• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.257-277
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• 2011

In this paper the geometrically nonlinear continuum plate finite element model, hitherto not reported in the literature, is developed using the total Lagrange formulation. With the layerwise displacement field of Reddy, nonlinear Green-Lagrange small strain large displacements relations (in the von Karman sense) and linear elastic orthotropic material properties for each lamina, the 3D elasticity equations are reduced to 2D problem and the nonlinear equilibrium integral form is obtained. By performing the linearization on nonlinear integral form and then the discretization on linearized integral form, tangent stiffness matrix is obtained with less manipulation and in more consistent form, compared to the one obtained using laminated element approach. Symmetric tangent stiffness matrixes, together with internal force vector are then utilized in Newton Raphson's method for the numerical solution of nonlinear incremental finite element equilibrium equations. Despite of its complex layer dependent numerical nature, the present model has no shear locking problems, compared to ESL (Equivalent Single Layer) models, or aspect ratio problems, as the 3D finite element may have when analyzing thin plate behavior. The originally coded MATLAB computer program for the finite element solution is used to verify the accuracy of the numerical model, by calculating nonlinear response of plates with different mechanical properties, which are isotropic, orthotropic and anisotropic (cross ply and angle ply), different plate thickness, different boundary conditions and different load direction (unloading/loading). The obtained results are compared with available results from the literature and the linear solutions from the author's previous papers.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.711-725
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior and the strength of SRG (Steel Reinforced Grout) externally strengthened Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams by using a nonlinear numerical analysis. The numerical simulation was carried out by using a three-dimensional (3D) finite element model. An interface element with a suitable damage model was used to model the connection between concrete surface and SRG reinforcing layer. The reliability of the finite element 3D-model was checked using experimental data obtained on a set of three RC beams. The parameters taken into consideration were the external configuration, with or without U-end anchorages, the concrete strength, the amount of internal tensile steel reinforcement. Conclusions were made concerning the strength and the ductility of the strengthened beams by varying the parameters and on the effectiveness of the SRG reinforcing system applied with two types of external strengthening configuration.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.66-69
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• 2005

Mechanical strength of functionally graded composite plates that composed of ceramic, functionally graded material and metal layers is investigated using 3-D finite element method. In FGM layer, material properties are assumed to be varied continuously in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fraction of a ceramic and metal. The 3-D finite element model is adopted by using an IS-node solid element to analyze more accurately the variation of material properties in the thickness direction. Numerical results are compared with those of the previous works. In addition, the displacements, the tensile stresses and the compressive stresses are analyzed for the variation of FGM thickness ratio and volume fraction distribution.Mechanical strength of functionally graded composite plates that composed of ceramic, functionally graded material and metal layers is investigated using 3-D finite element method. In FGM layer, material properties are assumed to be varied continuously in the thickness direction according to a simple power law distribution in terms of the volume fraction of a ceramic and metal. The 3-D finite element model is adopted by using an IS-node solid element to analyze more accurately the variation of material properties in the thickness direction. Numerical results are compared with those of the previous works. In addition, the displacements, the tensile stresses and the compressive stresses are analyzed for the variation of FGM thickness ratio and volume fraction distribution.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.462-465
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• 2004

Since quasi-brittle materials like concrete show strain localization behavior accompanied by strain softening, a numerical drawback such as mesh sensitivity is appeared in the finite element analysis. In this paper, the so-called homogenized crack model which was introduced for three dimensional finite element analysis of fracture in concrete is studied for the mesh size dependence problem in fracture analysis. A homogenized crack element having a velocity discontinuity. is averaged to remove the mesh sensitivity in finite element analysis of concrete fracture. Numerical examples show that softening behavior of concrete fracture is successfully predicted without mesh sensitivity using the homogenized crack model.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.473-506
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• 2016

The aim of this work is the development of a 2D quadrilateral isoparametric finite element model, based on a layerwise approach, for the bending analysis of sandwich plates. The face sheets and the core are modeled individually using, respectively, the first order shear deformation theory and the third-order plate theory. The displacement continuity condition at the interfaces 'face sheets-core' is satisfied. The assumed natural strains method is introduced to avoid an eventual shear locking phenomenon. The developed element is a four-nodded isoparametric element with fifty two degrees-of-freedom (52 DOF). Each face sheet has only two rotational DOF per node and the core has nine DOF per node: six rotational degrees and three translation components which are common for the all sandwich layers. The performance of the proposed element model is assessed by six examples, considering symmetric/unsymmetric composite sandwich plates with different aspect ratios, loadings and boundary conditions. The numerical results obtained are compared with the analytical solutions and the numerical results obtained by other authors. The results indicate that the proposed element model is promising in terms of the accuracy and the convergence speed for both thin and thick plates.

• Advances in aircraft and spacecraft science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.179-202
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• 2023

This article presents a numerical analysis to investigate the natural frequencies and harmonic response of a perforated cantilever beam attached to two layers of piezoelectric materials by using the finite element method for the first time. The bimorph piezoelectric is composed of 3 layers; two of them at the outer are piezoelectric, and the inner isotropic material. A higher order 3-D 20-node solid element that exhibits quadratic displacement behavior is exploited to discretize the isotropic layer, and coupled piezoelectric 3D element with twenty nodes is used to mesh the top and bottom layers. CIRCU94 element is added to act as a resistor part of the model. The proposed model is validated with previous works. The numerical parametric studies are presented to illustrate the effects of perforation geometry, the number of rows, the resistance on the natural frequencies, frequency response, and power. It is found that the thickness has a positive relationship with the natural frequency. Perforations help in producing higher voltage, and the best shape is rectangular perforations, and to produce higher voltage, two rows of rectangular perforations should be applied.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1999.07a
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• pp.220-222
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• 1999

This paper presents a numerical analysis of the eddy current testing with cracked pipe using finite element method (FEM). ${\vec{A}},\;{\phi}-{\vec{A}}$ method is adopted for the formulation of 3-dimensional(3-D) FEM with the brick element. The cracks investigated here are the inner and outer surface of axial symmetry, 90 degree circular one. The algorithm of 3-D numerical analysis is employed for the axisymmetric pipe with the cracks. In order to verify the validity of 3-D numerical analysis, the results are compared with those of 2-D analysis with the same type of the model. The differential impedance is obtained by using energy method and its locus are various 8-shaped curves for each cracks. The ICCG method is used for the calculation of a matrix.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.339-345
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• 2021

Finite element analysis of the silo type underground opening for low- and intermediate-level radioactive waste (LILW) disposal facilities in Korea is presented in this study. The silo wall is circular and the roof is made up of domes. The silo wall is 25 meters in diameter, 35 meters in height, and the dome is 30 meters in diameter and 17.4 meters in height, and it is located at -80 meters to -130 meters at sea level. Although six silos have been constructed in the first stage and are in operation, only one silo was considered in this study. The two-dimensional axial symmetric finite element model, as well as the three-dimensional finite element model were made using the computer program SMAP-3D. Generalized Hoek and Brown Model was used for the numerical analyses. The finite element analysis of the silo type underground opening was carried out under various lateral pressure coefficients (defined as ratio of average horizontal to vertical in-situ stress), and the numerical results of these analyses were examined.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.375-385
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• 2017

In the present paper experimental and numerical analysis of hook-ended steel fiber reinforced concrete is carried out. The experimental tests are performed on notched beams loaded in 3-point bending using fiber volume fractions up to 1.5%. The numerical analysis of fiber reinforced concrete beams is performed at meso scale. The concrete is discretized with 3D solid finite elements and microplane model is used as a constitutive law. The fibers are modelled by randomly generated 1D truss finite elements, which are connected with concrete matrix by discrete bond-slip relationship. It is demonstrated that the presented approach, which is based on the modelling of concrete matrix using microplane model, able to realistically replicate experimental results. In all investigated cases failure is due to the pull-out of fibers. It is shown that with increase of volume content of fibers the effective bond strength and slip capacity of fibers decreases.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.659-683
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• 2014

The static analysis of structures with arbitrary cross-section geometry and material lamination via a refined one-dimensional (1D) approach is presented in this paper. Higher-order 1D models with a variable order of expansion for the displacement field are developed on the basis of Carrera Unified Formulation (CUF). Classical Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories are obtained as particular cases of the first-order model. Numerical results of displacement, strain and stress are provided by using the finite element method (FEM) along the longitudinal direction for different configurations in excellent agreement with three-dimensional (3D) finite element solutions. In particular, a layered thin-walled cylinder is considered as first assessment with a laminated conventional cross-section. An atherosclerotic plaque is introduced as a typical structure with arbitrary cross-section geometry and studied for both the homogeneous and nonhomogeneous material cases through the 1D variable kinematic models. The analyses highlight limitations of classical beam theories and the importance of higher-order terms in accurately detecting in-plane cross-section deformation without introducing additional numerical problems. Comparisons with 3D finite element solutions prove that 1D CUF provides remarkable three-dimensional accuracy in the analysis of even short and nonhomogeneous structures with arbitrary geometry through a significant reduction in computational cost.