• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.407-415
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the physiological functionalities of Codonopsis lanceolata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, Crataegus pinnafida, and their mixtures. We also determined their antioxidative, fibrinolytic, and ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activities. The antioxidative activities of Codonopsis lanceolata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, and Crataegus pinnafida were 79%, 88.3%, 89.9%, and 89.3% respectively. Their fibrinolytic activities were 0.80plasmin unit/mi, 0.57 plasmin unit/mi, 0.52 plasmin unit/mi, and 0.53 plasmin unit/mi respectively. The ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity of Codonopsis lanceolata was 25%. The 10-fold diluents of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, and Crataegus pinnafida showed ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activities of 93.6%, 65.3%, and 61.3% respectively. In antioxidative activity tests of the medicinal plants mixtures at various ratios, the mixtures of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, and Crataegus pinnafida with Codonopsis lanceolata showed antioxidative activities of approximately 90%. In fibrinolytic activity tests mixtures(1:1) of Codonopsis lanceolata with Chaenomeles sinensis and Crataegus pinnafida exhibited increases of 23% and 24% in activity respectively. In ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ inhibitory activity tests, a mixture (4:1) of Codonopsis lanceolata and 10-fold diluted Glycyrrhiza uralensis showed an inhibitory activity of 98%, a mixture (3:1) of Codonopsis lanceolata and 10-fold diluted Chaenomeles sinensis showed an inhibitory activity of 69.6%, and a mixture (1:1) of Codonopsis lanceolata and 10-fold diluted Crataegus pinnafida showed an inhibitory activity of 50.2%. In conclusion, the mixtures of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, Chaenomeles sinensis, and Crataegus pinnafida with Codonopsis lanceolata will be used as a material for the development of biofunctional foods.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.143-162
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• 1972

Based on the concentration of $^{40}K$ naturally occurring radioisotope of potassium, a method for the determination of total potassium in soils and plants was developed. The method was extended to evaluate the potassium supplying power of soils by taking the ratio of exchangeable potassium to total potassium $(K_{ex}/K_t)$, termed the potassium buffering capacity. Using this as index, it was observed that the release of potassium from soil fellows the from order reaction. A linear relationship was found between the potassium buffering capacity and the release constant of potassium or mica content of the clay. Similarly the potassium buffering capacity was also closely correlated with total uptake of potassium by rice plant. Hence it is concluded that the method for determining of the potassium buffering capacity could be veil applied to characterize the potassium availability of soils. The method for the determination of potassium is characterized by (1) The efficient measurement of the weak beta activity emissions from the samples, (2) identification of $^{40}K$, (3) calculation of total potassium content using the proportional constant of $^{40}K$ of samples to that of the standard. Difference in the potassium supplying power of soils due to soil types was also evaluated with the use of this technique. The degree of the potassium supplying power was in the order of soil types as red-yellow podzolic and lateric soils, basaltic materials(Rvd)> low-humic gley and alluvial soils, alluvial plains and food plains(Apa)> low-humic gley soils, nearly level to sloping local alluvial plains and slopes(Afb)> low-humic gley and alluvial soils, fluvio-marine plains (Fma).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.406-414
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• 2009

This study was conducted to investigate the functional composition and antioxidant activity of Cirsium and Carduus genera based on different parts. Leaves of Cirsium setidens Nakai contained 23.66% protein and seeds of Carduus crispus L contained 25.30% lipid. Extraction yields of Cirsium and Carduus genera were higher in leaves than in any other parts of the plants. Total phenolics and total flavonoid content were abundant in extracts of leaves, steam and root of C. japonicum var. ussuriense, and the flower extract of C. setidens Nakai. Silymarin was not found in extracts of Cirsium and Carduus genera. Acacetin was identified in leaf or flower extracts of C. setidens Nakai, or in leaf and steam extracts of C. pendulum Fisch ex DC. Apigenin was identified in the flower extracts of Cirsium and Carduus genera and constituted 7.16 mg/g in C. japonicum var. ussuriense. Cynarin was present at 5.55 mg/g in the seed extract of C. setidens Nakai, and narirutin represented 19.56 mg/g and, 4.18 mg/g of the seed extracts of C. pendulum Fisch ex DC and, Carduus crispus L, respectively. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenger activity was higher in flower extracts of C. setidens Nakai than in the other genera. Photochemiluminescence activity was 2.3 nmol in leaves and flower extracts of C. setidens Nakai and flower extract of Carduus crispus L. Flowers and seeds of C. setidens Nakai shoe potential as new functional materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.877-884
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• 2004

Although gut microbial functions have been analyzed through cultivation of isolated microbes, molecular analysis without cultivation is becoming a popular approach in recent years. Gene cloning studies have partially revealed the mechanisms involved in fiber digestion of individual microbe. The molecular approach finally made it possible to analyze full genomes of the representative rumen cellulolytic bacteria Fibrobacter and Ruminococcus. The coming database may contain useful information such as regulation of gene expression relating to fiber digestion. Meanwhile, unculturable bacteria are still poorly characterized, even though they are main constituents of gut microbial ecosystem. The molecular analysis is essential to initiating the studies on these unculturable bacteria. The studies dealing with rumen and large intestine are revealing considerable complexity of the microbial ecosystems with many undescribed bacteria. These bacteria are being highlighted as possibly functional members contributing to feed digestion. Manipulation of gut bacteria and gut ecology for improving animal production is still at challenging stage. Bacteria newly introduced in the rumen, whether they are genetically modified or not, suffer from poor survival. In one of these attempts, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens expressing a foreign dehalogenase was successfully established in sheep rumen to prevent fluoroacetate poisoning. This expands choice of forages in tropics, since many tropic plants are known to contain the toxic fluoroacetate. This example may promise the possible application of molecular breeding of gut bacteria to the host animals with significance in their health and nutrition. When inoculation strategies for such foreign bacteria are considered, it is obvious that we should have more detailed information of the gut microbial ecology.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2006

Gastritis and gastric ulcer were known to be induced by gastic acid, stress, ethanol, Helicobacter pylori and free radical, etc. This study was performed for the development of a new drug or nutraceutical from medicinal plants or natural products with anti-gastritis, anti-ulcerative and gastroprotective activities. The water extract of Scutellaria baicalensis was exhibited potent inhibition in HCl ethanol-induced gastric lesion, acetic acid-induced and Shay ulcers, indicating the effects on gastric lesion and ulcer in rats. The water extract of Scutellaria baicalensis significantly inhibited HCl ethanol-induced gastric lesions at the oral dose of 300, 500 mg/kg. In pylorus ligated rats, the treatments of the water extract from Scutellaria baicalensis showed decrease in the volume of gastric secretion and acid output and increase pH at oral dose of 300, 500 mg/kg. And significantly reduced acetic acid-induced ulcer at the oral dose of 500 mg/kg for 12 days. In this study, we have found that the water extract from Scutellaria baicalensis had significant improvement in acute gastritis and ulcer at the dose of 300, 500 mg/kg and in chronic gastritis and ulcer at the dose of 500 mg/kg. Also we evaluated the antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori treated with Scutellaria baicalensis. Scutellaria baicalensis had a equivalent antibacterial activity with ampicilin against H. pylori at the dose of $100\;{\mu}/ml$. In histological examination, the water extract of Scutellaria baicalensis drastically restored gastric damages induced by HCl ethanol solution, pylorus- ligature and acetic acid. Therefore, we may use the water extract from Scutellaria baicalensis as antigastritic and antiulcerative agent for the purpose of the improvement or treatment of gastritis and gastric ulcer.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.223-226
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• 2008

Seedlings of two rice cultivars i.e. cv. Daesanbyeo and cv. Dongjinbyeo were analyzed for growth and endogenous gibberellins (GAs) in response to nitrogen nutrition applied in the forms of $KNO_3$, $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ and $NH_4NO_3$. All the growth parameters showed an increase in N applied treatments and their magnitudes of increase were different depending on different nitrogen fertilizer forms. The endogenous GAs contents were increased with N application but differentially affected by various N-forms in both rice cultivars. In cv. Daesanbyeo, maximum amount of bioactive $GA_1$ was recorded for $(NH_4)_2SO_4$, while maximum amount of bioactive $GA_1$ in cv. Dongjinbyeo was observed in $NH_4NO_3$ applied treatments. In both rice cultivars, $KNO_3$ applied rice plants contained least $GA_1$ contents. Also, $GA_{19}$ was the most abundant GA found in rice seedlings whereas $GA_4$ was absent at seedling stage. Our study indicated that different rice cultivars showed different responses for the same fertilizer depending upon the response potential of each cultivar and the pertinent physiological responses to changes of endogenous GAs in rice cultivars, which were comparatively lesser in magnitude.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.146-154
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• 2018

There are more than 25 species of Mentha plants, which are aromatic perennial herbs. Currently, these species are being widely used with great interest because of various clinical findings regarding their health benefits. This is due to the abundance of volatile compounds that could expedite environmental interactions such as protection against herbivores, parasites, pathogens, and so on. Therefore, in this study, the antimicrobial effect of Mentha piperita (peppermint) oil on Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Salmonella Enteritidis were investigated using the spot-on-lawn method. The results show that Mentha piperita (peppermint) oil exhibited antimicrobial activities against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Cronobacter sakazakii; however, it did not inhibit the growth of Salmonella Enteritidis. This shows that the antimicrobial effect of Mentha piperita (peppermint) oil is effective against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Hence, in the present study, Mentha piperita (peppermint) oil was shown to have strong antimicrobial activities; it could be used as a potential food additive for improving the quality of various milk-based products due to its various bioactive properties. Future studies should be conducted for manufacturing functional dairy products with the addition of peppermint oil to prevent and/or alleviate specific diseases.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.130-134
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of naturally occurring aldose reductase (AR) inhibitors isolated from Korean native plants. The MeOH extract and stepwise polarity fractions of dandelions were tested on rat lens AR inhibition in vitro. Of these, the EtOAc fractions from the leaves of dandelions (Traxacum coreanum, T. officinale, and T. ohwianum) exhibited an AR inhibitory activity ($IC_{50}$ values, 2.37, 1.73 and 2.68 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively). A chromatography of the EtOAc fraction from the leaves of T. coreanum led to the further isolation of two flavonoids identified as luteolin and luteolin 7-O-glucopyranoside. These compounds exhibited strong AR inhibitory activity, with $IC_{50}$ values of 0.15 and 1.05 ${\mu}M$, respectively. These results suggested that luteolin is a potent AR inhibitor within dandelions and that it could be a useful lead compound in the development of a novel AR inhibitory agent against diabetic complications.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2014

The seed of Vigna angularis (Ohwi) Ohwi & Ohashi (= Phaseolus angularis W. F. Wight, Leguminosae) is one of well-known folk foodstuffs in Korea, China and Japan. In the course of screening for antioxidants from natural plants in Korea by measuring the radical scavenging effect on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) a methanol extract of the seeds of V. angularis were found to show a potent antioxidant activity. And the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of V. angularis (VAEA) showed the most potent DPPH radical scavenging and superoxide quenching activities. To reveal the effect of antioxidant activities of VAEA, we tested the thermal and oxidative stress tolerances, activities of SOD and catalase, and intracellular ROS level in Caenorhabditis elegans. Consequently, VAEA-fed worms lived longer than control worms under the thermal and oxidative stress conditions. And VAEA elevated SOD and catalase activities of worms, and reduced intracellular ROS accumulation in a dose-dependent manner.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.652-658
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• 2013

A huge number of greenhouse soils in Korea have accumulated mineral elements which induce many nutritional and pathological problems. The present study was performed to the effects of the reduced fertilization on plant growth, and uptake and partitioning of minerals (N, P, K) and soluble carbohydrates using highly minerals-accumulated farmer's greenhouse soil. On the basis of the recommended application for tomato crop, the application rates of N, P and K were 110(50%)-5.2(5%)-41.5(35%)kg $ha^{-1}$, respectively, using Hoagland's nutrient solution. Tomato growth rates during the whole experiment were not significant between treatments, but it was found that a decrease in daily growth represented after 60 days of treatment (DAT). The reduced application led to a drastic decrease in the concentration of N, P and K in fruits, and, thus, this resulted in lower uptake after 40 DAT. The lower phloem export and utilization of soluble carbohydrates caused an accumulation of extra-carbohydrates in leaves, stems and fruits in the reduced application. The reduced fertilization induced the capture of N, P and K in leaves and of soluble carbohydrates in stems compared to the conventional application. In this study, we suggest that it is possible to delay the first fertigation time in minerals-accumulated soils without an adverse impact on crop growth, but it is necessary to regularly monitor mineral status in soil to ensure a balanced uptake, synthesis and partitioning of minerals and carbohydrates.