• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.1139-1153
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• 2010

Let {$X_j,\;j\geq1$} be a strictly stationary $\phi$-mixing sequence of non-degenerate random variables with $EX_1$ = 0. In this paper, we establish a self-normalized weak invariance principle and a central limit theorem for the sequence {$X_j$} under the condition that L(x) := $EX_1^2I{|X_1|{\leq}x}$ is a slowly varying function at $\infty$, without any higher moment conditions.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.838-848
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• 2014

In this paper, we conducted a cause analysis on boundary artifacts in image deconvolution. Results of the cause analysis show that boundary artifacts are caused not only by a misuse of boundary conditions but also by no use of the normalized backprojection. Results also showed that the correct use of boundary conditions does not necessarily remove boundary artifacts. Based on these observations, we suggest not to use any specific boundary conditions and to use the normalized backprojector for boundary artifact-free image deconvolution.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

In this study the process of normalizing hydraulic head loss rate was developed for the purpose of estimation of seepage blocking state at each seepage segment in sea dike embankment. Pore water pressure sensors were installed with some interval along seepage path, then the hydraulic head loss rate at each segment between pore water pressure sensors was calculated, and then the calculated hydraulic head loss rate was normalized based on seepage path length. The comparison of normalized hydraulic head loss rates showed that the cross section of sea dike embankment was homogeneous approximately and the width of cross section was long enough to blocking tide water.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.46-50
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• 2013

This paper investigated wind turbine degradation quantitatively by analyzing the short-term operation records of the Shinan Wind Power Plant. Instead of a capacity factor which is needed to be normalized its variability due to monthly wind speed change, this study suggests an analysis method by taking the difference between the theoretical power output calculated from the nacelle wind speed and actual power output as the quantitative index of performance degradation. For three-year SCADA data analysis of the Shinan Wind Power Plant, it was confirmed that power output degradation rate of 0.54% per year. This value is within the average reduction rate 0.4%/year~0.9%/year of normalized capacity factor of the onshore wind power plants in U.K. and Denmark; however, lower than the rate 2%/year of Canadian wind power plants.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.21-29
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• 2004

In this paper we examined the effect of normalization on discriminating the pathological voice into normal and abnormal classes using artificial neural network. Average values per each parameter were used to normalize each set of parameter values. Artificial neural networks were used as classifiers. And the effect of normalization was evaluated by comparing the discrimination results between original and normalized parameter sets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2010.03a
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• pp.730-739
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• 2010

Stress history increases in penetration resistance due to the increase in residual horizontal stress of granular soil. This study analyzes the effect of stress history on the results of CPT and DMT from calibration chamber specimen in OC as well as NC state. Test results show that the normalized cone resistance by mean effective stress correlates well with the relative density and the state parameter, whereas the normalized cone resistance with regard to vertical effective stress is a little affected by stress history. The horizontal stress index($K_D$) in DMT more reflects the influence of stress history on granular soil than the dilatometer modulus($E_D$) and cone resistance($q_c$). The $K_D/K_0$, in which the effect of stress history on $K_D$ is compensated by the at-rest coefficient of earth pressure, $K_0$, is related to relative density, state parameter and the normalized cone resistance by mean effective stress. It is also observed that the normalized dilatometer modulus by mean effective stress($E_D/{\sigma_m}'$) is unique correlated with the state parameter, regardless of stress history.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_3
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• pp.1285-1298
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• 2019

Drought is one of the factors that can cause wildfires. Drought is related to not only the occurrence of wildfires but also their frequency, extent and severity. In South Korea, most wildfires occur in dry seasons (i.e. spring and autumn), which are highly correlated to drought events. In this study, we examined the relationship between wildfire occurrence and drought factors, and developed satellite-based new drought indices for assessing wildfire risk over South Korea. Drought factors used in this study were high-resolution downscaled soil moisture, Normalized Different Water Index (NDWI), Normalized Multi-band Drought Index (NMDI), Normalized Different Drought Index (NDDI), Temperature Condition Index (TCI), Precipitation Condition Index (PCI) and Vegetation Condition Index (VCI). Drought indices were then proposed through weighted linear combination and one-class support vector machine (One-class SVM) using the drought factors. We found that most drought factors, in particular, soil moisture, NDWI, and PCI were linked well to wildfire occurrence. The validation results using wildfire cases in 2018 showed that all five linear combinations produced consistently good performance (> 88% in occurrence match). In particular, the combination of soil moisture and NDWI, and the combination of soil moisture, NDWI, and precipitation were found to be appropriate for representing wildfire risk.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.33-45
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• 2021

In this study, predictive equations of the normalized shear modulus and the damping ratio curves for loose medium sands reinforced by vinyl strip-cement are proposed. Based on the results of a series of resonant-column tests (Yu, et al., 2018) conducted under the confining stresses of 15, 30, 60 kPa on sand specimens prepared with 40% relative density and reinforced by various contents of vinyl strip (0.0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.4%) and cement (0, 1, 2%), the equations estimating the normalized shear modulus and the damping ratio are proposed as functions of reinforcing conditions and confining stresses. The comparison between predicted and measured values of shear modulus and damping ratio shows a good agreement and the reliability of proposed predictive equations are validated by high R2-value greater than 0.9. Therefore, it is expected that the time and the cost required for constructing the normalized shear modulus and the damping ratio curves will be much reduced by using proposed equations in this study since those can easily be estimated without conducting resonant-column test.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.27-41
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effect of manual acupuncture at the bilateral $LI_4$, $ST_{36}$ and $LR_3$ on normal human every 3 minute time interval by using power spectrum analysis. Methods : 25 healthy volunteers participated in this study. 32 channel EEG(Electroencephalogram) measurements were carried out before, during and after acupuncture treatments. In this study, power spectrum was used as a measure of complexity. Statistical analysis was performed using repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni method. Results : 1. In acupuncture group, Mean HRT, PSI, Normalized HF decreased significantly. SDNN, Ln(TP), Ln(LF), Ln(VLF), Normalized LF and LF/HF ratio increased significantly. RMSSD, Ln(HF) were not affected. 2. In sham acupuncture group, all indicators were not affected. 3. In control group, mean HRT, Ln(TP) decreased significantly. SDNN, RMSSD, PSI, Ln(LF), Ln(HF), Ln(VLF), normalized LF, normalized HF and LF/HF ratio were not affected. Conclusions : This results suggest that manipulation needling of 6 acupoints induced increase of delta, theta, beta waves. Both manipulation and simple needling induced decrease of alpha wave during 12~15 time intervals.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1996 no.05
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• pp.279-282
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• 1996

Sequential brain SPECT imaging has been used to assess the cerebral perfusion reserve(CPR) in cerebrovascular diseases(CVD). We have realized a parametric images of CPR using normalized difference ratio and deadtime correction. For the anatomical localization of CPR, the parametric images were registered to the contours of the cerebral regions using optimal threshold method. The parametric imags reflected the CPR more reliably and distinctively. We conclude that the qunatitative estimation of CPR using normalized difference ratio image could be useful for the diagnosis and assessment of postoperative prognosis in CVD.