• Title/Summary/Keyword: nornicotine

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Studies on the Analysis of Tobacco Leaf Alkaloids (잎담배 Alkaloid분석에 관한 연구)

  • 장기철;한상빈;김용옥;이운철
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.20-26
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    • 1991
  • This study was carried out to develop the method of alkaloids analysis and investigate the kinds and contents of alkaloids in flue-cured, burley and oriental tobacco leaves using developed analytical method. The developed analytical method of alkaloids was as followed : Tobacco sample was treated with acid(pH 2∼3) and extracted with chloroform to remove chemical components except alkaloids. Sample solution was treated with alkali(pH 12∼ 13) and was extracted with chloroform to obtain alkaloids from sample solution. After extraction of alkaloids from tobacco leaves, alkaloids were separated and identified by GC, GC/MS using SE-54 fused silica capillary column. Nicotine, nornicotine, myosmine, 9-nicotyline, anabasine, anatabine, 2, 3-bipyridyl, cotinine, formyl nornicotine, acetyl nornicotine and formal anatabine were isolated and identified from the extracts of tobacco leaves. The contents of alkaloids were burley > flue-cured > oriental tobacco leaves, but oriental tobacco leaves were higher nornicotine, cotinine, formyl nornicotine and acetyl nornicotine contents than those of flue-cured tobacco leaves. The burley tobacco harvested in Korea was higher nornicotine contents by 2-6 times in the portions of cutter, leaf and tips position than that of burley tobacco(B3F) harvested in V. S. A.

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Identification of Nicotine Converter Plants in Burley Tobacco KB9118 (KB108)

  • Jung Suk-Hun;Chung Yun-Hwa;Keum Wan-Soo;Kang Yue-Gyu;Shin Seung-Ku;Jo Chun-Joon;Choi Sang-Ju
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.27 no.1 s.53
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2005
  • The nicotine converter genotypes of burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), which convert nicotine to nornicotine, contain a high amount of nornicotine that degrades tobacco quality and smoking taste. Elimination of nicotine converter plants before seed harvesting is required for breeding nicotine low-converter lines and for increasing their seed production. This study aims to develop a rapid and convenient method of identifying nicotine converter plants of burley breeding lines of KB9118(KB108) using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and isatin coloration method. Out of 223 plants in 10 lines harvested at maturity in 2002, 102 plants ($45\%$) were identified as nicotine converters by TLC of tobacco leaves air-cured. For 16 lines selected as low-converters in 2002, 148 plants grown in the field in 2003 were tested by the isatin coloration method using two detached leaves at the flowering stage thoroughly sprayed with $1\%\;NaHCO_3$ solution and cured in conditioned chambers for the early identification of nicotine to nornicotine conversion. From these samples, 46 plants ($31\%$) in 4 lines were identified as nicotine converters, indicating that the ratio of converters significantly decreased by one time selection. Mean percent conversion of non-screened lines was $14\%$ higher than that of following generation. Therefore in the burley tobacco, a rapid and convenient means of identifying and removing nornicotine converter plants by the isatin coloration method during growth in the greenhouse or field were effective in reducing the converter plants in the following generation.

Determination of Nicotine and Other Minor Alkaloids in Tobacco Leaves by GC/MS (GC/MS를 이용한 잎담배 중 알칼로이드 함량 분석)

  • Lee Jeong-Min;Min Hye-Jung;Kim Yong-Ha;Rhee Moon-Soo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.27 no.1 s.53
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    • pp.100-106
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    • 2005
  • To obtain the optimum condition for analysis of 10 alkaloids in tobacco leaves, such as nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, anabasine, myosmine, cotinine, 2,3'-dipyridyl, $\beta-nicotyrine,\;\beta-nornicotyrine\;and\;\beta-formylnornicotin$, 5 types of extraction method were investigated by GC-FID and GC/MS. The optimum condition of alkaloid extraction was achieved by using methanol:dichloromethane(1:3, v/v) after NaOH treatment. The use of mass selective detector (MSD) provided unambiguous nicotine related alkaloid analysis. Alkaloids in various tobacco leaves were extracted with the optimum extraction condition and quantified by GC/MS/SIM mode. Compared with concentrations of alkaloids among the various tobacco leaves, the concentration of alkaloids was generally in the order burley > flue-cured > oriental tobacco. In flue-cured tobacco leaves, the order of concentration of alkaloids was nicotine > anatabine > nornicotine > $\beta-nicotyrine\;>\;\beta-formylnornicotine\; >\;myosmine\;>\;2,3'-dipyridyl\;>\;cotinine\;>\;anabasine\;>\;\beta-nornicotyrine$. However, in the case of burley and oriental tobacco leaves, the concentration of nornicotine was higher than that of anatabine.

Studies on Ozonation of Nicotine (니코틴의 오존화 반응에 관한 연구)

  • Taek-Kyu Park;Ki-Hwan Kim;Tae-Sung Huk
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.323-327
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    • 1984
  • Nicotine was reacted with an equimolar amount of ozone in methylene chloride and distilled water. The reaction mixture was separated by column chromatography or thin layer chromatography and then purified by vacuum distillation. The six compounds obtained from this reaction were characterized by NMR, IR and Mass spectrometry. These were identified as unchanged nicotine, nornicotine, anabasine, ${\beta}$-nicotyrine, cotinine and nicotine-N-oxide. From these results, reaction mechanism for the ozonolysis ofon nicotine was proposed; the pyrrolidine ring is attacked by ozone at the 1'-position followed by further transformation.

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Development of Black Shank Resistant Burley Tobacco Germplasm, KB 104 and KB 106, and Their Characteristics (버어리종 역병저항성 계통 KB 104와 KB 106의 육성경과 및 특성)

  • 조천준;김대송;정석훈;최상주;조명조
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.57-61
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    • 1995
  • Black shank(Phytophthora parasitira roar. nicotianae) resistant burley tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) germplasms, KB 104 and KB 106, were developed by Korea Ginseng & Tobacco Research Institute. KB 104 was developed from the single cross of Burley 21$\times$Newton 77, using a modified pedigree method. KB 104 was highly resistant to black shank, and its agronomic characteristics and chemical contents were comparable to those of Burley 21, and value per 10a was slightly higher than Burley 21, KB 106 is a maternally derived doubled haploid made by N. africana method from the single cross of Burley 21$\times$ Va 509. KB 106 was also highly resistant to black shank, had two more harvestable leaves per plant and flowered three days later than Burley 21 did. Total alkaloid and nicotine contents of KB 106 were significantly lower than those of Burley 21. But its nornicotine content was higher than Burley 21 5. Key wads : Burley tobacco germplasm, Black shank resistance.

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Relationship between Contents of Moisture and Chemical Components in Burley Tobacco after Heat Treatment (버어리종 열처리에 의한 수분과 화학성분의 상관성 분석)

  • 김용옥;장기철;정한주;김기환
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.23 no.1
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    • pp.40-44
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    • 2001
  • This study was carried out to investigate relationship between contents of moisture and chemical components in burley tobacco after heat treatment. Initial moisture contents of burley tobacco was 32% after cutting and casing. Burely cut tobaccos were treated at various temperature(10$0^{\circ}C$, 13$0^{\circ}C$, 145$^{\circ}C$ and 16$0^{\circ}C$) and time(0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min) in mechanical convection oven. Moisture contents of burley tobacco after heat treatment were in the range of 1.9% to 18.4%. Relationship between moisture contents and total sugar, pH, total volatile base, ammonial, L value of color, nicotine, nornicotine, and $\beta$-nicotyrine contents were positively correlated. Correlation between moisture contents and crude ash, ether extracts, 2,6-deoxyfructosazine, 2,5-deoxyfructosazine, a value of color, citric acid, m-xylene, ${\gamma}$-butyrolactone and 5-methyl-2-furfural were negative.

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Usage of Tobacco Plants for Various Purposes (담배 속 식물의 다양한 활용방안 모색)

  • Um, Yu-Rry;Lee, Moon-Soon;Lee, Yi;Seok, Yeong-Seon
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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    • v.33 no.1
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    • pp.8-15
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    • 2011
  • Genus Nicotiana has 76 species including N. tabacum. These plants are used not only as a material for cigarette manufacturing but also as ornamental plant, medicinal plant, poisonous substance plant, and bug repellent plant. N. tabacum is used as a main material for cigarette manufacturing with N. rustica. N. sylvestris and N. alata is used as ornamental plants because of their beautiful flowers and N. rustica is used for bug repellent or pesticide because of its high concentration of nicotine. N. glauca, a tree tobacco, is used for bio-fuel production. N. tabacum is used as a popular model plant system for degeneration, regeneration, and transformation. N. benthamiana is also used as a model system for foreign gene expression by agroinfiltration. The transformation ability of tobacco plant is a good target for molecular farming. Hepatitis B virus envelop protein, E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin, diabetes autoantigen, and cholera toxin B subunit were produced using tobacco plants. Secondary metabolites of tobacco include nicotine, anabasine, nornicotine, anatabine, cembranoid, solanesol, linoleic acid, rutin, lignin and sistosterol, and they are used for various medicine productions which cannot be produced by organic synthesis for their complicated structures. In conclusion, we have to understand the applicability of tobacco plant in detail and study to enlarge the usage of the plants.

A Comprehensive Study on the Forced Aging of Flue-cured Tobacco-Leaves (황색종 잎담배의 발효숙성 촉진에 관한 종합적 연구)

  • Bae, H.W.
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.1-27
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    • 1970
  • The process of the forced aging of flue-cured tobacco leaves were studied extensively from various scientific points of view. The Flue-cured tobacco leaves were inoculated and fermented with nicotine resistant Hansenula yeast, or the leaves were subjected under simple forced aging. The above two processes of forced aging were studied from the summarized points of microbiology, physics, chemistry, and biochemistry, and the resulted products ware compared in their physical, chemical and biochemical quality determining factors with that of raw material tobacco leaves (dried-tobacco leaves) and 2 years aged high quality tobacco leaves. The summary results were as follows. 1) The Korean flue-cured tobacco leaves, were forcedly aged under the basic optimum aging condition, temperature $40^{\circ}C$, moisture contents 18%, relative humidity 74%. It was found that this aging condition was the best in bringing the quality of forcedly aged tobacco leaves to the utmost state. 2) Under this optimum temperature and moisture condition of forced aging in about 20 days the forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with yeast inoculation and without yeast inoculation showed the equivalent tobacco qualities comparable with that of more than 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 3) The forcedly aged tobacco leaves both with and without yeast inoculation under $40^{\circ}C$ temperature and $74^{\circ}C$ relative humidity achieved the necessary quality determining physical and chemical changes in about 20 days. 4) The microbial changes during the forced aging were as follows. The population of yeasts and bacteria increased until to 15 days of aging, then decreased thereafter. Whereas the molds grew continously until the end of fermentation. 5) The tobacco quality determing physico-chemico-properties of yeast inoculated aged and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves, progressed as the follows in time. As the forced aging progresses, swelling and combustibility properties were improved. The pH, total reducing materials, total sugars, alkaloids contents decreased. The contents of organic and ether extractable materials increased. The total nitrogen, protein, crude fiber, ash contents showed no changes. The color properties, excitation purity, luminance, main wave length, showed equivalent changes comparable with that of 2 years aged tobacco leaves. 6) The changes in chemical components in yeast treated and simple forcedly aged tobacco leaves during $15{\sim}20{\;}days$ of forced aging were as follows. The following chemical components decreased as the aging. Sugars-sucrose. rhamnose, glucose. Pigments-chlorophyll, carotenes, xanthophyll and violax anthine. Polyphenols-rutin, chlorogenic and, coffeic acid. Organic acids-iso-butylic, crotonic, caprylic, galacturonic, tartaric, succinic, citric acid. Alkaloids-nicotine, nornicotine. The following components increased as the forced aging progressed. Sugars-frutose, maltose, raffinose. Amino acids-proline, cystine. Organic acids-formic, acetic, propionic, n-butyric, iso-valeric, n-valeric, malic, oxalic, malonic, ${\alpha}-ketoglutaric$, fumaric, glutaric acid. 7) During the forced aging of tobacco Leaves the oxygen-uptake decreased gradually. The enzyme activities of polyphenol oxidase, ${\beta}-amylase$ ${\alpha}-amylase$ decreased gradually. The activities of the enzymes, catalase, and invertase increased once then decreased at the later stage.

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