• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권11호
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• pp.1664-1674
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• 2016

This research analyzed the effect of ${\beta}$-glucan that is expected to alleviate the production of the inflammatory mediator in macrophagocytes, which are processed by the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia. The incubated layer was used for a nitric oxide (NO) analysis. The DNA-binding activation of the small unit of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ was measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay-based kit. In the RAW264.7 cells that were vitalized by Escherichia coli (E. coli) LPS, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited both the combatant and rendering phases of the inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-derived NO. ${\beta}$-Glucan increased the expression of the heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in the cells that were stimulated by E. coli LPS, and the HO-1 activation was inhibited by the tin protoporphyrin IX (SnPP). This shows that the NO production induced by LPS is related to the inhibition effect of ${\beta}$-glucan. The phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and the p38 induced by the LPS were not influenced by the ${\beta}$-glucan, and the inhibitory ${\kappa}B-{\alpha}$ ($I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$) decomposition was not influenced either. Instead, ${\beta}$-glucan remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of the signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT1) that was induced by the E. coli LPS. Overall, the ${\beta}$-glucan inhibited the production of NO in macrophagocytes that was vitalized by the E. coli LPS through the HO-1 induction and the STAT1 pathways inhibition in this research. As the host immune response control by ${\beta}$-glucan weakens the progress of the inflammatory disease, ${\beta}$-glucan can be used as an effective immunomodulator.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.55-61
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• 2012

Objectives : Allium Hookeri (AH) is a traditional herb to treat inflammatory diseases in India and Myanmar. Recently, AH cultivation was succeeded in South Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of Korean AH in RAW264.7 cells, mouse macrophage cell line. Methods : To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of root of AH, we prepared the 70% ethanol extract, then we examined the productions of nitrite, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. To examine the nitrite, and cytokines, the RAW264.7 cells were treated with AH, then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 500 ng/ml) for 24 h. Then the cells were harvested for griess assay, ELISA and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also to detect the ability of AH to induce heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), we examined the HO-1 expression using real time RT-PCR and western blot. Furthermore, we examined the mitogen activated-protein kinases (MAPKs) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-${\kappa}B$) activation to find out the underlying mechanisms. Results : AH ethanol extract significantly inhibited the productions of nitrite and interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$. AH treatment increased the HO-1 expression dramatically at 1 h, then peaked at 3 h. When the HO-1 was inhibited by tin (Sn) protoporphryin-IX (SnPP), the anti-inflammatory action of AH was reversed. AH treatment inhibited the activation of p38, but not extracelluar signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-Jun $NH_2$-terminal kinase (JNK) and also the degradation of inhibitory kappa B a (Ik-$B{\alpha}$) in the LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : These data could suggest that AH exerts anti-inflammatory influences through up-regulation of HO-1 and deactivation of p38.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.991-994
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• 2012

Objective: VEGF-C has recently been identified as a key molecule which is involved in tumor lymphangiogenesis. The aim of this research was to investigate the role of PARP-1 inhibition in the regulation of VEGF-C expression in CT26 cells. Methods: CT26 cells were treated with or without the PARP-1 inhibitor 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5-AIQ). The expression of PARP-1, NF-kB, and VEGF-C proteins in CT26 cells was measured by Western blot analysis and the VEGF-C mRNA level was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CT26-secreted VEGF-C was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The results of Western blot analysis showed that the expression levels of PARP-1, NF-kB, and VEGF-C were reduced in 5-AIQ treated CT26 cells and the levels of VEGF-C mRNA in 5-AIQ treated CT26 were significantly lower than t in 5-AIQ-untreated cells (P<0.05). The concentrations of CT26-secreted VEGF-C were also dramatically decreased (P<0.05). Conclusion: Here, we provide evidence for the first time that PARP-1 inhibition dramatically reduces VEGF-C expression via the nuclear factor NF-kB signaling pathway. We therefore propose that PARP-1 inhibition has an anti-lymphangiogenic effect and may contribute to the prevention of metastatic dissemination via the lymphatic system.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.1315-1321
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• 2008

본 논문은 오랫동안 민간요법으로 염증치료에 사용되어오던 섬수가 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-자극된 BV2 소교 세포의 nitric oxide(NO) 분비에 미치는 효과에 대해 연구한 내용이다. 실험 결과 섬수는 세포 생존력에 대한 영향 없이 BV2 소교 세포에서 NO 분비를 억제시켰고, nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) 단백질도 감소시켰다. 또한 섬수는 prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) 생산 및 cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 발현을 저지하였고, proinflammatory cytokines과 ${IkB-\alpha}$감소를 억제시켰다. 따라서 섬수가 $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$감소를 억제함으로써 NO 합성을 저해하여 항염증작용을 할 수 있다는 내용이다.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2014

Objectives : Sinhyowoldo-san (SHWDS) is said to be a traditional medicine used for shigellosis, abdominal pain, diarrhea. But mechanism of SHWDS mediated-modulation of immune function is not sufficiently understood. To ascertain the molecular mechanisms of SHWDS 70% EtOH extract on pharmacological and biochemical actions in inflammation, we researched the effect of pro-inflammatory mediators in phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)+ A23187-activated human mast cell line (HMC-1). Methods : In the present research, cell viability was measured by MTS assay. pro-inflammatory cytokine production was measured by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and western blot analysis to analyze the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$). The investigation focused on whether SHWDS inhibited the expressions of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-8 (IL-8), MAPKs and $NF-{\kappa}B$ in PMA+A23187-activated HMC-1 cells. Results : SHWDS has no cytotoxicity at measured concentration (50, 100, and $250{\mu}g/ml$). SHWDS ($250{\mu}g/ml$) inhibits pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in PMA+ A23187-activated HMC-1 cells. Moreover, SHWDS inhibited cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. In activated HMC-1 cells, SHWDS suppressed phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) and c-jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK 1/2). Then, SHWDS suppressed activation of nuclear factor $NF-{\kappa}B$ in nuclear, degradation of IkB ${\alpha}$ in cytoplasm. Conclusions : We propose that SHWDS has an anti-inflammatory therapeutic potential, which may result from inhibition of ERK 1/2, JNK 1/2 phosphorylation and $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation, thereby decreasing the expression of pro-inflammatory genes.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.415-421
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• 2008

Pro-inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin $E_2$ (PGE2), nitric oxide (NO), and cyclooxygenases-2 (COX-2), play pivotal roles in normal as well as transformed cells. Previous studies have shown that Euphorbiae humifusae Wind exhibits anti-proliferative and antioxidant activities. However, the it's anti-inflammatory properties are unclear. In this study, we examine the effects of water extract of E. humifusae (WEEH) on the expression of COX-2 and the production of $PGE_2$ in human lymphatic U937 cells. Treatment of phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) significantly induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in U937 cells. However, pretreatment WEEH markedly inhibited the PMA-induced COX-2 expression and $PGE_2$ production in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, WEEH prevented the elevated early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) expression and nuclear factor-kappaB ($NF{-\kappa}B\; p65$) nuclear translocation stimulated by PMA treatment. Taken together, the present data indicate that WEEH exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by suppressing the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokine genes through the $NF{-\kappa}B$ and Egr-1 signaling pathway.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.94-110
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• 2010

Objective : This study was performed to evaluate the effect of immune reaction inductive substances such as phorbol-myristate-acetate(PMA), lipopolysaccharide(LPS), dermato-phagoides pteronyssus crude extract(DPE), dinitrochloro-benzene(DNCB) and Cryptotympana pustulata(CP), the Cryptotympana pustulata extracting substance at simultaneously on the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-${\kappa}B$) towards to the nucleus and the mRNA expression patterns of various cytokine genes in Human acute monocytic leukemia cell line(THP-1 cells), monocytes of human. Experiment : To analyze cytokine genes expression patterns, the RT-PCR method was used, measuring tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-$\alpha$ that had been secreted during cell culture in the ELISA method. The morphological change in the cell observed during THP-1 cell culture was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the quantitative distribution in the cell NF-${\kappa}B$ was analyzed through immunocytochemistry and a confocal microscopy. Result : CP showed different influences onto the mRNA expression patterns of cytokine genes with PMA, LPS. DPE and DNCB according to the types of immune inductive substances in the THP-1 cells. The expressions of inter-leukin(IL)-10, interferon(INF)-$\gamma$, TNF-$\alpha$ and monocyte chemoattractantant protein(MCP)-1 induced by PMA were suppressed by CP while the expression of transforming growth factor(TGF)-$\beta$ was promoted. Regarding the secretion pattern of TNF-$\alpha$ according to PMA processing, its secretion amount was increased by CP concurrent processing, in case of processing CP onto PMA and LPS, We discovered that the secretion amount of TNF-$\alpha$ was increased. Upon processing PMA and LPS on the THP-1 cell strain at the same time or either additionally processing CP thereon, the movement increase towards the nucleus from the NF-${\kappa}B$ cell cytoplasm, a transcription factor was able to be observed. Conclusion : In this study, Cryptotympana pustulata extracting substance was confirmed that it had an influence on expression patterns of cytokine genes according to the actions of a variety kinds of immune reaction inductive substances processed on the monocyte THP-1 cell of humans. Therefore, additional studies as for the immune adjusting function of Cryptotympana pustulata are considered to be able to offer important materials for curing immune abnormal diseases such as atopy dermatitis afterward.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.513-523
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• 2017

Background: Korean Red Ginseng extracts (RGE) have been suggested as effective immune modulators, and we reported that ginsenosides possess anti-inflammasome properties. However, the properties of nonsaponin components of RGE have not been well studied. Methods: To assess the roles of nonsaponin fractions (NS) in NLRP3 inflammasome activation, we treated murine macrophages with or without first or second inflammasome activation signals with RGE, NS, or saponin fractions (SF). The first signal was nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-${\kappa}B$)-mediated transcription of pro-interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and NLRP3 while the second signal triggered assembly of inflammasome components, leading to IL-$1{\beta}$ maturation. In addition, we examined the role of NS in IL-6 production and IL-$1{\beta}$ maturation in mice. Results: NS induced IL-$1{\beta}$ and NLRP3 transcription via toll-like receptor 4 signaling, whereas SF blocked expression. During the second signal, SF attenuated NLRP3 inflammasome activation while NS did not. Further, NS-injected mice presented increased IL-$1{\beta}$ maturation and IL-6 production. Conclusion: SF and NS of RGE play differential roles in the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Hence, RGE can be suggested as an NLRP3 inflammasome modulator.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제61권2호
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• pp.205-211
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• 2018

리바우디오사이드 A는 Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni에서 분리된 천연감미료로 널리 알려진 스테비올배당체 중 하나이다. 최근 연구에서 LPS 자극에 의해 활성화된 RAW264.7 마우스 대식 세포에서 리바우디오사이드 A가 인터루킨-$1{\alpha}/1{\beta}$ 같은 염증성 사이토카인 분비를 억제하는 기능이 확인되었다. 그러나 LPS처리 시 리바우디오사이드 A의 항염 활성에 대한염증 억제기작은 정확히 제시하지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 리바우디오사이드 A의 LPS 신호전달 메카니즘에서의 항염증 효능을 단백질 수준에서 규명하고자 하였다. NO 생성에 관여하는 iNOS 단백질 발현양을 분석한 결과 리바우디오사이드 A의 $250{\mu}M$ 처리군에서 농도 의존적으로 단백질 발현이 감소하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 염증 신호에 의한 대표적 핵 전사 인자인 $NF{\kappa}B$의 mRNA 발현량 분석 결과에서도 LPS 처리군에 비해 그 발현양이 감소하였다. 또한 세포질에 존재하는 $NF-{\kappa}B$와 $I-{\kappa}B$ 복합체는 LPS신호에 의한 $I-{\kappa}B$의 인산화 및 ubiquitination로 인해 $NF-{\kappa}B$가 이탈되기 때문에, 리바우디오사이드 A에 의한 $pNF-{\kappa}B$, $pI-{\kappa}B$의 단백질 발현을 비교 분석한 결과 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 단백질의 인산화가 농도 의존적으로 감소하였고, $I-{\kappa}B$의 인산화 또한 저해되는 것을 확인 하였다. 최종적으로 리바우디오사이드 A는 LPS처리 조건에서 MAPK중 특이적으로 extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2)의 인산화를 농도 의존 방식으로 감소시킴으로써 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 조절 기작에 관여함을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 본 연구 결과들을 통해 우리는 리바우디오사이드 A가 RAW264.7 세포에서 LPS에 의해 활성화 되는 MAPK 및 $NF{\kappa}B$의 발현 억제를 통해 염증이 억제될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제44권12호
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• pp.1763-1770
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• 2015

한방에서 염증 치료 목적으로 사용하는 흰 민들레 뿌리의 열수 추출물을 제조하여 항염증 효과 및 산화 스트레스 개선효과를 확인하고자 하였다. ICR mice에 lipopolysaccharide(LPS)를 1회 복강 투여하여(10 mg/kg bw) 염증 및 산화스트레스를 유발하고, 한국에만 자생하는 흰 민들레 뿌리 열수 추출물을 1.4 g/kg bw 농도로 2회 경구 투여하였다. LPS에 의한 염증 유발은 체중 감소 현상으로 확인하였고, 민들레 뿌리 열수 추출물 투여군은 유의적으로 체중이 증가하여 염증 억제 효과가 관찰되었다. LPS 처리는 혈액의 중성지방질, 혈액 및 간의 reactive oxygen species(ROS), peroxynitrite 농도 그리고 간의 지질과산화 수준을 증가시켰다(P<0.05). LPS를 처리한 대조군에 비해 흰 민들레 뿌리 열수 추출물 투여군은 혈중 및 간의 중성지방질, ROS, peroxynitrite 농도 그리고 간의 지질과산화물 수준이 유의적으로 감소하였다(P<0.05). 이는 흰 민들레 뿌리 열수 추출물이 간의 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사인자 및 이의 조절을 받는 COX-2의 단백질 발현을 억제함으로써 염증 관련 매개체 및 유리기 생성을 유의적으로 억제하였기 때문으로 생각된다. LPS 처리군에서 간의 중성지방질 농도가 감소한 것은 염증에 의해 간 조직이 손상되어 중성지방질의 합성이 억제되었기 때문으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 한방에서 사용하여 온 한국 토종 흰 민들레 뿌리가 $NF-{\kappa}B$ 전사인자의 발현을 억제함으로써 염증 및 산화 스트레스를 개선하는 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.