeard that holocellulose contents substantially decreased and the contents of lignin as another main component of wood remained constant after the inoculation. However this result implied that indeed, a sufficient amount of lignin has been degraded paritially by enzymes of oak mushroom Lentinus edodes if we consider that the amount of holocelulose was substantially reduced. It also indicated that the degree of degradation gradually progressed but crystallinity decreased after the inoculation. The contents of water-, alkali- and organic soluble extracts have been increased by steam explosion. Holocellulose contents increased within narrow limits and lignin contents remained constant. However the contents of holocellulose and lignin have been decreased by steam explosion, considering that the amount of other extractives was relatively increased. The degree of crystallinity and lignin contents reduction by steam explosion was almost similar to the result obtained by increasing cultivation periods. According to the results, log woods for mushroom production have a potential as material for developing alternative energy.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.66-73
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• 2004

Three species of Italian poplar (Populus euramericana), red pine (Pinus densiflora) and oriental oak (Quercus variabilis) were selected for this study. They were cut so that the distances between each of tips and roots for a pair of fingers were 0, 0.15, 0.30 and 0.45 mm. Poly vinyl acetate (PVAc) and resorcinol-phenol resin (RPR) were used for finger-jointing. Compressive test parallel to the grain was conducted for the finger-jointed specimens. The results were as follows: The efficiency of compressive Young's modulus of finger-jointed timber to solid wood indicated low values, whereas the efficiency of compressive strength indicated high values of more than 90% in all species, especially, it was found that those of red pine indicated markedly high values of more than 97%. The efficiency of compressive displacement of Italian poplar finger-jointed timber was 2 times higher than solid wood, and it was 1.2 and 1.3 times higher than solid woods in red pine and oriental oak, respectively. Also, it was found that 0, the distance between each tip and root for the fingers, indicated the highest efficiency of compressive strength performance in Italian poplar finger-jointed timber, and for red pine and oriental oak finger-jointed timbers, the distances of 0.15 and 0.30 were found to indicate the highest efficiency.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.5
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• pp.602-608
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• 2007

Forest plantations become important strategy not merely for the financial aspect, but for carbon sequestration and ecosystem stability. Forest plantations increase the density of the forest biomass, which reduce the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide. Biomass density is also a useful variable for comparing structural and functional attributes of forest ecosystems across a wide range of environmental conditions. In this study, carbon sequestration of teak (Tectona grandis Linn. f.) in the individual tree and plantation levels estimation was carried out Site-specific allometric equation for the estimation of teak tree biomass was developed based on the direct measurement of fifteen (15) harvested trees in the Oak-twin Township of the Bago Yoma Region, Myanmar. A regression equation of the diameter at breast height (DBH) and the aboveground biomass (carbon content) was constructed to estimate the carbon storage level of plantations, which averaged 79 ton/ha. The average carbon accumulation in the soil (up to 30 cm in depth) was estimated 38.89 ton/ha, The highest mean annual increment (MAI) of total carbon was found in the 6-yr-old teak plantation (12.10 ton/ha/yr) whereas the lowest MAI was in the 26-yr-old teak plantation (4.31 ton/ha/yr).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.306-313
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Forest soils contain microbes capable of consuming atmospheric methane ($CH_4$), an amount matching the annual increase in $CH_4$ concentration in the atmosphere. However, the effect of plant residue production by different forest structure on $CH_4$ oxidation is not studied in Korea. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Korean alpine soils having different forestation structure on $CH_4$ uptake rates. METHODS AND RESULTS: the $CH_4$ flux was measured at three sites dominated with pine, chestnut and oak trees in southern Korea. The $CH_4$ uptake potentials were evaluated by a closed chamber method for a year. The $CH_4$ uptake rate was the highest in the pine tree soil ($1.05mg/m^2/day$) and then followed by oak ($0.930mg/m^2/day$) and chestnut trees ($0.497mg/m^2/day$). The $CH_4$ uptake rates were highly correlated to soil organic matter and moisture contents, and total microbial and methanotrophs activities. Different with the general concent, there was no any correlation between $CH_4$ oxidation rates, and soil temperature and labile carbon concentrations, irrespective with tree species. CONCLUSION: Conclusively, the methane oxidation rate was correlated in positive manner with organic matter, abundance of methanotrophs. Methane oxidation was different among tree species. This results could be used to estimate methane oxidation rate in forest of Korea after complementing information about statistical data and methane oxidation of other site.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 1992

The environmental gradient analyses were applied for the distribution patterns of species populations in mt. moak provincial park in korea. The species populations were sequentially ordered along the environmental gradients such as soil moisture, soil ph, soil organic matter content and elevation and were grouped into seven ecological groups by the two-dimensional analyses of temperature-moisture gradient : zelkova serrata group on mesic-lower parts near the streames and well drained stony slopes, carpinus tschonoskii group on mesic-middle parts, quercus acutissima group on lower parts destroyed by human activities, quercus variabilis group on xeric-middle parts, quercus serrata group on xeric-upper middle parts, quercus mongolica group on xeric-upper parts and pinus densiflora group on xeric-rock ridge lines, hillocks and lower parts interfered by human. Four forest vegetation types, zelkova forest dominated by the c. tschonoskii group on mesic-middle parts, oak forest dominated by the groups of q. acutissima, q. variabilis, q. serrata and q. mongolica on xeric sites and pine forest dominated by the p. densiflora group on dry and poor sites, were separated in mosaic chart by the two-dimensional analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.109-122
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• 1988

The foret vegetations of Daedunsan provincial park area in Korea were classified into eight communities of Acer mono-Zelkova serrata, Lindera erythrocarpa-Cornus controversa, Carpinus tschonoskii, Quercus variabilis, Quercus serrata, Carpinus laxiflora, Rhododendron schlippenbachii-Quercus mongolica and Rhododendron mucronu-latum-Pinus densiflora by the Z-M method. By two dimensional analysis of temperature, moisture gradients, the eight communities were grouped into four vegetation types: cove forest dominated with Zelkova serrata and Cornus controversa, hornbeam forest with Carpinus tschonoskii and Carpinus laxiflora, oak forest with Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Carpinus laxiflora, Carpinus tschonoskii, Zelkova serrta and Pinus densiflora community was made from the analysis of actual vegetation map by the phytosociological classification, environmental conditions and human interferences.