• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.135-142
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine nutritional status of iron in 27 rural elderly subjects. The daily intake, urinary excretion and serum level of iron were determined by 24-hr food collection method, and 24-hr urine and serum collection for 3 days. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The mean age, height, weight, and blood pressure were 67.7 years, 163.2cm, 55.9kg, and 121.1/80. 0mmHg in men and 69.9 years, 146.5cm, 47.6kg, and 108.9/71.1mmHg in women, respectively 2. The daily intake of energy, protein, vitamin A, vitamin B$_1$, vitamin B$_2$, niacin, vitamin C, and iron were lower than Korean recommended dietary allowances. 3. The daily iron intake was 7.82mg. The proportion of heme iron and nonheme iron to the total iron intake were 8.05% and 91.94%, respectively Major iron sources of the rural elderly were cooked rice, Ko Chu Jang, beef blood, anchovy, soybean paste, and leafy radish. 4. The hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum iron, and total iron binding capacity were 14.3g/㎗, 42.9%, 79.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, and 268.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ in men and 12.9g/㎗, 38.8%,92.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗, and 277.9$\mu\textrm{g}$/㎗ in women, respectively. 5. There was a significant positive correlation between dietary intake and urinary excretion of iron.

• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2003

Iron deficiency and anemia are severe nutrition problems in most of Korea. Iron intake, especially iron with better bioavailability is insufficient over a total age group. Recent changes in diet and life style of Koreans have been repeatedly suggested problems caused by excess nutrient intake rather than under intake. Despite the changes in diet patterns, iron deficient anemia is still prevalent in many parts of Korea. Eight hundred and fifty subjects (323 male and 527 female subjects) in Asan were recruited from farming, factory and urban area. Each subject was interviewed to assess nutrients intakes according to a 24hr-recall method. Twelve hour fasting blood samples were collected to vacutainer with EDTA for hemoglobin (Hb) and separate the tubes for serum iron (SI) and total iron binding capacity (TIBC). The mean serum iron value of female subjects in the factory area was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of the female subjects in the urban area although subjects in urban area showed significantly higher the dietary iron intake for both the men and woman (p < 0.05). Dietary iron intake for the younger women was lowest in the farming area and those in the urban area showed the highest dietary iron intake (p < 0.05). When the dietary iron intake was compared by different the age groups, dietary iron intake of the older women from animal sources was less than that of younger women in the urban area (p < 0.05). Dietary iron intake of Asan residents was not sufficient regardless of age, sex and regions and intake of heme iron was especially lower than nonheme iron. (J Community Nutrition 5(1) : 37∼43, 2003)

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.59-71
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to assess the iron nutritional status and dietary iron availability of postmenopausal women residing in Jeonju area. The anthropometric parameters, nutrient intake and biochemical status of iron were measured from 57 postmenopausal women aged 50∼74 years old. Mean values of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC) and serum ferritin(Ferritin) concentration were 12.82${\pm}$1.03g/dl, 37.68${\pm}$2.99%, 92.60${\pm}$46.66ug/dl, 353.0${\pm}$54.48ug/dl, 86.86${\pm}$100.7ug/ιrespectively. Prevalence of iron deficiency greatly varied by indices from 14.04% when judged by Ferritin(<20ug/ι) to 40.4% by TIBC(>360${\mu}$g/dl. The anemic subjects assessed with Hct percent(36%) represented 22.8%, whereas 21.1% of the subjects possessed less than 12g/dl of Hb. Ferritin concentration showed a significantly negative correlation with TIBC(r=-0.343, p<0.01) and a positive correlation with MCHC(r=0.361, p<0.01). The mean daily intake of iron was 10.62mg and intake of heme iron was 5.3%(0.56mg) of total iron intake. Total absorbable iron caculated by the method of Monsen was 0.49mg anti bioavailability of dietary iron was 4.61%. Ferritin Concentration was positively associated with total iron intake(r=0.264, p<0.05), dietary nonheme iron(r=0.286, p<0.05) and iron of animal food (r=0.364, p<0.01). But Ferritin concentration was not correlated dietary heme iron(r=-0.137, p>0.05). Major food groups of iron intake were vegetables(20.15%), cereals(19.59%) and fishes(12.34%) in postmenopausal women. Intake of eggs was positively associated with Ferritin(r=0.473, p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.483-488
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the effect of heme compounds on lipid oxidation in roasted and/or reheated mackerel and pacific saury, changes in myoglobin, metmyoglobin, total iron, nonheme iron and heme iron content were measured. Throughout the steps of roasting, heating and reheating, myoglobin content was decteased more rapidly roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20 min in fillet samples than those roasted at $200^{\circ}C$ for 15 min or $220^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. When the skinless samples were roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20 min, about $38\%$ of myoglobin in raw meat were remained. The skinless fillet roasted at the lower temperature resulted the higher level of metmyoglobin due to the reduced myoglobin. Regardless of roasted temperature and time, total iron content was retained the level of raw meat throughout processing. 2 times of nonheme iron content was noted in the skinless fillet samples roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20 min. All samples, heme iron content was decreased much lower by roasted temperature and in absence of skin on fillet. It was decreased about $33\%$ when roasted at $180^{\circ}C$ for 20 min in the skinless fillet in case of pacific saury.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.164-174
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• 1999

The purpose of this study were to assess iron status and obesity in 82 middle aged women living in Kangnung area. Anthropometric measurements were taken for body weight, height, percentage of body fat and circumferences of waist and hip. Venous blood samples were drawn from subjects for measurement of hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), serum iron(Fe), total iron binding capacity(TIBC), transferrin saturation(TS) and serum ferritin. Dietary intakes of iron(heme iron and nonheme iron), the amounts of MPF(meat, poultry and fish) and ascorbic acid were assessed by modified 24-hr recall method. The results obtained are summarized as follows : Postmenopausal women had more body fat than premenopausal women. That is, postmenopausal women tend to be obeser than premenopausal women. There was no difference in Hb, Hct, Fe, TIBC and TS between pre- and postmenopausal women. But the serum ferritin concentration of postmenopausal women(83.7$\pm$42.1ng/ml) was significantly (p<0.05) higher than premenopausal women(56.4$\pm$41.0ng/ml). Prevalences of iron deficiency (20%, 20.0% and 17.1% respectively) of postmenopausal women. The mean daily intakes of total iron in pre- and postmenopausal women were 17.5$\pm$9.3mg and 15.6$\pm$6.9mg, respectively. Bioavailabilities of dietary iron were 6.5% and 4.5% in pre- and post-groups. These results indicate that individual dietary guidelines should be used to educate middle-aged women different in status of menopause. For example, premenopausal women should increase nutritional iron status and postmenopausal women should try to prevent obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess the iron nutritional status and anemia of high school students. 383 female subjects in Ulsan Metropolitan city were evaluated using a questionnaire, and a measurement of hematological indices. The average height and weight of the respondents were 161.24$\pm$4.90 cm and 53.12$\pm$6.37kg, repectively. The average BMI(body mass index) was 20.43$\pm$2.26 which was in the normal ramge. The average hemoglobin(Hb) concentration of the subjects was 13.14$\pm$0.97g/dl, and the average hematocrit(Hct) level was 40.84$\pm$17.40%. Transferrin saturation{TS(%)} was 20.86$\pm$10.32%, and the ferritin by Hct(＜36%), 27.2%by TS(＜14%),26.6% by ferritin(＜12 ng/ml). As for clinical symptoms, the greatest number of respondents reported that they experienced ‘decreased ability to concectrate’. Mean daily intakes of iron were 14.89$\pm$4.48 mg and heme iron intakes were 5.04$\pm$2.13 mg, which was 29.6% of total iron intake. The total iron binding capacity(TIBC) was negatively correlated with Hb concentration(r= -0.222, p＜0.01). Serum ferritin was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= - 0.323, p＜0.05) and negatively correlated with TIBC(r= -0.367, p＜0.01). TS(%) was positively correlated with Hb concentration(r= 0.402, p＜0.01) and positively correlated with serum ferritin(r=0.413, p＜0.01). As for the correlation between blood biochemistry and clinical symptoms related to anemia, the Hb concentration was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs(p＞0.05)’ and ‘cold hands and feet’ significantly(r= -0.109, p＜0.05). The level of Mean corpuscular volume(MCV) was negatively correlated with ‘feel dizzy when standing up’,‘tired out easily’, and ‘decrease ability to concentrate’ significantly(p＜0.05). In particular, the level of Fe was negatively correlated with ‘shortening of breath when going upstairs’ and ‘feeling blue’ significantly(p＜0.01). These results suggest That the prevalence of iron deficiency of female high school students is very high, therefore guidelines for diet supports and nutrition education to improve their iron status should be provided.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.541-546
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• 2004

The antioxidative activities of capsaicin (Cap, 0.02 and 0.04%) on the lipid peroxidation of tissues in male Sprague Dawley rats fed diets with or without orotic acid (1.0%, w/w) were studied in vivo system by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentrations. Body weight gain, food intakes, food efficiency ratio and the relative tissues weights of brain, kidney, spleen, heart, and testis were not significantly different among dietary groups. Relative weights of liver were higher in the OA group than that in the other groups. TBARS concentrations in liver were significantly higher in the OA or 0.04% Cap groups than in the normal group, while this raise was not observed 0.02% Cap group. A significant increase in TBARS concentrations was found in the liver of the OA +0.04% Cap group compared with the OA or the 0.04% Cap groups. Nonheme iron concentrations were significantly higher in the liver of the OA, 0.04% Cap, OA+0.02% Cap, OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. TBARS concentrations in kidney were lower in the 0.02% or 0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group, but this concentrations were higher in either the OA, OA+0.02% Cap or OA+0.04% Cap groups than that in the normal group. Meanwhile, TBARS concentrations of brain, spleen, heart and testis were not significantly different among groups. The present study suggested that the lipid peroxidation was increased in the rats liver fed diet with erotic acid, and the simultaneous supplementation of capsaicin further enhanced.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.893-899
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• 2000

To measure antioxidative activities, the various extracts from Ulmus devidiana were examined in oil emulsion. Water, ethanol, methanol and butanol were used as extract solutions. The activity oxygen species ($H_2O_2,-OH,\;KO_2$) bound the extracts for antioxidative activities were excellent. The extracts bound $Fe^{2+}$ ion and $Cu^{2+}$ ion showed effective antioxidative activities and strong chelating effects. The concentration of $Fe^{2+}$ ion and total ion in ethanol and methanol extracts from Ulmus devidiana root parts (Chinese) were higher than those of the other products. The highest superoxide dismutase-like activities showed butanol extracts from Ulmus devidiana root parts (Chinese) and water extracts from Ulmus devidiana bark parts (Korean). Electron donating abilities and nitric scavenging abilities of ethanol, methanol and butanol extracts were higher than those of water extracts. The nitrite scavenging abilities also reached the maximum at pH 1.2 and the minium at pH 6.0.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.9
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• pp.1336-1344
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• 2014

The effects of various packaging systems, vacuum packaging (VACP), medium oxygen-modified atmosphere packaging (50% $O_2/20%$ $CO_2/30%$ $N_2$, MOMAP), MOMAP combined with vacuum skin packaging (VSP-MOMAP), high oxygen-MAP (80% $O_2/20%$ $CO_2/30%$ $N_2$, HOMAP), and HOMAP combined with VSP (VSP-HOMAP), on the activity of antioxidant enzyme, and oxidation and color stabilities in sliced Hanwoo (Korean cattle) beef loin were investigated at $4^{\circ}C$ for 14 d. Higher (p<0.05) superoxide dismutase activity and total reducing ability were maintained in VSP-MOMAP beef than in HOMAP beef. Lipid oxidation (2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, TBARS) was significantly (p<0.05) retarded in MOMAP, VSP-MOMAP, and VSP-HOMAP beef compared with HOMAP beef. Production of nonheme iron content was lower (p<0.05) in VSP-MOMAP beef than in HOMAP beef. Red color ($a^*$) was kept higher (p<0.05) in VSP-MOMAP beef compared with MOMAP, HOMAP, and VSP-HOMAP beef. However, VACP beef was found to have the most positive effects on the antioxidant activity, oxidation and red color stabilities among the various packaged beef. These findings suggested that VSP-MOMAP was second to VACP in improving oxidation and color stabilities in sliced beef loin during chill storage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2003

Effect of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on the level of serum and liver lipids and lipid peroxidation was investigated in the rats fed high fat diet. Content of serum total cholesterol was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in KRG I group and KRG II group. Content of HDL-cholesterol was significantly increased by 69.75% and 39.15% in KRG I and KRG II group compared to control group, respectively. Atherogenic index (hi) was also significantly decreased by 74.76% and 37.38% in KRG I and KRG II groups compared to control group, respectively. Serum triglyceride content was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in only KRG II group. Antioxidative activity of KRG on the lipid peroxidation of serum and tissues in rats was also studied in vivo by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Contents of TBARS in the serum of both KRG groups were significantly decreased (p<0.05) and that of nonheme iron in serum was significantly increased (p<0.05) in a dose-dependent manner, which suggested that lipid peroxidation contents are inversely correlated with serum nonheme iron content. Content of TBARS in liver was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in KRG I and KRG II groups, without any influence in other tissues. Content of TBIARS in liver microsomal fractions stimulated by Fe$^{2+}$/ascorbate was significantly decreased (p<0.05) in KRG I and KRG II groups, whereas this observation did not occur in liver mitochondrial fractions. When the effect of KRG on TBARS content in the liver fractions of homogenates, microsomes, and mitochodria stimulated by Fe$^{2+}$/ascorbate was tested in vitro experimental model, TBARS of liver three fractions was significantly decreased at 6 mg/mL KRG compared with those of control. These results suggested that KRG powder have hypocholesterolemic effect as well as antioxidative effect in the serum and liver of the rats fed high fat diet.