• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.369-380
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• 2017

In order to manage the uncertainty about the evaluation and analysis of the human intrusion scenario of the Gyeongju Low and Intermediate Level Radioactive Waste(LILW) disposal facility, the calculation result by the GENII code was assessed using the RESRAD code, which was developed to evaluate the radiation effects of contaminated soil. The post-drilling scenario was selected as a human intrusion scenario into the near-surface disposal facility to analyze the uncertainty of the modeling by identifying any limitations in the simulation of each code and comparing the evaluation results under the same input data conditions. The results revealed a difference in the migration of some nuclides between the codes, but confirmed that the dose trends at the end of the post-closure control period were similar for all exposure pathways. Based on the results of the dose evaluation predicted by RESRAD, sensitivity analysis on the input factors was performed and major input factors were derived. The uncertainty of the modeling results and the input factors were analyzed and the reliability of the safety evaluation results was confirmed. The results of this study can be applied to the implementation 'Safety Case Program' for the Gyeongju LILW disposal facility.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.63-66
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• 2011

The bark of Machilus thunbergii was extracted with 80% aqueous methanol (MeOH), and the concentrated extract was partitioned using ethyl acetate (EtOAc), butanol (n-BuOH), and $H_2O$, successively. From the EtOAc fraction, five lignans were isolated through the repeated silica gel, octadecyl silica gel (ODS) and, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography. Based on nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), mass spectroscopy (MS), and infrared spectroscopy (IR) spectroscopic data, the chemical structures of the compounds were determined to be machilin A (1), machilin F (2), licarin A (3), nectandrin A (4), and nectandrin B, (5). This study presents comparative account of five lignans from M. thunbergii bark contributing inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL), ACAT-1, and ACAT-2. Compounds 2-5 showed varied degree of antioxidant activity on LDL with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.1, 11.8, 15.3, and $4.1{\mu}M$. Compounds 1, 2, and 3 showed inhibition activity on ACAT-1 with values $63.4{\pm}6.9%$ ($IC_{50}=66.8{\mu}M$), $53.7{\pm}0.9%$ ($IC_{50}=109.2{\mu}M$), and $78.7{\pm}0.2%$ ($IC_{50}=40.6{\mu}M$), respectively, at a concentration of 50 mg/mL, and on ACAT-2 with values $47.3{\pm}1.5%$ ($IC_{50}=149.7{\mu}M$), $39.2{\pm}0.2%$ ($IC_{50}=165.2{\mu}M$), and $52.1{\pm}1.0%$ ($IC_{50}=131.0{\mu}M$, respectively, at a concentration of 50 mg/mL.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.83-89
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• 2003

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) as a widely used herbicide has caused serious environmental problems because of its difficult decomposition in nature. We isolated the strain capable of metabolizing 2,4-D as sole carbon and energy source by an enrichment culture technique from the 2,4-D contaminated soil collected at orchard in Gwangju, Korea. This strain was identified tentatively as Aeromonas sp. NOH2. With this strain, we established the response surface methodology (Box-Behnken Design) to optimize the principle parameters for maximizing biodegradation of 2,4-D such as culture pH, temperature, and nutrient concentration in liquid batch culture. The ranges of parameters were obtained from preliminary works done at our laboratory and chosen as 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 for pH, 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$ for temperature, and 5, 20, and 35 g/1 nutrient concentration. Initial concentration of 2,4-D was 500 ppm and nutrient source was tryptic soy broth. The experimental data were significantly fitted to a second order polynomial equation using multiple regression. The most important parameter influencing 2,4-D degradation and biomass production was nutrient concentration. For 2,4-D degradation, the optimum values of pH and temperature, and nutrient concentration were obtained at pH (6.5), temperature (31.8 to $32.1^{\circ}C$), and nutrient concentration (29.6 to 30.1.0 g/1).

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.249-256
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The traditional Korean diet is plant-based and rich in antioxidants. Previous studies have investigated the potential health benefits of individual nutrients of Korean foods. However, the cumulative effects of a Korean diet on inflammation remain poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of a plant-based Korean diet. MATERIALS/METHODS: Using data from the Fifth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 75 individual plant food items were selected which represent over 1% of the total diet intake of the Korean diet. These items were classified into ten different food groups, and the vegetable (Veg) and fruit (Fruit) groups were studied based on their high antioxidant capacity. For comparison, a mixture of all ten groups (Mix) was prepared. To produce a model of inflammation with which to test these Veg, Fruit, and Mix plant-based Korean food extracts (PKE), RAW264.7 macrophages were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). RESULTS: Levels of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$), as well as protein expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were found to be lower following PKE treatment. Furthermore, PKE treatment was found to suppress tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) via the nuclear transcription factor kappa-B ($NF-{\kappa}B$) signaling pathway. Overall, the Mix group exhibited the greatest anti-inflammatory effects compared with Veg and Fruit PKE group. CONCLUSIONS: Inhibition of LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators by the PKE tested was found to involve an inhibition of NF-kB activation. Moreover, PKE tested have the potential to ameliorate various inflammation-related diseases by limiting the excessive production of pro-inflammatory mediators.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1765-1775
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• 2000

The removal of radioactive organic iodide generated from high temperature process in nuclear facility was generally performed by silver ion-exchanged synthetic zeolite (AgX). The purpose of this study is to obtain fundamental data for the substitution of natural zeolite(NZ) in stead of synthetic zeolite as supporter for the removal of methyl iodide in high temperature conditions. Therefore, NZ was modified with NaCl, $NaNO_3$ solution, and the analysis of the physical or surface characteristics through XRD, SEM-EDAX, and BET analysis was performed. In order to obtain the optimal surface-modification condition of NZ, adsorption capacities at $150^{\circ}C$ on surface-modified silver ion-exchanged NZ prepared with the variation of solution concentration were evaluated. The optimal condition of surface modification is that concentration of $NaNO_3$ and $AgNO_3$ are 1N and 1.2N, respectively(namely Ag-SMNZ). The adsorption isotherm of methyl iodide on Ag-SMNZ in a range of $100^{\circ}C$ to $300^{\circ}C$ was obtained, which is similar to that of 13X, and the maximum adsorption amount of Ag-SMNZ reached approximately 50% that of AgX. It would be evaluated that the adsorption capacity at $150{\sim}200^{\circ}C$ is relatively higher than other temperature, and the chemisorption between silver and iodide is attributed to a strong binding even after desorption test.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.283-295
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• 1993

Pt-complexes is currently one of the most compounds used in the treatment of solid tumors. However, its used is limited by severe side effects such as renal toxicity. Our platinum-based drug discovery program is aimed at developing drugs capable of diminishing toxicity and improving antitumor activity. We synthesized new Pt (II) complex analogues containing 1, 2-diaminocyclohexane (dach) as carrier ligand and 1, 3-bis (diphenylphosphino) propane (DPPP)/1,2-bis (diphenylphosphino) ethane (DPPE) as a leaving group. Furthermore, nitrate was added to improve the solubility. A new series of (KHPC-001) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPP)] $2NO_3$ and (KHPC-002) [Pt (trans-1-dach)(DPPE)] $2NO_3$ were synthesized and characterized by their elemental analysis and by various spectroscopic techniques [infrared (IR), $^{13}carbon$ nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)]. KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 demonstrated acceptable antitumor activity aganist P-388, L-1210 lymphocytic leukemia cells and significant activity as compared with that of cisplatin. The toxicity of KHPC-001 and KHPC-002 was found quite less than that of cisplatin using MTT, $[^3H]$ thymidine uptake and glucose consumption tests in rabbit proximal tubule cells and human kidney cortical cells.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.115-168
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• 1995

It is a common wisdom that the long-term economic development of Korea chiefly depends not only on the steady increase of the capital formation but also on the stable increase of the national saving. And also it is a widely accepted opinion that household saving plays a significant role for the smooth supply of investment funds. For the empirical analysis on the determining factors of household saving, consumption function of the household of Korea was utilized indirectly. The reason is that consumption function is regarded as a stable function whereas saving function is considered to be an unstable function of the relevant independent variables. In order to carry out the regression process of the consumption functions, data on the family income and expenditure survey and the farm household economy survey was used. The regression result could be summarized as follows : Firstly, household income and the number of the employed in the household have the negative effect in determining the consumption ratio of the Korean households. On the other hand, ages and the educational attainment of the household heads as well as the number of the household members have the positive effect. During the early part of 21st century, the consumption ratio of the Korean households is expected to be decreased because of the increasing trend of household income, and the ever increasing number of the employed member of the household based on the increasing trend of the labor force participation rate of women and the decrease of the average size of the number of household members owing to widespread nuclear family system. On the other hand, the consumption ratio of the household of Korea is expected to be increased because of the continuous increase of the average ages of the household heads caused by the population aging phenomena and improvement of the educational attainment of the household heads. But on the whole, household saving ratio is expected to be increased owing to the secular downward trend of the consumption and therefore no significant difficulties are anticipated for the smooth provision of investment resources needed to have long-term economic progress of Korea.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.10a
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• pp.103-103
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• 2018

Oenothera biennis, commonly known as evening primrose, a potential source of natural bioactive substances: flavonoids, steroids, tannins, fatty acids and terpenoids responsible for a diverse range of pharmacological functions. However, whether extract prepared from aerial part of O. biennis (APOB) protects skin against oxidative stress remains unknown. To investigate the protective effects of APOB against oxidative stress-induced cellular damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms in the HaCaT human skin keratinocytes. Our results revealed that treatment with APOB prior to hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) exposure significantly increased viability, and the highest DPPH radical-scavenging activities and reducing power of HaCaT cells. APOB also effectively attenuated H2O2-induced comet tail formation and inhibited the $H_2O_2$-induced phosphorylation levels of the histone ${\gamma}H2AX$, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies and Annexin V-positive cells. In addition, APOB exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and restored the mitochondrial membrane potential loss by $H_2O_2$. Moreover, $H_2O_2$ enhanced the cleavage of caspase-3 and degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), a typical substrate protein of activated caspase-3, as well as DNA fragmentation; however, these events were almost totally reversed by pretreatment with APOB. Furthermore, APOB increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which is a potent antioxidant enzyme, associated with the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). According to our data, APOB is able to protect HaCaT cells from $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage and cell death through blocking cellular damage related to oxidative stress through a mechanism that would affect ROS elimination and activating the Nri2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.75-87
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• 2012

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to inquire into the effect of different concentrations of bee venom pharmacopuncture to inhibit genesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ activation on type II collagen induced arthritis. Methods : The experiment was divided into category of the normal group (NOR)-no treated group, control group (CON)-CIA (collagen induced arthritis) induced group, and 4,000 : 1 bee venom group (BV-L)- 4000:1 bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA, and 2000:1 bee venom group (BV-H)- 2,000 : 1 Bee venom pharmacopuncture treated group after CIA. RA was induced in the mice via injecting $50{\mu}{\ell}$ C II mixed CFA. The bee venom pharmacopuncture was applied on $ST_{35}$ for 19 days from the 3rd day of RA inducement. To research the effect on the expression of IKK ($I{\kappa}B$ kinase), iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) & COX-2 (cyclooxygenase-2) mRNA, RT-PCR was performed on synovial membrane cells from the knee joint of CIA mice. Results : The PMA-induced $I{\kappa}B$ kinase (IKK), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase -2 (COX-2) mRNA expression were dose-dependantly decreased in bee venom treated with synoviocytes. In mice treated with bee venom pharmacopuncture, foot thickness and the damage of synovial membranes of the joint was lessened, and the activation of RA-related pro-inflammatory cytokines such as MIF, TNF-${\alpha}$ and MMP-9 was significantly decreased. The activation of iNOS and COX-2 was suppressed by the inhibition of NF-${\kappa}B$. In addition, each data was shown that 2,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture was more effective than 4,000 : 1 bee venom pharmacopuncture. Conclusions : It is speculated that bee venom pharmacopuncture has the therapeutic effect of palliating the damage of the synovial membrane and inflammation on RA by suppressing of NF-${\kappa}B$ activation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.18
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• pp.8553-8557
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• 2016

Background: Accurate dose assessment and correct identification of irradiated from non-irradiated people are goals of biological dosimetry in radiation accidents. Objectives: Changes in the FDXR and the RAD51 gene expression (GE) levels were here analyzed in response to total body exposure (TBE) to a 6 MV x-ray beam in rats. We determined the accuracy for absolute quantification of GE to predict the dose at 24 hours. Materials and Methods: For this in vivo experimental study, using simple randomized sampling, peripheral blood samples were collected from a total of 20 Wistar rats at 24 hours following exposure of total body to 6 MV X-ray beam energy with doses (0.2, 0.5, 2 and 4 Gy) for TBE in Linac Varian 2100C/D (Varian, USA) in Golestan Hospital, in Ahvaz, Iran. Also, 9 rats was irradiated with a 6MV X-ray beam at doses of 1, 2, 3 Gy in 6MV energy as a validation group. A sham group was also included. After RNA extraction and DNA synthesis, GE changes were measured by the QRT-PCR technique and an absolute quantification strategy by taqman methodology in peripheral blood from rats. ROC analysis was used to distinguish irradiated from non-irradiated samples (qualitative dose assessment) at a dose of 2 Gy. Results: The best fits for mean of responses were polynomial equations with a R2 of 0.98 and 0.90 (for FDXR and RAD51 dose response curves, respectively). Dose response of the FDXR gene produced a better mean dose estimation of irradiated "validation" samples compared to the RAD51 gene at doses of 1, 2 and 3 Gy. FDXR gene expression separated the irradiated rats from controls with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 87.5%, 83.5% and 81.3%, respectively, 24 hours after dose of 2 Gy. These values were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the 75%, 75% and 75%, respectively, obtained using gene expression of RAD51 analysis at a dose of 2 Gy. Conclusions: Collectively, these data suggest that absolute quantification by gel purified quantitative RT-PCR can be used to measure the mRNA copies for GE biodosimetry studies at comparable accuracy to similar methods. In the case of TBE with 6MV energy, FDXR gene expression analysis is more precise than that with RAD51 for quantitative and qualitative dose assessment.