• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2006.03a
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• pp.590-599
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• 2006

In this study, Liquefaction characteristics of saturated sand under various dynamic loadings such as sinusoidal loading, increasing wedge loading, and real earthquake loading were investigated focusing on the dissipated energy. From the results of cyclic triaxial test, liquefaction resistance strength was calculated by the concept of energy according to the type of input loading. Liquefaction resistance strength was expressed in accumulated dissipated energy calculated from stress-strain curve(hysteresis loop). The dissipated energy according to loading type was compared and the energy-based evaluation was proposed. The procedures are presented in terms of normalized energy demand(NED), normalized energy capacity(NEC), and factor of safely, where NED is the load imparted to the soil by the loading(both amplitude and duration), NEC is the demand required to induce liquefaction, and factor of safely is defined as the ratio of NEC and NED.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.32 no.1_2
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• pp.227-245
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• 2014

Suppose G is a simple graph. The ${\ell}$-eigenvalues ${\delta}_1$, ${\delta}_2$,..., ${\delta}_n$ of G are the eigenvalues of its normalized Laplacian ${\ell}$. The normalized Laplacian Estrada index of the graph G is dened as ${\ell}EE$ = ${\ell}EE$(G) = ${\sum}^n_{i=1}e^{{\delta}_i}$. In this paper the basic properties of ${\ell}EE$ are investigated. Moreover, some lower and upper bounds for the normalized Laplacian Estrada index in terms of the number of vertices, edges and the Randic index are obtained. In addition, some relations between ${\ell}EE$ and graph energy $E_{\ell}$(G) are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.46-50
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• 2013

This paper investigated wind turbine degradation quantitatively by analyzing the short-term operation records of the Shinan Wind Power Plant. Instead of a capacity factor which is needed to be normalized its variability due to monthly wind speed change, this study suggests an analysis method by taking the difference between the theoretical power output calculated from the nacelle wind speed and actual power output as the quantitative index of performance degradation. For three-year SCADA data analysis of the Shinan Wind Power Plant, it was confirmed that power output degradation rate of 0.54% per year. This value is within the average reduction rate 0.4%/year~0.9%/year of normalized capacity factor of the onshore wind power plants in U.K. and Denmark; however, lower than the rate 2%/year of Canadian wind power plants.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.140-146
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• 2008

The damage evaluation method for framed structures using continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is proposed. CWT is applied to the response acceleration of a structure subjected to earthquake load to decompose the response acceleration corresponding to each scale, then the normalized energy value for each scale is calculated. The difference between the normalized energy curvature (NEC) in each node before and after damage indicates a damaged element, which makes it possible to assess the soundness of structural elements. As damage becomes more severe the difference in normalized energy curvature becomes larger. The NEC calculated from the signal corresponding to high scale in CWT analysis is found to be a good index that shows the location and severity of damage.

• Current Optics and Photonics
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• v.3 no.5
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• pp.438-444
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• 2019

In this theoretical study, a line-defect photonic-crystal waveguide hosted in an annular photonic crystal was demonstrated to provide high-performance slow light with a wide band, low group-velocity dispersion, and a large normalized delay-bandwidth product. Combined with structural-parameter optimization and selective optofluid injection, the normalized delay-bandwidth product could be enhanced to a large value of 0.502 with a wide bandwidth of 58.4 nm in the optical-communication window, for a silicon-on-insulator structure. In addition, the group-velocity dispersion is on the order of $10^5$ ($ps^2/km$) in the slow-light region, which could be neglected while keeping the signal transmission unchanged.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.177-189
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• 2017

For energy-based seismic design, a simplified normalized cumulative hysteretic energy spectrum proposed for obtaining hysteretic energy as energy demand is the main objective in this paper. The dimensionless parameter, ${\beta}_{Eh}$, is presented to express hysteretic energy indirectly. The ${\beta}_{Eh}$ spectrum is constructed directly through subtracting the hysteretic energy of single degree-of-freedom (SDOF) system energy equation. The simplified ${\beta}_{Eh}$ spectral formulation as well as pseudo-acceleration spectrum of modern seismic provisions is developed based on the regression analysis of the large number of seismic responses of SDOF system subjected to earthquake excitations, which considers the influence of earthquake event, soil type, damping ratio, and ductility factor. The relationship between PGV and PGA is established according to the statistical analysis relied on a total of 422 ground motion records. The combination of ${\beta}_{Eh}$ spectrum and PGV/PGA equation allows determining the cumulative hysteretic energy as a main aseismic design indicator.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.345-358
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• 2005

The response of single story buildings and other case studies are investigated to observe trends in response and to develop a better understanding of the impact of some design parameters on the seismic response of CBF. While it is recognized that many parameters have an influence on the behavior of braced frames, the focus of this study is mostly on quantifying energy dissipation in compression and its effectiveness on seismic performance. Based on dynamic analyses of single story braced frame and case studies, it is found that a bracing member designed with bigger R and larger KL/r results in lower normalized cumulative energy, i.e., cumulative compressive energy normalized by the corresponding tensile energy (${\sum}E_C/E_T$), in both cases.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.357-365
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• 2001

The aim of this paper is to perform the experiment and the numerical simulation for investigating the heat transfer in a regenerator system with ceramic honeycomb and to suggest a useful correlation for optimization of the regenerator system. For achieving this, the effects of some parameters were investigated, e. g., switching time, cell size and length of honeycomb on the mean temperature efficiency. The measured temperatures by R-type thermocouples were compared with the predictions by means of the commercial package, STAR-CD. A useful correlation for thermal efficiency was newly proposed as a function of the normalized switching time, defined in terms of switching time, cell size and length of honeycomb. The results showed that the thermal efficiency is above 90% and the normalized heat exchange rate is higher than 80% when the normalized switching time is less than 1000.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.442-449
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• 2010

Recently, the neutron irradiation for large diameter silicon (Si)-ingots of more than 8" diameter is requested to satisfy the demand for the neutron transmutation doping silicon (NTD-Si). By increasing the Si-ingot diameter, the radial non-uniformity becomes larger due to the neutron attenuation effect, which results in a limit of the feasible diameter of the Si-ingot. The current evaluation method has a certain limit to precisely evaluate the radial uniformity of Si-ingot because the current evaluation method does not consider the effect of the Si-ingot diameter on the radial uniformity. The objective of this study is to propose a new evaluation method of radial uniformity by improving the conventional evaluation approach. To precisely predict the radial uniformity of a Si-ingot with large diameter, numerical verification is conducted through comparison with the measured data and introducing the new evaluation method. A new concept of a gradient is introduced as an alternative approach of radial uniformity evaluation instead of the radial resistivity gradient (RRG) interpretation. Using the new concept of gradient, the normalized reaction rate gradient (NRG) and the surface normalized reaction rate gradient (SNRG) are described. By introducing NRG, the radial uniformity can be evaluated with one certain standard regardless of the ingot diameter and irradiation condition. Furthermore, by introducing SNRG, the uniformity on the Si-ingot surface, which is ignored by RRG and NRG, can be evaluated successfully. Finally, the radial uniformity flattening methods are installed by the stainless steel thermal neutron filter and additional Si-pipe to reduce SNRG.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.243-249
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• 2003

The characteristics of harmonic phase angles and phase angle differences contained in earthquake ground motions such as El Centre 1530 NS, Taftl 1952 NS, Hachinohe 1968 NS and Mexico 1985 are figured, which have been mostly overlooked in contrast with the importance placed on harmonic amplitudes. And, energy input spectrum of structures excited by such an earthquake motion is expressed with smoothed Fourier amplitude spectrum. In dynamic response analysis, there must be earthquake ground accelerations which contain the phase angle, the phase angle difference and energy input spectrum characteristics of the zone considered to be constructed building structures. To make clear the importance of phase angle differences, 4-earthquake ground motions are normalized by 200 gal and energy input spectrum characteristics of normalized 4-earthquake ground motions are compared.