• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1980.09a
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• pp.151-170
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• 1980

Physiological response of Panax ginseng var. atropurpureacaulo (purple stem variety, Pg) to light was reviewed through old literatures and recent experiments. Canopy structure, growth, pigment, leaf anatomy, disease occurence, transpiration, photosynthesis (PS), leaf saponin, photoperiodism and nutrient uptake were concerned. P. ginseng var. xanthocarpus (yellow berry variety, Px) and Panax quinquefolius(Pq) were compared with Pg if possible. Compensation point(Cp) increased with increase of light and ranged from 110 to 150 at $20^{\circ}C$ but from 140 to 220 at $30^{\circ}C$ with 4 to 15 Klux indicating occurence of light and temperature-dependent high photorespiration. Characteristics of Korea ginseng to hate high temperature was well accordance with an observation 2000 years ago. Korea ginseng showed lower Cp and appeared to be more tolerant to high light intensity and temperature than American sheng although the latter showed greater PS, stomata frequency and conductance, chlorophyll and carotenoids. Px showed lower PS than Pg probably due to higher Cp. Total leaf saponin was higher in leaves grown under high light. Ratio or diol saponin and triol saponin(PT/PD) decreased with increase of light intensity during growing mainly due to decrease of ginsenoside $Rg_1$ but increase of ginsenoside Rd. Leaves of Pg and Px had $Rg_1$ but no $Rb_3$ which was only found as much as $20\%$ of total in Pq leaves, and decreased with increase of light intensity. Re increased in Pg and Px but decreased in Pq with increase of light. PT/PD in leaf ranged 1.0-1.5 in Pg and Px but around 0.5 in Pq. Korea ginseng has Yang characteristics(tolerant to high light and temperature), cultured under Eum(shade) condition and long been used for Yang efficacy (to build up energy) while Pq was quite contrary. Traditional low light $intensity(3-8\%)$ for Korea ginseng culture appeared to be strongly related to historical unique quality. Effect of light quality and photoperiodism was not well known. Experiences are long but scientific knowledge is short for production and quality assessment of ginseng. Recent scientific knowledge of ginseng should learn wisdom from old experiences.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.65-76
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a nutrition education and personalized lunch service program in a senior welfare center. A total of 30 elderly (14 males, 16 females) aged 62~89 years participated in this study. Nutrition education lessons (2 hour/lesson/week) were provided for 4 weeks. Also, ten weeks from week 3rd to week 12th, personalized lunch providing 1/3 personal needed energy was served 5 times for a week. After the nutrition intervention program, we compared anthropometric characteristics, blood biochemical characteristics, nutrition knowledge, dietary attitude and dietary intake using 24 hr recall with those before the intervention. The body weight (p < 0.001) and body mass index (BMI) (p < 0.001) were decreased. There were significant increases in score of nutrition knowledge (p < 0.01) and consumption of milk & milk products for snacks. There was a positive effect on fasting blood sugar (FBS) showing significant decreases in portion of impaired fasting glucose and diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). Also, serum triglyceride (TG) was significantly decreased (p < 0.05). In evaluation of nutrient intake by Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs), riboflavin (p < 0.01), vitamin C (p < 0.001), calcium (p < 0.05) were positively improved. The index of nutritional quality (INQ) and intakes of vitamin C (p < 0.001), riboflavin (p < 0.05), Ca (p < 0.01) and Fe (p < 0.05) were increased. In conclusion, this nutrition education and lunch service program providing 1/3 personal needed energy can be used to develop and implement a tailored nutritional intervention programs in the setting of a community senior welfare center to improve health and nutritional status of Korean elderly.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.622-629
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• 1998

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary intakes and nutritional status for fatty liver male patients with fatty livers. General characteristics, nutritional knowledge, and dietary intakes were obtained from fatty liver male patients aged 20-60yr living in Seoul and Kyunggi province by individual interview and blood samples. The Results were as follows : the mean age of the subjects was 39yrs. Old and over half the subjects were overweight. Although nutritional knowledge, recognition, and accuracy scores were good, these did not affect the subject's health. The average alcohol intake of subjects was 79.8g/day and the drinking duration was 5-40yrs(average : 17yrs). The subjects drank alcohol over 4tiles/week and preferred Soju. Most side dishes taken with alcohol drinking by the subjects were foods from animal sources. Half of the subjects also drank alcohol the next day for breakfast as a hangover-chaser. The reasons for drinking were due to social relationships and by habit. Vitamin D and folate were lower than the RDA for Koreans, and other nutrient amounts were higher than the RDA. The amounts of aspartate amino-transferase(AST), Alanine amino-transferase(ALT), ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase(${\gamma}$-GTP), Triglyceride(TG) for the subjects were higher. In conclusion, fatty liver patients drank excessively and frequently. It seems that heavy alcohol drinking is more prone to overweight or obese people and contributes to fatty livers. Therefore, the subjects need to be taken effectively educated about alcohol-induced liver damage and the importance of a balanced diet for on healthy liver.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.292-302
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• 2004

The nutritional status of middle-aged overweight and control normal subjects were evaluated for the purpose of providing the background information of the degenerative disease control. A survey was conducted with 293 healthy subjects (121 males and 172 females) between the ages 40-64. The average BMI (body mass index) of male subjects was 24.5 $\pm2.75$, and that of females was 23.5 $\pm2.87$. The average values of WHR (waist-hip ratio) were 0.88 $\pm0.04$, for males and 0.82 $\pm0.07$, for females. The normal BMI group (BMI 18.5-22.9) comprised 28.9% of males and 47.1% of females. The percentage of overweight subjects (BMI 23-24.9) was 26.4% of males and 30.8% of females. The obese group (BMI ＞ 25) was 44.6% of males ana 22.1% of females, showing the greater rate of obese state among male subjects. The average energy intakes were 76.6 $\pm14.9$% for males and 77.8 $\pm12.6$, % for females, protein intakes were 108.0 $\pm24.6$% for males and 111.2 $\pm22.7$, % for females of the RDA levels. The average intakes of other nutrients were above the 75% of RDA levels except calcium. The average nutrient intakes of the three subgroups according to their BMI values were not different for both males and females. There were weak correlations between obesity and blood biochemical indices. There were positive correlations between BMI or WHR and hemoglobin, hematocrit, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, triglyceride, AST or ALT. There were negative correlations between BMI or WHR and HDL-cholesterol. These results suggest that the obesity rate of middle-aged is an influential factor of chronic disease. The middle-aged subjects of this study with higher educational and socioeconomic background tend to have desirable nutrition knowledge and attitude, but the application of their knowledge or attitude was relatively poor.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.639-654
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Many adolescents in developing countries skip breakfast. Innovative nutrition education (NE) strategies are needed to enhance knowledge and skills related to the breakfasts of adolescents in a low socioeconomic setting. The objective was to evaluate short- and long-term effects of a multi-strategy, school-based NE intervention on adolescents' breakfast-related personal influences and behaviors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: An intervention study with a cluster randomized controlled trial design was conducted in 4 senior high schools in Makassar, Indonesia. The multi-strategy NE intervention was delivered for 3 months. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and a 3-day breakfast recall (face-to-face interview). Wilcoxon, McNemar, and Mann-Whitney tests were used to determine intra- and intergroup differences. RESULTS: Unlike knowledge, improvement was observed in attitude and self-efficacy scores in the intervention groups (IGs) (P < 0.01); however, no significant changes were observed in the control group (CG). More students showed improved motivation in the IG than in the CG (P > 0.05). Changes in breakfast frequency and macronutrient intake from breakfast were greater in the IG than in the CG (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A multi-strategy NE intervention is effective in producing positive changes in breakfast-related attitude, self-efficacy, and motivation of adolescents from a low-middle socioeconomic setting. The intervention improved breakfast frequency and nutrient intake. This intervention has promise for sustaining the observed changes over the long-term.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.515-521
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• 1997

Tobacco plant was grown for 40 days hydroponically in nutrient solutions composed of different forms of nitrogen, like NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N, NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, and a mixed formulation of NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N and NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N. Uptake response, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activity at growth stage were investigated to understand the basic knowledge of nitrogen metabolism. The better growth of shoot and root was observed in the mixed nutrient solution than NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N or NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N, alone. The plant growth in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N nutrient solution was poor due to ammonium toxicity. The pH of nutrient solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N increased up to 40 days after transplanting. But the pH of solution containing NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N decreased drastically to 3.42 at 20 days after transplant. The pH in the mixed formulation dropped to pH 3.64 at 30 days after transplant and showed re-increase. It is assumed that nitrogen of NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N form was taken up preferentially at early stage and NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N form was taken up preferentially at middle stage in the treatment with the mixed solution. The result indicates that the relative proportion of nitrogen forms affected the uptake patterns at each growth stages. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein were high with the mixed solution. Total nitrogen content was the highest in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N solution and the content also increased by the application of the mixed type of nitrogen. The amount of nitrate in leaves was high in NO$_3$$^{[-10]}$ -N treatment and the amount of ammonium was high in NH$_4$$^{＋}$-N treatment. The activity of nitrate reductase or glutamine synthetase was highest in the leaves grown in mixed nutrient solution than in those with any other single of nitrogen form.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1071-1071
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• 2001

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is potentially a powerful and revolutionary technology for environmental analysis. It is supported by a large body of scientific and experiential knowledge. The instrumentation is well-developed, with easy-to-use, highly dependable instruments, but at the same time it is still developing, particularly with the production of more portable and rapid instruments, and more powerful software. NIRS is used globally in numerous industries for commodity analysis. Yet NIRS is largely unknown in the field of environmental chemistry and monitoring, and is not even routinely used in soil analysis, where the research literature on NIRS extends over four decades. Part of the explanation for the poor visibility of NIRS is the fact that NIRS is not routinely taught in Chemistry programs in universities, where most environmental chemists and environmental technicians are trained. This presentation examines the unique capabilities of NIRS, such as rapid, real-time analysis; analysis of whole samples; simultaneous analysis of multiple constituents; cost-effectiveness, and portability, as they match needs for analysis in several environmental areas. Examples of NIRS usage and published and unpublished results will be described for such areas as soil and sediment analysis; water quality monitoring; and nutrient loading in application of manures and sewage sludge (biosolids) to land. Present barriers to the use of NIRS in environmental analysis will be discussed. It is argued that emerging environmental problems and increasing attention to some traditional problems will enhance the application of NIRS in the future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-31
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• 1986

This study was attempted to investigate the effect of family environment on the dietary quality of adolescence. The subjected were 390 girls aged from 13 to 19 and their mothers in Chung-Nam province area. The survey was conducted from Febril 6 to 16, 1985. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1) The mean dietary score of nutrient adequacy of subjects was 11.85 out of possible 17, which showed that all nutrients intake might be lower than the R.D.A. 2) According to resident place, dietary quality was tended to be better in order of rural place, small city and medium city 9P<0.01). 3) In smaller numbers of family members, dietary quality was tended to be better (P<0.01). 4) Family pattern did not affect the dietary quality. 5) According to socioeconomic status, dietary quality was tended to be better at the upper class(P<0.05). 6) Dietary quality was tended to be better according to the increase of PCEF(per capita expenditure for food). 7) Mother's employment was likely to improve the dietary quality (P<0.01). 8) Dietary quality was tended to be better according to mother's favored attitude toward nutrition(P<0.01). 9) Mother's attitude toward taste affected the dietary quality, but this effect was not constant(P<0.01). 10) Mother's attitude toward family's food preference affected the dietary quality adversely (P<0.01). 11) Mother's score of nutrition knowledge was likely to affect the dietary quality. 12) Dietary quality was positively correlated to health status of subjects. And there was a significantly negative correlation between dietary quality and menarcheal age (P<0.01).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.58-68
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• 1995

The Purpose of this study is to survey nutrition education for day-care teachers and children. For this study, 453 day-care teachers were asked questionnaire and responses were analyzed. Textbooks of the teachers were also analyzed and nutrition survey at four different places of day care were carried out. The results of this study are as follows: 1. The majority of the day-care teachers were interested in the nutrition and nutrition education, but only 23.2% of the teachers had experience of nutrition education. 2. As to the nutrition knowledge(high, middle, and low), 58.1% of the teachers responded to the middle level. 3. About 81% of the text materials for the pre-teachers contain subject of the health and nutrition management for the children, however, the contents of nutrition management were limited to 7 pages(0.6% of the volume). For the text materials of the re-education, only 9.1% contains the subject, and the contents of nutrition management were limited to 3% of the volume. 4. The percentage of employing dietitians in the day-care is 12.4%, and menu is prepared mostly by the director of the day care. 5. In the nutrition survey, nutrient intake was mostly unsatisfied.

• BMB Reports
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.45-53
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• 2018

Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) plays a major role in cell growth, proliferation, polarity, differentiation, development, and controls transitioning between anabolic and catabolic states of the cell. It collects almost all extracellular and intracellular signals from growth factors, nutrients, and maintains cellular homeostasis, and is involved in several pathological conditions including, neurodegeneration, Type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and cancer. In this review, we summarize current knowledge of upstream signaling of mTORC1 to explain etiology of T2D and hypertriglyceridemia, in which state, the role of telomere attrition is explained. We discuss if chronic inhibition of mTORC1 can reverse adverse effects resulting from hyperactivation. In conclusion, we suggest the regulatory roles of telomerase (TERT) and hexokinase II (HKII) on mTORC1 as possible remedies to treat hyperactivation. The former inhibits mTORC1 under nutrient-rich while the latter under starved condition. We provide an idea of TOS (TOR signaling) motifs that can be used for regulation of mTORC1.