• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.675-688
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• 2003

The aim of this study was to investigate the dietary habits and the factors related to lifestyles in female college students with constipation. A survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaires. Two hundred ninety one subjects participated in this study. All respondents were divided into three groups based on their frequency of stool evacuation: 129 subjects (44.3%) comprised the normal group, 109 (37.5%) the mild constipated group and 53 (18.2%) the severely constipated group. Abdominal pain and ailment during evacuation were higher and the feeling of relief after evacuation was lower in the normal group than in the two constipated groups. The greater the symptoms of constipation, the more laxatives were taken. The prevalence of constipation was lower in students who lived at home than in those who lived in other types of residences. The more pocket money the subject had, the more complaints they had about constipation symptoms. Forty three percent of the subjects ate meals regularly. The less frequently they ate meals and the greater the rate of skipping breakfasts and dining-out, the greater were their constipation symptoms. Rice and most of the food items in the vegetable food group were consumed less frequently in the two constipated groups than in the normal group. The severely constipated group ate food items in the fat group less frequently than the normal and mildly constipated groups. The beverage intake of the normal group tended to be lower than those of the two constipated groups; the constipated groups consumed fruits and vegetable juices less frequently and coffee and tea more frequently. The severely constipated group ate the least number of food items in the vegetable & fruit and fat food groups. Therefore, dietary habits and factors related to lifestyles should be changed through nutrition education programs aimed at improving the symptoms of constipation in young women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.274-285
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• 2006

The differences in food consumption between highly educated, married, unemployed and employed women were analyzed by food group and common food item intake, DDS (dietary diversity score), and DVS (dietary variety score) & DVSS (dietary variety score including condiment). In food group intake, the total amount of food intake of the unemployed women (1,554.0 g) were significantly higher than those of the employed (1,477.9 g), while the amount of food from fungi and mushrooms (4.2 g), seaweeds (2.4 g), and fish and shellfish (60.5 g) of the unemployed women was significantly lower than those of the employed. And the amount of meat, poultry and their products (102.8 g), eggs (29.9 g), and animal oil and fats (4.0 g) was significantly higher than those of the employed. Moreover, the common food items of the unemployed women were ranked as eggs (29.7 g), pork (28.9 g), chicken (27.2 g), and beef (26.7 g) at 7, 8, 9, and 10, respectively. When counting the major food groups consumed, DDS=4 has the highest proportion in both groups (unemployed 47.4%, employed 49.1 %). In case of the subjects who had not consumed one particular food group in DDS=4, dairy group was the first (83%), followed by fruit, meat, and vegetables. This order is same in other DDS levels. In dietary variety score (DVS & DVSS), the average number of foods consumed per day of employed women was higher than those of the unemployed. The level of DVSS in the employed women (31.9), especially, is significantly higher than in the unemployed women (30.6). Consequently, highly educated women should pay more attention to increasing dairy intake, and they have need of various foods, over thirty foods without condiments in their diet every day. In addition, encouraging unemployed women to have a nutritionally balanced diet, and offering nutrition education and guidance, such as appropriate choices about animal foods, are needed.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.41-52
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the diversity of food intake among Korean college students of a nutrition education course through the internet. Subjects were 796 nation-wide college students (male 278, female 518). A dietary survey collected from 3 day-recalls were analyzed by the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis Program. Diet variety was assessed by DDS (dietary diversity score), MBS (meal balance score), and DVS (dietary variety score). The foods consumed in largest amounts were rice (54.42 g), citrus fruit (36.41 g) and milk (30.91 g). The foods consumed most frequently were rice (65.28%), garlic (63.65%) and salt (63.64%). The average food intake was 1325.3 g (male 1420.6 g, female 1274.1 g), with vegetable and animal food comprising 78.5% and 21.5% of total food intake, respectively. The consumption of the major five food groups comprised DDS, and 66.0% (male 56.1%, female 71.3%) of subjects had a DDS of 5 and 27.4% (male 33.5%, female 24.1%) of subjects had a DDS of 4..Groups most frequently missed were dairy products (56.5%) and fruits (41.6%). The average of MBS were 10.88 (11.61 in Seoul, 11.03 in Kyungsang, 10.88 in Chungcheong, 10.85 in Incheon, 10.57 in Kyunggi) in male and 11.08 (11.47 in Kyungsang, 11.20 in Seoul, 11.18 in Kyunggi, 10.82 in Chungcheong, 10.64 in Incheon) in female. Male students in Seoul (18.2) and female students in Kyungsang (18.6) had the greater number of consumed food items. Subjects who had higher DDS had significantly higher DVS (p < 0.001). Based on these results, the food intake of the subjects regarded as not adequate, especially with regards to the dairy and fruit groups. Considering their nutritional characteristics, dietary guidelines as well as education should be made to improve the food intake and include various foods in their diet.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.307-322
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• 2008

This study was carried out to examine dietary habits, food frequency and dietary attitudes by gender and nutrition knowledge level in upper-grade school children. Subjects were 223 boys and 208 girls attending 13 elementary schools (5 th and 6 th graders). A self-administered questionnaire was developed to assess nutrition knowledge, dietary habits, food frequency, and dietary attitudes. Nutrition knowledge score assessed by 19 questions was significantly higher in girls than in boys. There were significant differences between boys and girls in several items in dietary habits such as enough breakfast time, dinner regularity, number of side dishes, eating speed, type of snack after dinner, and degree of saltiness of dishes. Girls consumed staple foods such as rice, noodles or bread more frequently, and consumed less frequently ramyun, fried foods, fast foods, and Chinese foods than boys. In addition, girls had more positive dietary attitudes in trying to reduce fast foods, Chinese foods, ramyun and fried foods. Also children in the high or moderate nutrition knowledge level groups had better dietary habits in frequency of meals, frequency of breakfast, enough breakfast time, dinner regularity, activity during the meal, number of side dishes, eating speed, type of snack after dinner, and better food choices by eating staple foods and vegetable side dishes, meats and beans more frequently, and fried foods, doughnuts/cakes, Chinese foods less frequently, and had better dietary attitudes in breakfast, vegetables and fruit intake than children in the low nutrition knowledge level group. Our results showed that dietary habits, food frequency and dietary attitudes were different by gender and nutrition knowledge level. These results suggest that in developing nutrition education program for elementary school children, the differences between gender and nutrition knowledge level should be considered. Nutrition education in elementary schools may change dietary habits and dietary attitudes through increasing nutrition knowledge.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.92-97
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• 2004

Despite the universal recommendation to eat a variety of foods, we still do not know whether and to what extent the variety affects dietary quality. This study was performed to evaluate the dietary variety scores as tools for assessing the dietary quality of Korean young adults. The 1-day dietary intake data were collected from 144 male and 214 female college students (>18 years) using the 24-hour recall method Relative nutrient intake compared to Korean Recommended Dietary Allowance (KRDA) as the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR), were computed Also, the mean adequacy ratio (MAR) was calculated. Dietary variety score (DVS) was determined by counting the number of food items consumed daily, and the dietary diversity score (DDS) by counting the number of food groups consumed daily. Results showed that DVS, DDS and MAR were significantly correlated to each other. The MAR score significantly increased as DDS increased in both men and women. When different DVS (20$\leqDVS\leq$ 30) was evaluated for its sensitivity, specificity, measured prevalence, true prevalence, and positive and negative predictive values towards MAR, DVS 21 was revealed to be optimal dietary variety score as a cutoff point to differentiate Korean young adults with or without an adequate and balanced diet. Nutrient intakes of subjects who had DVS<21 were significantly lower than those of subjects with DVS$\qeq$ 21. These results indicate that the dietary variety score appeared to be an effective tool for evaluating the adequacy of diet in Korean young adults.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.908-916
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• 2004

Due to the common dietary practice of preparing foods in various ways using the same food item, in addition to rather a large number of food items that average Koreans consume, it is difficult to accurately assess the nutritional adequacy. In an effort to identify a reliable means of assessing the nutritional adequacy of Korean adults, we analyzed the association between the scores of dietary diversity (DDS) and dietary variety (DVS), and the quality of nutrient intake as assessed by Nutrient Adequacy Ratio (NAR) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR). A three day-dietary record was obtained from each of 324 inhabitants, aged 40 to 69 years (mean :t SD,52.4 $\pm$ 8.7), of a rural area (Ansung) and a mid-sized city (Ansan) of Korea. These individuals were randomly selected among the participants of the Korean Health and Genome Study. The number of consumed foods and food groups were assesses by DDS (scored 1 to 5) and DVS (ranked 30 $\leq$,31 - 40, 41 - 50, 51 - 60, and 60 <) over three-day period, respectively. As DDS/DVS increased, mean daily food intakes tended to increase, and NARIMAR was improved. Thus, DDS and DVS were significantly correlated with the quality of nutrient intake. Over 95% of the subjects scored less than 2 in DDS for the first one-day period, whilst over 62% recorded 4 during the full three-day period (p < .0001). The mean number of consumed food items increased from 24.9 to 44.4 as a function of days of the record period (p < .0001). We also analyzed the association of DDS and DVS with MAR, using regression analysis, controlling age and sex as covariates. For DDS, the adjusted coefficient determination (adj $R^2$) values were 8.7%,15.8%,23.3% of MAR, also increasing as a function of the record duration, whereas they were 27.3%, 33.3%, 37.6% for DVS, respectively, demonstrating that NAR/MAR has a better correlation with DVS than DDS. Our data show that DDS, and DVS in particular, are useful parameters for evaluating nutrient intake in the Korean population. Our data also support that one day-dietary records are by no means adequate for accurately describing a wide variety of food choices offered for average Koreans, and that dietary assessment at least for 3 days or longer should be obtained for a reliable evaluation of dietary quality using DDS or DVS.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.364-371
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• 2005

This study was performed to evaluate effects of dietary variety scores (DVS) and dietary diversity scores (DDS) on the nutritional quality of the diets of Korean college students, and to examine the association between food group intake patterns and nutritional adequacy. This study examined the relationship of dietary diversity scores (DDS), dietary variety scores (DVS), and food group intake patterns with nutrient intakes using 24-hour recall data (n=.358). The .DDS was calculated from the sum of each of the five food groups consumed as a score of 'I'. DVS was determined by counting the number of food items consumed daily. Food group intake patterns were expressed with the presence or omission of five major food groups-dairy, meat, grain, fruit, and vegetable. The four most prevalent food group patterns and the proportion of the population reporting them were as follows; no dairy and fruit, $23\%;\;no\;dairy,\;20\%;$ no dairy, meat, and fruit, $15\%$; all food groups, $14\%$. Even though the DDS or DVS was higher, the majority of this study population failed to meet the Korean RDA for calcium in both genders and iron in women. Higher DVS scores $(\geq31)$, within all DDS groups, were associated with the largest proportion of individuals consuming more than $75\%$ of the Korean RDA for selected nutrients. The consistency of these results indicates that screening diets to evaluate the overall dietary variety and variety among the major food groups including food group intake patterns provide meaningful information about their quality.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.419-428
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrient intake and anthropometric parameters related to obesity in Korean female adolescents according to dietary diversity score. We analyzed data from the combined 2007-2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The subjects were 770 female adolescents. Nutrient intakes, Dietary Diversity Score (DDS) ) and Dietary Variety Score (DVS) were derived by using the data from the 24-recall method. The DDS was defined as the number of six food groups (cereals, meats, fruits, vegetables, dairy, fats and oils) consumed. The DVS was defined as the number of food items consumed. The average age of the subjects of the study was 15.02 years and the average height, weight, and BMI were 159.50 cm, 52.58 kg, 20.62 kg/$m^2$, respectively. The energy and nutrients intakes, percent of the recommended intake for nutrients in DDS = 5~6 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. Calcium and vitamin C INQ in DDS = 5~6 group were significantly higher than those of the other groups. The average DVS of the subjects was 29.33. The most frequent style of food pattern was CMDFVO (cereals, meats, dairy, fruits, vegetables, fats and oils) = 111011. In conclusion, in healthy Korean female adolescents, food diversity intake variety did beneficially affect the intakes of calcium and vitamin C. Further studies are needed to confirm these findings.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.69-80
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• 2019

The elderly often experience difficulty while eating; this can include physical problems, such as chewing and swallowing. Furthermore, their salt intake can be high due to a diminished sense of taste and smell. This can result in a reduction in calorie intake and subsequent malnourishment. Currently, the number of food products available in the market that are targeted specifically at the older population is very low. Development of nutritional supplement-based foods for the elderly is expected to reduce these dietary problems and therefore prevent nutritional deficiencies within this population. Milk and other dairy products are excellent sources of nutrition in terms of both nutrient content and absorption rates. Dairy products have been consumed around the world for centuries, and therefore represent an excellent food source for the elderly. In addition, use of milk-derived ingredients, such as casein and calcium, will enable the development of a variety of food products and supplements targeted at this specific age group. In the future, it is expected that milk and other dairy products will be used to develop a variety of nutritious food items for the elderly in the domestic food market.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.133-145
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• 2010

This study was conducted to examine the needs of nutrition education based on analysis of the eating habits and nutrition knowledge among middle school students. The survey was conducted on 536 students (boys=216, girls=320) using a questionnaire. The average number of meals consumed was three (67.5%) and 58.0% of students reported having breakfast. Concerning the nutritional knowledge, students showed the highest score (girls, 0.90${\pm}$0.03 and boys 0.82${\pm}$0.04) for items describing the proper diet plan for obesity. Additionally, nutritional knowledge was found to have a significant effect on dietary habits. Regarding the necessity for nutrition education, high response rates for "For normal growth of students (44.8%)" and "Help to select proper food and choose safe food (24.0%)" were observed. Taken together, these findings indicate that consistent and systematic management is required under the institutional support by the school to improve students' perception regarding nutrition and to develop effective nutrition education.