• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.242-250
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• 2005

The objective of this study is to determine the effectiveness of 4-month milk consumption in the prevention of osteoporosis in elderly women living in Asan. Subjects included 277 women age over 65 years were divided into control (n=111) and milk (n=166) groups. For those in the milk group, one cup (200ml) of partially lactose-digested low-fat milk was provided everyday for 4 months. Each subject was interviewed to assess food intake by 24-h recall method before and after milk supplementation. Prevalence of osteoporosis was determined by WHO criteria with calcaneus bone mineral density (BMD) measured by quantitative ultrasound (QUS) on left heel. After 4 months, the nutrient intake levels of control did not change while intakes of energy, protein, calcium, phosphorous, riboflavin, pyridoxin, niacin and folic acid were significantly increased in milk group. No significant changes were observed in anthropometric, and BMD in both control and milk groups. T-score of milk group, however, was significantly increased after 4 month milk consumption. Prevalence of osteoporosis was increased (27% to 32%) in control group while that of milk group was decreased (32% to 30%). When BMD and t-score changes after 4 months of milk consumption were compared between those with low baseline calcium intake and high calcium intake subjects in the milk group, BMD and t-score were significantly improved in the low baseline calcium intake group. We conclude that one cup a day milk consumption for a relatively short period of 4 months can prevent further bone loss and significantly improve intakes of both macro and micro-nutrients of elderly women.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.678-683
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• 2012

One of alternatives to solve the global water shortages is the reuse of wastewater. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether it can be reused for industrial water from wastewater in "A" City with ultrafiltration (UF) and reverse osmosis (RO) process. The results obtained in this study were that the inorganics such as Na, Mg, Cl, Ca, Mn, $PO_4$, $SO_4$, etc. were removed with high treatment efficiency (more than 97%), respectively. However, the removal of $NH_4$-N, TN, $NO_3$-N, BOD was found to be 35.71%, 85.21%, 87.05% and 56%, respectively. The removal efficiency of nutrients was relatively low compared to other metal ions. Despite low nutrients removal, the treated wastewater is recommended to reuse, because the nutrient contents in influent from the secondary wastewater treatment plant were small amount. In addition, all other metrics in the wastewater were found to be lower amount than wastewater reuse criteria. Therefore, the wastewater treated by UF-RO could be sufficient to reuse for industrial waster.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.303-307
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• 2013

Research reports on soil during the years from 1906 to 2012 have been analyzed to understand the role and pattern of soil research in agriculture. The number of research reports in relation with the key word of soils were 2,211 cases and classified in accordance with the criteria of research area, research subject, and research place of report papers. During the 40 years from 1906 to 1946, research work on soil chemistry was reached 62%, highest in the research area. In the case of research subject, research reports on soil fertility and soil nutrients was highest as 42.2%, and the next subject on soil salt and desalinization was about 19.5%. Research places were in the order of paddy as 34.1%, upland as 23.7%, and reclaimed soil as 22.5%. From 1953 to 2012 during 60 years, in the research area report papers were mainly concentrated on chemistry area as 32% and the next was physics as 26%, and environment as 12%. In the case of research subject during the same period, nutrient management report was reached 21.1%, and soil improvement on chemical and physical properties for optimum crop growth was 11.9%. Soil survey and data base establishment report was 8.6%. Research place were in the order of upland as 34.9%, paddy as 25.7%, and vinyl house as 12.5%, which showed reversed pattern compared to that of before 40 years.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.82-88
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• 2017

Contaminated sediment can be treated in order to reuse the treated sediment. Even though the chemical criteria are satisfied, the treated sediment could still impose toxic effects. Therefore, this study investigated the changes in the ecological toxic effects of the contaminated sediment from the J region in Singapore after treatment. The contaminated sediment was subject to sequential soil washing and thermal treatment, followed by pH neutralization. Toxic effects of the contaminated and treated sediments were determined by using Vibrio fischeri ($Microtox^{(R)}$), Triticum aestivum (wheat), and Eisenia foetida (earthworm). After treatment, the concentrations of total petroleum hydrocarbons and heavy metals were decreased by 98% and 59-93%, respectively, and satisfied the Industrial Maximum Values of the Dutch Standard, which were used as the remedial goal. The bioluminescence reduction of V. fischeri decreased significantly, and the earthworm survival increased from 0% to 90% after treatment. The germination rate increased from $0{\pm}0%$ to $75{\pm}13%$ after treatment, but the treated sediment may need additional treatment such as nutrient addition for better plant growth. Overall, this study showed that the treatment of the contaminated sediment satisfactorily removed mixed contaminants, and this led to reduction in toxic effects, suggesting improved potentials for reuse of the treated sediment.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.297-305
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of food behavior and life-style behavior on the health-status of male industrial workers in the Masan region. The average age of the 173 male subjects was 42.9 years and 59% of the subjects were labor workers, 25% office workers, and 70% of them earned 1 - 1.5 million won monthly. The subjects were categorized into one of three groups : normal group, health-concerned group, and disease-suspected group classified by the criteria of the data (blood pressure, blood glucose, blood hemoglobin, serum total cholesterol, and serum triglyceride) obtained from a health examination. Forty seven belonged to the normal group, 71 to the health-concerned group, and 55 to the disease-suspected group. The health-concerned group, and disease-suspected group had significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, and serum total cholesterol than the normal group, and the disease-suspected group showed a significantly higher serum triglyceride level than the normal and health-concerned groups. The disease-suspected group consumed carbohydrate foods, such as cereals more frequently and protein foods such as beans and eggs less frequently than the normal group and health-concerned group. However, there was no difference in nutrient intakes among the three groups. The disease-suspected group and health-concerned group smoked more cigarettes and drank more frequently than the normal group, and the disease-suspected group exercised less as compared to the normal group. The kinds of diseases diagnosed in the disease-suspected group were hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver disease, and neurological disease. The results of this study indicate that nutrition education and monitoring should be implemented for industrial workers to prevent chronic diseases and to reduce medical cost for the treatment of disease.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.191-206
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• 2017

Objectives: The present study systematically reviewed previous studies published in Korea regarding obesity status of children and adolescents in order to provide valid directions for future research and to help establish evidence-based prevention strategies. Methods: The articles were selected by searching the primary keyword 'obesity' and the secondary keywords 'children', 'young children', 'adolescents' or 'kids' on the KISS (Korean Studies Information Service System). Out of 503 articles excluding the overlap, 308 articles were selected with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Secular trends of obesity research, distribution of subjects, potential risk factors for obesity, and intervention method for obesity management were documented. The associations between obesity and dietary factors were summarized. Results: The overall number of research studies has increased since 2000 but obesity management studies have decreased in recent years. Most of the studies used a cross-sectional design. Research on preschool children were extremely limited. Intervention studies targeting males were prevalent. The most significant variables relevant to dietary habits were speed of eating, regular breakfast and snacking. The most significant food and nutrient intake factors were thiamin and iron. Intakes of cereals and animal foods were significantly higher in obese children than the counterparts. Conclusions: The present review of locally published articles on the obesity status in children and adolescents suggested the need for well-designed further studies focused on risk factors of obesity and on a range of intervention methods conducive to the development of obesity prevention and management programs.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.73-83
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• 2013

The object of this study was to evaluate lotic ecosystem health using multiple eco-metric approaches such as water chemistry diagnosis, physical habitat health evaluations, and biological integrity modeling at 100 streams of four major watersheds. For the study, eight chemical water quality parameters such as nutrients (N, P) and organic material were measured and 11-metric models of Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index (QHEI) and multiple eco-metric health assessment model (MEHA) were applied to the four major watershed. Nutrient analysis of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in all watersheds indicated a eutrophic state depending on the locations of sampling streams. Physical habitat health, based on the QHEI model, averaged 114 (range: 56 - 194), judging as a "good condition" by the criteria of Plafkin et al. (1989). In addition, primary (H1 - H4), secondary (H5 - H7), and tertiary habitat metric variables (H8 - H11) were analyzed in relation to the physical habitat degradations. The plots of tolerant species ($P_{TS}$) and sensitive species ($P_{SS}$) to water quality showed that the proportions of $P_{TS}$ had positive linear functions with nutrients, and that the $P_{SS}$ had inverse linear relations with the chemical variables. The model of eco-metric health assessment showed that mean MEHA was 20.4, indicating a fair condition. Overall, our data suggest that water chemistry, based on nutrients and organic matter, directly modified the trophic structures in relation to food chain in the aquatic ecosystems, and then these directly influenced the compositions of tolerance/sensitive species, resulting in degradations of overall ecological health.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.107-112
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• 1999

Diet quality index DQI) offers a new way of comparing eating habits across populations and across countries. Nutrients and food consumption data from 100 elderly Korean women aged 65 and older were collected in Seoul or Kyunggi-do, Korea by the 24 hour recall method. Diet quality index (DQI) was computed for 1049 elderly women (65 and older) from the 1994-1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII) in the US according to US dietary guidelines, and applied to the diet of elderly Korean women for purposes of comparison. A modified 16-point DQI awarded 2 points each for moderate consumption of fat ($\leq$ 30% energy), saturated fat ($\leq$ 10%), cholesterol ($\leq$ 300 mg/day), sodium ($\leq$ 2400 mg/day), and protein ($\leq$ 100% RDA), adequate intakes of carbohydrate ($\qeq$50% energy) and calcium ($\qeq$ 100% RDA), and plenty of fruits and vegetables ($\qeq$ 5 servings). Criteria were based on US dietary guidelines. Partial scores were given if subjects were close to meeting these cutoff points. Diets with $\leq$ 300 mg cholesterol/day were reported by 97% or the Korean sample and 82% of the American sample, while 90% of the Koreans and 42% of the Americans met the goal of $\leq$ 30% of energy from fat, and 98% of the Koreans and 47% of American met the recommendation of $\leq$ 10% of energy from saturated fat. In contrast, only 8% of the Korean sample met the sodium recommendation of $\leq$ 2400 mg sodium per day, whereas 54% of the American subjects met this goal. The mean DQI scores were 10.1 for the elderly American women and 11.3 for the elderly Korean women. Overall, the elderly Korean diet was more consistent with the US dietary guidelines than the elderly American diet.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.163-168
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• 2006

In order to develop the deep ocean water, we performed to study the characteristics of vertical distribution of dissolved trace metals(Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) from Apr. to Oct., 2005 in the East Sea. Total six sampling sites were selected in Gangwon-Do and Gyeongsanbuk-Do. Accuracy of the analytical procedures was assessed by the SRM(CASS-4) for dissolved metals in seawater. The mean recoveries of CASS-4 ranged from 89.4% for Co to 99.8% for Cd. In this study, the dissolved metal concentrations varied with space, time and element. The metal concentrations showed wide range in the surface. Cd, Ni and Zn showed a nutrient-type profile with surface depletion and enrichment at depth. However, Co, Cu and Pb were irregular in the vertical distribution. All metal concentrations studied in this study are lower than the criteria of Korean drinking water.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 1986

The prevalence of obesity and its related factors in adolescent girls in Seoul area were investigated from April, 18 to June, 29 1985 bymeans of anthropometry, dietary intakes and general environmental factors. Nine hundred and sixty junior high school girls were selected and invterviewed for 24-hour food intakes. Weight, height, a 우 skinfold thickness(triceps, abdominal) were measured and information on the general backgroun of the subjects were obtained by questinnaire. Subjects were divided into six groups according to their relative weights. It was observed that majority of the parents were under fifty years old and had high school education . In general, father was older and higher in educational levels than mother. Two thirds of subjects lived in their own houses and had three to four siblings. AVerage weight and height of subjects were 46.0kg and 154.4cm, which were higher than Korean natianl average. Average relative weight was 29.75 and average Kaup index was 1.925. Skinfold thickness was 13.4mm fo rtricepts and 16.4mm for abdominal . Prevalence of obesity was 12.9% and 4.8% by criteria of relative weight and skinfold thickness. Average intakes of most of nutrients except iron were acceptable but about one third of the subjects had less than 2/3 of RDa for calcium, iron, vitamin A, and riboflavin. As a whole, prevalence of obesity in this study was higher than those observed in the past surveys. Relationship of dietary intakes and general environmental factors that seemed to influence the obesity were integrated as such. As parents educational levels were higher, it tended to be higher in living standard and have fewer family members and siblings. These may influence more nutrient intakes so that fatness of the subjects seemed to be greater. In the meantime, parents fatness was closely related to those of children indicating an involvement of genetic factors. And also, food habits of individuals such as frequency of snack and bedtime snack were related to fatness significantly.