• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.599-609
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and safety of Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) extracts in male and female ICR mice. Methods : In the single oral dose toxicity study, non-fermented and fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi-tang) were administered to male and female ICR mice as an oral dose of 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Changes of body weights, general behaviors, adverse effects and mortality were determined throughout the experimental period. Hematological parameters, serum chemistry, organ weights and necropsy findings were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results : There was no mortality or sign of toxicity in the single oral dose toxicity study. There were also no significant differences in body weights, organ weights, and hematological parameters, serum chemistry values between treatment and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of fermented Bojungikgi-tang (Buzhongyiqi -tang) in both female and male mice can be considered as well over 5,000 mg/kg, so these medicines can be safe in clinics.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.334-344
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• 2011

Objectives : Sipjeondaebo-tang is a medicine traditionally prescribed as a restorative. The aim of this study was to investigate the single oral dose toxicity and safety of extract of fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang in ICR mice. Methods : In single oral dose toxicity study, non-fermented or fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang were administered by oral gavage to ICR mice (5 males, 5 females) at single doses of varying concentrations: 1250, 2500 and 5000 mg/kg. Changes of body weight, general behavior, adverse effects and mortality were determined throughout the experimental period. Hematological parameters, organ weights and necropsy findings were evaluated at the end of the experiment. Results : There were no mortality or signs of toxicity in single oral dose toxicity studies. There were also no significant differences in body weight, organ weight, or hematological parameters between the treatment and control groups. Conclusions : Fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang did not cause remarkable adverse effects in ICR mice. The oral lethal dose of fermented Sipjeondaebo-tang is more than 5000 mg/kg and no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of the extract for both male and female mice is 5000 mg/kg.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.153-159
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• 2009

In this study, we assessed the acute and subacute toxicity of Angelica gigas Nakai (A. gigas Nakai) extracts, which are comprised of decursin and decursinol angelate (D/DA) in rats. For the oral acute toxicity test, Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats were gavaged with two doses of D/DA (200 and 2,000 mg/kg body weight) and then observed for any toxic symptoms for 2 weeks. The LD$_{50}$ value for the rats was greater than 2,000 mg/kg body weight for both male and female rats, which indicates that there were no toxic symptoms induced by doses of up to 2,000 mg/kg body weight. For the subacute toxicity study, rats were treated with D/DA at doses of 2 and 20 mg/kg body weight once a day for 30 days. There were no significant changes in body weight and food intake observed during the subacute toxicity study. In addition, no differences were observed between the control and treated groups when urinalysis was conducted or when hematology and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Finally, histopathological examination of the organs did not reveal any lesions in the control or treated groups. Taken together, these findings indicate that D/DA is safe and non-toxic.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.535-540
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• 1999

Glutamate (Glu) receptor-mediated excitoxicity has been implicated in many acute and chronic types of neurological disorders. Exposure of mature rat cortical neurons (15-18 days in culture) to the various concentrations of Glu resulted in a marked neuronal death, whereas immature rat cortical neurons (4∼5 days in culture) were resistant to the Glu-induced toxicity. Glu receptor subtype-specific agonists showed differential extent of toxicity in the immature neurons. The neurons treated with NMDA or kainate (KA) did not exhibit damage. However, quisqualate (QA) treatment induced a considerable cell death (36.1%) in immature enurons. The non-NMDA antagonist DNQX did not reduce this response. Interestingly, the QA-induced toxicity was potentiated by spermine in a concentration-dependent manner. Again, the spermine-enhanced damage was not altered by the polyamine antagonist ifenprodil. Taken together, unlike NMDA or KA, QA can induce neurotoxicity in immature rat cortical neurons and the QA-induced toxicity was potentiated by spermine. The lack of antagonizing effects of DNQX and ifenprodil on QA-induced toxicity and the potentiated toxicity by spermine, respectively, implies that both QA receptor and the polyamine site of NMDA receptor may not mediate the neurotoxicity observed in this study, and that a distinct mechanism(s) may be involved in excitotoxicity in immature neurons.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.27-35
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• 2010

In this study, we have developed the database of safety and health information for pesticide active ingredients used in Korea. There were 1,283 pesticide items among which 296 were found to be out of use in current. A total of 349 pesticide ingredients were being used in Korea. The database consists of 32 types of information including chemical characteristics, acute toxicity, chronic toxicity (carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity), specific symptoms by exposure route and first aid. When pesticide ingredients were assessed in terms of key properties such as color, odor, acute toxicity, carcinogenic and reproductive toxicity, they were white, colorless and odorless, in general. When ingredients were classified by category of acute toxicity, 'Non-hazardous' represented 29%, followed by 'Slightly hazardous' at 16%, 'Moderately hazardous' at 14%, 'Highly hazardous' at 5%, and 'Extremely hazardous' at 2%. 85 out of 349, or 24% of ingredients were found to be possibly carcinogenic to human. This database is expected to provide an easy access for farmers, agriculture supervisors, researchers and consumers, and it can ultimately be used as basic data on farmer's safety and health.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1991

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of non-watering, fasting and non-watering fasting for 16-17 hrs on haematological and biochemical parameters in SD rats. 1. Liver weight was decreased in the order of in the fasting group, non-watering fasting group and non-watering group in both sexes. 2. In fasting group and non-watering fasting group, haematologic parameters of male (HGB and MCH) and femal (MCHC) were trends to decrease compared with normal feeding & watering group. 3. In the differential leucocyte counts, there were no significant differences compared with noraml feeding % watering group.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.133-135
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• 2011

The FDA guidance focuses on the use of the NOAEL to establish the maximum recommended starting dose. The majority of NOAEL has been described inaccurately or incompletely in final reports for 90-days repeated dose toxicity test based on GLP (good laboratory practice) regulation. This is the most serious one of reasons for why most pharmaceutical companies targeting global markets have disregarded the final report produced from GLP facilities in Korea. The problems in deciding NOAEL reflected in the final reports are mainly due to the followings; 1) Inaccurate description or use of NOEL, NOAEL and LOAEL, 2) Insufficient and inappropriate interpretations in findings from toxicity test. This paper is intended to provide the insight into distinguishing NOAEL from NOEL and LOAEL, and into classifying findings from toxicity test. Here, the three step method is newly suggested by applying the weight-based classification to the NOEL, NOAEL and LOAEL based on the findings.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2003

The development of environmentally nontoxic or non-polluting antifouling additives that can be formulated in practical coating requires assay involving target organisms. Described here are the simple laboratory assays that have been developed using the barnacle, Balanus amphitrite, a common fouling organism found throughout temperate and tropical seas. One of the assays depends on synchronous year-round mass culture, the procedure for which is described, of nauplii larvae and cyprids larvae. The laboratory assays provided quantitative estimates of toxicity and settlement inhibition of the test compounds. Laurinterol (1), isolaurinterol (2), alpysinal (3), and aplysin (4) have been isolated from the Korean red alga Laurencia okamurae. Their structures were identified by spectral data in comparison with the literature data. Compounds 1-4 inhibited larval settlement of the barnacle B. amphitrite with EC$_{50}$ values of 0.18- 36 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Com-pounds 2-4 showed larval toxicity against nauplii of the barnacle B. amphitrite with 5-10 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml, while laurinterol (1) exhibited no toxicity at even 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/ml. Therefore, laurinterol was expected as a promising natural antifoulant.t.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제98권5호
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• pp.602-608
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• 2009

We investigated whether cadmium (Cd) toxicity affects phosphorus (P) concentration and growth of poplar, which might be related to the ectomycorrhizal associations. Populus ${\times}$tomentoglandulosa cuttings were treated with 0.1 mM and 0.4 mM $CdSO_4$ and inoculated with ectomycorrhizal fungus, Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and grown in autoclaved peat vermiculite mixture for five months under greenhouse conditions. Ectomycorrhizal plants showed significantly higher Cd concentration in leaves, stems and roots than in non-mycorrhizal plants. Likewise, P contents in leaves and roots of ectomycorrhizal plants were higher than those of non-mycorrhizal plants. Acid phosphatase activity in leaves of ectomycorrhizal plants, however, was significantly lower than that of non-mycorrhizal plants. 0.1 mM Cd significantly increased P content in leaves and stems of non-mycorrhizal plants. In spite of high P concentration, which is accompanied by lower acid phosphatase activity, plant growth was not improved by inoculation with P. tinctorius. Total plant dry weight was lower than the non-mycorrhizal counterpart. The results imply that this might be caused by the large amount of energy consumption to alleviate Cd toxicity resulted from high Cd accumulation in their tissues.

• 약학회지
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.180-197
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• 1999

Acute and subacute oral toxicity of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ ($^{13}C-urea$) were carried out in Sprague-Dawley rats of both sex. The toxicity of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ was compared with urea($^{12}C-urea$ which is used for control). In acute toxicity studies, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, body weights and pathological examination for 14 days after single oral administration of HELIKIT or urea($^{12}C-urea$) at a dose of 5000 mg/kg. The subacute oral toxicity was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats treated with $HELIKIT^{TM}$ at a dose of 40, 200 and 1,000 mg/kg/day or $^{12}C-urea$ at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. In acute toxicity studies, $HELIKIT^{TM}$ and urea did not show any toxic effect in rats and oral LD50 value was over 5,000 mg/kg rats. In subacute toxicity studies, no death occured and no drug-related changes were found in clinical observations; body weight, food consumption, opthalmoscopy. auditory test, urinalysis, hematology, blood chemistry, gross pathological examination or organ weight between $HELIKIT^{TM}$, urea and control groups. In histopathological examinations, the slight thickening of mucosa of the limiting ridge in the stomach was noted in the animals treated with $HELIKIT^{TM}$ at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day and also the changes in urea group at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day was found, but all of these changes in the changes in ures group at a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/days was found, but all of these changes in the stomach regressed after withdrawal of the test article for 2 weeks and reversibility of the effect was revealed. These results indicate that the non toxic dose level of $HELIKIT^{TM}$ was 1,000 mg/kg/day in the 4 weeks-repeated dose study, suggesting that the substitution of $^{13}C$ for carbon in urea molecule has no effect on the toxicity of urea and changes in stomach are reversible.