• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.282-290
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• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside Rg3 (G-Rg3) is the major bioactive ingredient of Panax ginseng and has many pharmacological effects, including antiadipogenic, antiviral, and anticancer effects. However, the effect of G-Rg3 on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation has not been investigated. Method: The antiallergic effects of G-Rg3 on allergic inflammation were evaluated using the human and rat mast cell lines HMC-1 and RBL-2H3. Antiallergic effects of G-Rg3 were detected by measuring cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), detecting calcium influx, and using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and in vivo experiments. Results: G-Rg3 decreased histamine release from activated mast cells by enhancing cAMP levels and calcium influx. Proinflammatory cytokine production was suppressed by G-Rg3 treatment via regulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases/nuclear factor-kappa B and receptor-interacting protein kinase 2 (RIP2)/caspase-1 signaling pathway in mast cells. Moreover, G-Rg3 protected mice against the IgE-mediated passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction and compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock. Conclusion: G-Rg3 may serve as an alternative therapeutic agent for improving allergic inflammatory disorders.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.135-140
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• 2015

염증상태에서의 CLA의 효과와 작용기전을 알아보기 위해 LPS로 자극한 RAW 264.7 세포에 있어서 ROS와 NO생산 및 NF-${\kappa}B$ 활성에 대한 t10c12-CLA의 효과를 검토하였다. 또한 이러한 효과가 세포질 내 칼슘이온의 변화와 관련이 있는지도 알아보았다. LPS 자극으로 ROS 생산은 증가하였고 이러한 증가는 칼슘결합제인 BAPTA/AM에 의해 감소하였다. t10c12-CLA 또한 LPS 자극 RAW 264.7 세포의 ROS 생산 증가를 억제시켰으며 BAPTA/AM과 함께 처리시 더욱 억제되었다. NO의 생산과 NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 활성도 t10c12-CLA, BAPTA/AM, t10c12-CLA와 BAPTA/AM의 동시처리 모두에서 현저하게 억제되었다. 이상의 결과로부터 염증 조건에서 CLA는 과도한 ROS와 NO의 생산 및 NF-${\kappa}B$의 활성을 칼슘 의존적으로 억제하여 항염증 효과를 발휘하는 것으로 생각되었다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2023

연구목적: 이 연구는 대황 추출물이 골수 유래 대식세포(BMM)에서 파골세포 분화에 미치는 영향을 조사하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 파골 세포는 골 재흡수 및 재형성에 중요한 역할을 하며, 파골 세포의 조절 장애는 다양한 골 관련 질환을 유발할 수 있다. 잠재적인 항염증 특성을 가진 약용 식물인 대황은 뼈 대사를 조절하는 것으로 제안되었다. 연구방법: 생후 5주령의 C57BL/6 마우스의 대퇴골과 경골에서 BMM을 분리하고 M-CSF(mouse macrophage colony-stimulating factor) 존재하에 3일간 배양한 후 M-CSF와 파골 세포 분화를 유도하기 위한 핵 인자-κB 리간드(RANKL)의 활성화제를 처리하였다. 연구결과: 대황 추출물로 처리하면 BMM에서 파골 세포 분화가 현저하게 억제되었다. 또한 대황 추출물은 파골세포 형성에 필수적인 유전자인 TRAP(tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase) 및 CTSK(cathepsin K)의 mRNA 발현을 억제하였다. 또한 파골세포 분화에 중요한 전사 인자인 활성화된 T 세포 c1(NFATc1)의 핵 인자의 RANKL 유도 발현을 억제하였다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 대황 추출물이 BMMs에서 파골 세포 형성에 억제 효과가 있음을 나타낸다. 따라서 대황 추출물은 비정상적인 파골 세포 활동과 관련된 뼈 관련 질환의 치료를 위한 유망한 치료제이다. 잠재적인 임상 적용을 완전히 이해하기 위해서는 메커니즘에 대한 추가 연구와 탐색이 필요하다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제16권9호
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• pp.864-869
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• 1995

Investigation of the structures of the gangliosides has proven to be very important in the understanding of their biological roles such as regulation of differentiation and growth of cells. We used nuclear magnetic resonance spectros-copy in order to investigate the structure of GA1. In order to do this, the assignment of spectra is a prerequisite. Since GA1 does not have polar sialic acid, the spectral overlap is severe. In order to solve this problem, we use 2D NMR spectroscopy and heteronuclear 1H/13C correlated spectroscopy in this study. Here, we report the complete assignment of the proton and the carbon spectra of the GA1 in DMSO-d6-D20 (98:2, v/v). These assignments will be useful for interpreting 1H and 13C NMR data from uncharacterized oligosaccharides and for determining the linkage position, the number of sugar rings, and the sequence of new ganglioside. Amide proton in ring Ⅲ shows many interring nOes and has intramolecular hydrogen bonding. This appears to be an important factor in tertiary folding of GA1. Based on this assignment, determination of three dimensional structure of GA1 will be carried out. Studies on the conformational properties of GA1 may lead to a better understanding of the molecular basis of its functions.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.50-60
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• 2002

Objectives: Sunghyangjunggisan (SHJS) is a commonly prescribed drug with a wide neuropharmacological spectrum. The water extracts of SHJS were found to be protective against neurotoxicity elicited by deprivation of serum and glucose. Methods: The morphological examination and Hoechst staining of nucleus also clearly showed that the extracts attenuated the cell shrinkage, membrane blebbing, representing typical neuronal apoptotic phenomena and nucleosome-sized fragmentation under the microscope in PC 12 rat pheochromocytoma cells. Results: Activation of protein kinase A (PKA) with dibutyl-cAMP and forskolin also protected during glucose deprivation, although it was not additive with the effect provided by phorbol ester. Interestingly, treatment with the protein kinase A inhibitor, KT5720, was not neuroprotective in the presence of SHJS. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays were used to characterize the neuroprotective binding of nuclear proteins to consensus sequences for AP-l, nuclear factor kappa B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) after glucose deprivation. When PC 12 cells are induced to undergo apoptosis by serum deprivation, AP-l and $NF-{\kappa}B$ DNA binding activity transiently increases to a slight degree. This stimulation is blocked by the water extracts of SHJS. The site of action of the drugs appeared to involve specific inhibition of AP-1 and nuclear factor kB binding activity. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggested the possibility that the extracts of SHJS might provide a neurotrophic-like activity in PC 12 cells.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2019

Background: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) causes vascular endothelial cell inflammatory response and apoptosis and plays an important role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Ginsenoside compound K (CK), a metabolite produced by the hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1, possesses strong anti-inflammatory effects. However, whether or not CK protects ox-LDL-damaged endothelial cells and the potential mechanisms have not been elucidated. Methods: In our study, cell viability was tested using a 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2yl-)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Expression levels of interleukin-6, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting. Mitochondrial membrane potential (${\Delta}{\Psi}m$) was detected using JC-1. The cell apoptotic percentage was measured by the Annexin V/ propidium iodide (PI) assay, lactate dehydrogenase, and caspase-3 expression. Apoptosis-related proteins, nuclear factor $(NF)-{\kappa}B$, and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signaling pathways protein expression were quantified by Western blotting. Results: Our results demonstrated that CK could ameliorate ox-LDL-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) inflammation and apoptosis, $NF-{\kappa}B$ nuclear translocation, and the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Moreover, anisomycin, an activator of p38 and JNK, significantly abolished the anti-apoptotic effects of CK. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that CK prevents ox-LDL-induced HUVECs inflammation and apoptosis through inhibiting the $NF-{\kappa}B$, p38, and JNK MAPK signaling pathways. Thus, CK is a candidate drug for atherosclerosis treatment.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.1-18
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• 2017

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of water extracts of Eucommiae cortex (EC), Psoraleae semen (PS), and their combination on receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa-B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation. Methods : We assayed the protein expression levels of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1), c-Fos, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and ${\beta}-actin$ in cell lysates using western blotting. Similarly, mRNA expression levels of NFATc1, c-Fos, tartrateresistant acid phosphate (TRAP), and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, spermatogeni (GAPDHS) from bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) were analyzed using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Furthermore, we determined the anti-osteoporotic effects of the water extracts of EC, PS, and their combination in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone-loss mouse model. Results : The in vitro data revealed showed that the combination of EC and PS extract showed a more remarkable inhibition of osteoclast differentiation than each herb did alone. The combination downregulated the induction of c-Fos, NFATc1, and TRAP by suppressing the phosphorylation of p38 and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) and inhibiting nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells ($NF-{\kappa}B$). Lastly, the in vivo data showed that PS reduced the LPS-induced bone erosion. Conclusion : The result of this study suggests that EC and PS could be potential therapeutic agents for bone loss diseases such as osteoporosis.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2020

The fruit of Chaenomeles sinensis (Thouin) Koehne (Chaenomelis Fructus) known as "Mo-Gua" in Korea has been commonly used in traditional medicine to treat inflammatory diseases, such as sore throat. However, its effect on bone metabolism has not been elucidated yet. Here, we examined the effect of Chaenomelis Fructus ethanol extract (CF-E) on receptor activator of nuclear factor (NF)-κB ligand (RANKL)-mediated osteoclast differentiation and formation. CF-E considerably inhibited osteoclast differentiation and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive multinuclear cell formation from bone marrow-derived macrophages and osteoclast precursor cells in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the formation of actin rings and resorption pits were significantly suppressed in CF-E-treated osteoclasts as compared with the findings in non-treated control cells. Consistent with these phenotypic inhibitory results, the expressions of osteoclast differentiation marker genes (Acp5, Atp6v0d2, Oscar, CtsK, and Tm7sf4) and Nfatc1, a pivotal transcription factor for osteoclastogenesis, were markedly decreased by CF-E treatment. The inhibitory effect of CF-E on RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was associated with the suppression of NFATc1 expression, not by regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-κB activation but by the inactivation of phospholipase C gamma 1 and 2. These results indicate that CF-E has an inhibitory effect on osteoclast differentiation and formation, and they suggest the possibility of CF-E as a traditional therapeutic agent against bone-resorptive diseases, such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and periodontitis.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.292-302
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• 2011

본 연구는 직장인 남성 근로자를 대상으로 12주 심혈관질환예방 중재프로그램이 신체계측, 혈중지질 및 아디포사이토카인, 영양소 섭취상태에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 파악하고자 성인 남성 157명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 중재프로그램 전과 후를 비교 분석한 결과, 체중감량, 혈중지질 농도 및 인슐린 저항성 개선과 아디포사이토카인의 농도가 개선 되는 등 심혈관질환 위험 인자에 바람직한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 아디포넥틴은 HDL-콜레스테롤, HOMA-IR과 연관성을 보였고, 렙틴은 허리둘레, 레지스틴은 HDL-콜레스테롤, HbA1c, 열량섭취와 연관성이 있는 것을 확인하였다. 이상의 연구에서처럼 12주 심혈관질환 예방 중재프로그램 수행 후에, 신체계측, 혈중 지질 농도 및 아디포사이토카인 농도가 효과적으로 개선됨을 알 수 있었고, 심혈관질환 위험 인자와 아디포사이토카인과의 연관성을 파악할 수 있었다. 향후에는 직장인 남성 근로자를 대상으로 심혈관질환 예방을 위한 전향적 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.248-257
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• 2020

This study presents an initial design for a novel system consisting in a coupled nuclear reactor and a phase change material-based thermal energy storage (TES) component, which acts as a buffer and regulator of heat transfer between the primary and secondary loops. The goal of this concept is to enhance the capacity factor of nuclear power plants (NPPs) in the case of high integration of renewable energy sources into the electric grid. Hence, this system could support in elevating the economics of NPPs in current competitive markets, especially with subsidized solar and wind energy sources, and relatively low oil and gas prices. Furthermore, utilizing a prismatic-core advanced high temperature reactor (PAHTR) cooled by a molten salt with a high melting point, have the potential in increasing the system efficiency due to its high operating temperature, and providing the baseline requirements for coupling other process heat applications. The present research studies the neutronics and thermal hydraulics (TH) of the PAHTR as well as TH calculations for the TES which consists of 300 blocks with a total heat storage capacity of 150 MWd. SERPENT Monte Carlo and MCNP5 codes carried out the neutronics analysis of the PAHTR which is sized to have a 5-year refueling cycle and rated power of 300 MW_th. The PAHTR has 10 metric tons of heavy metal with 19.75 wt% enriched UO₂ TRISO fuel, a hot clean excess reactivity and shutdown margin of $33.70 and -$115.68; respectively, negative temperature feedback coefficients, and an axial flux peaking factor of 1.68. Star-CCM + code predicted the correct convective heat transfer coefficient variations for both the reactor and the storage. TH analysis results show that the flow in the primary loop (in the reactor and TES) remains in the developing mixed convection regime while it reaches a fully developed flow in the secondary loop.