• 제목/요약/키워드: non-submerged

검색결과 174건 처리시간 0.029초

BIO-CLOD를 이용한 소화슬러지의 악취저감에 대한 연구 (The Study on the Odor Removal of Digested sludge using BIO-CLOD)

  • 성일화
    • 한국산학기술학회논문지
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    • 제16권12호
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    • pp.8665-8672
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    • 2015
  • 본 연구에서는 하수처리장의 소화슬러지(digest sludge)를 대상으로 악취제거 및 유기물제거에 대한 타당성을 검토하고자 BIO-CLOD를 넣은 반응조와 넣지 않은 반응조에 대하여 24시간, 48시간, 72시간 후 ammonia, methyl mercaptan(MMC) 및 $H_2S$에 대해서 측정하였다. BIO-CLOD를 침적시킨 반응조(BIO-CLOD)에서 24시간 내에 ammonia는 48%인 것에 비해 $H_2S$와 MMC는 98%이상의 높은 제거율을 보인 반면에 BIO-CLOD를 침적시키지 않은 반응조(Non BIO-CLOD)에서는 24시간 내에 ammonia가 45%, $H_2S$는 71%, MMC는 84%로서 악취제거 가능성을 보였다. 암모니아 농도는 시간이 지남에 따라 감소하면서 질산성질소농도는 증가하는 질산화 현상을 보였으며, 소화슬러지내의 유황계 악취성분들이 호기성 미생물들에 의해 산화 분해되어 용액 중의 황산염농도를 증가시키는 데는 BIO-CLOD효과가 있었음을 알 수 있었으며, 황산염농도증가와 대기중의 $H_2S$ 제거율간에는 상관관계가 있음을 알수 있었다. 반응조 유출수에서 유기물의 감소는 짧은 시간 내에서는 BIO-CLOD가 영향을 주지 않았으며, HRT 12시간과 HRT 24시간으로 운전하였을 때 경제적인 면에서 HRT 12시간을 고려해야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

옥수수(Zea mays) 원뿌리의 통기조직 발달에 미치는 에틸렌 전구체, 옥신, 메틸자스몬산의 효과 (Effects of Ethylene Precursor, Auxin and Methyl Jasmonate on the Aerenchyma Formation in the Primary Root of Maize (Zea mays))

  • 호종윤;맹소현;박웅준
    • 생명과학회지
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    • 제25권1호
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2015
  • 옥수수(Zea mays) 원뿌리에서 에틸렌 전구체인 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) 그리고 methyl jasmonate (MeJA)가 통기조직의 발달에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 식물호르몬 처리는 원뿌리의 종단 구성에 영향을 미치므로 control과 호르몬 처리된 뿌리의 비교 가능한 위치를 정할 필요가 있었다. 이를 위하여 원뿌리의 정단을 PR0, 기부를 PR100이라 정의하고 이 두 지점 사이를 길이에 비례하여 PR25, PR50, PR75로 구분하였다. 대조군 뿌리의 PR25와 PR50 부분에서는 통기조직이 관찰되지 않았으며 PR75 부분에서는 드물게 통기조직이 나타나기도 하였다. PR75 부위의 통기조직 면적은 ACC 또는 IAA가 존재할 때 증가하였다. 반면, MeJA는 옥수수 원뿌리가 침수되지 않았을 때와 침수되었을 때 서로 다른 차등 효과를 나타내었다. 뿌리가 침수되지 않았을 때 MeJA는 통기조직의 발달을 억제하였다. 반면, 뿌리를 침수 시키면 통기조직의 면적이 증가하는데 그 면적은 MeJA에 의하여 더욱 증가되었다. 한편, 곁뿌리 원기는 그 주변 피층세포의 통기조직 발달에 수반되는 세포사멸을 억제하는 것으로 알려져 있었다. 곁뿌리 원기에 의해 억제되는 통기조직의 발달은 위에 기술한 바와 같이 통기조직의 발달을 촉진하는 세 가지 호르몬들에 의해서도 회복되지 않았다. 이는 발달하는 곁뿌리 원기가 억제하는 통기조직 발달 조절의 세부 단계는 식물호르몬들이 작용한 이후 단계일 가능성을 보여주는 것이다.

Investigation of condensation with non-condensable gas in natural circulation loop for passive safety system

  • Jin-Hwa Yang;Tae-Hwan Ahn;Hwang Bae;Hyun-Sik Park
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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    • 제55권3호
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    • pp.1125-1139
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    • 2023
  • The system-integrated modular advanced reactor 100 (SMART100), an integral-type pressurized water small modular reactor, is based on a novel design concept for containment cooling and radioactive material reduction; it is known as the containment pressure and radioactivity suppression system (CPRSS). There is a passive cooling system using a condensation with non-condensable gas in the SMART CPRSS. When a design basis accident such as a small break loss of coolant accident (SBLOCA) occurs, the pressurized low containment area (LCA) of the SMART CPRSS leads to steam condensation in an incontainment refuelling water storage tank (IRWST). Additionally, the steam and non-condensable gas mixture passes through the CPRSS heat exchanger (CHX) submerged in the emergency cooldown tank (ECT) that can partially remove the residual heat. When the steam and non-condensable gas mixture passes through the CHX, the non-condensable gas can interrupt the condensation heat transfer in the CHX and it degrades CHX performance. In this study, condensation heat transfer experiments of steam and non-condensable gas mixture in the natural circulation loop were conducted. The pressure, temperature, and effects of the non-condensable gas were investigated according to the constant inlet steam flow rate with non-condensable gas injections in the loop.

Numerical study on the performance of semicircular and rectangular submerged breakwaters

  • Barzegar, Mohammad;Palaniappan, D.
    • Ocean Systems Engineering
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    • 제10권2호
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    • pp.201-226
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    • 2020
  • A systematic numerical comparative study of the performance of semicircular and rectangular submerged breakwaters interacting with solitary waves is the basis of this paper. To accomplish this task, Nwogu's extended Boussinesq model equations are employed to simulate the interaction of the wave with breakwaters. The finite difference technique has been used to discretize the spatial terms while a fourth-order predictor-corrector method is employed for time discretization in our numerical model. The proposed computational scheme uses a staggered-grid system where the first-order spatial derivatives have been discretized with fourth-order accuracy. For validation purposes, five test cases are considered and numerical results have been successfully compared with the existing analytical and experimental results. The performances of the rectangular and semicircular breakwaters have been examined in terms of the wave reflection, transmission, and dissipation coefficients (RTD coefficients) denoted by KR, KT, KD. The latter coefficient KD emerges due to the non-energy conserving KR and KT. Our computational results and graphical illustrations show that the rectangular breakwater has higher reflection coefficients than semicircular breakwater for a fixed crest height, but as the wave height increases, the two reflection coefficients approach each other. un the other hand, the rectangular breakwater has larger dissipation coefficients compared to that of the semicircular breakwater and the difference between them increases as the height of the crest increases. However, the transmission coefficient for the semicircular breakwater is greater than that of the rectangular breakwater and the difference in their transmission coefficients increases with the crest height. Quantitatively, for rectangular breakwaters the reflection coefficients KR are 5-15% higher while the diffusion coefficients KD are 3-23% higher than that for the semicircular breakwaters, respectively. The transmission coefficients KT for rectangular breakwater shows the better performance up to 2.47% than that for the semicircular breakwaters. Based on our computational results, one may conclude that the rectangular breakwater has a better overall performance than the semicircular breakwater. Although the model equations are non-dissipative, the non-energy conserving transmission and reflection coefficients due to wave-breakwater interactions lead to dissipation type contribution.

Non-periodic motions and fractals of a circular arch under follower forces with small disturbances

  • Fukuchi, Nobuyoshi;Tanaka, Takashi
    • Steel and Composite Structures
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    • 제6권2호
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    • pp.87-101
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    • 2006
  • The deformation and dynamic behavior mechanism of submerged shell-like lattice structures with membranes are in principle of a non-conservative nature as circulatory system under hydrostatic pressure and disturbance forces of various types, existing in a marine environment. This paper deals with a characteristic analysis on quasi-periodic and chaotic behavior of a circular arch under follower forces with small disturbances. The stability region chart of the disturbed equilibrium in an excitation field was calculated numerically. Then, the periodic and chaotic behaviors of a circular arch were investigated by executing the time histories of motion, power spectrum, phase plane portraits and the Poincare section. According to the results of these studies, the state of a dynamic aspect scenario of a circular arch could be shifted from one of quasi-oscillatory motion to one of chaotic motion. Moreover, the correlation dimension of fractal dynamics was calculated corresponding to stochastic behaviors of a circular arch. This research indicates the possibility of making use of the correlation dimension as a stability index.

Role of Fermentation in Improving Nutritional Quality of Soybean Meal - A Review

  • Mukherjee, Runni;Chakraborty, Runu;Dutta, Abhishek
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • 제29권11호
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    • pp.1523-1529
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    • 2016
  • Soybean meal (SBM), a commonly used protein source for animal feed, contains anti-nutritional factors such as trypsin inhibitor, phytate, oligosaccharides among others, which limit its utilization. Microbial fermentation using bacteria or fungi has the capability to improve nutritional value of SBM by altering the native composition. Both submerged and solid state fermentation processes can be used for this purpose. Bacterial and fungal fermentations result in degradation of various anti-nutritional factors, an increase in amount of small-sized peptides and improved content of both essential and non-essential amino acids. However, the resulting fermented products vary in levels of nutritional components as the two species used for fermentation differ in their metabolic activities. Compared to SBM, feeding non-ruminants with fermented SBM has several beneficial effects including increased average daily gain, improved growth performance, better protein digestibility, decreased immunological reactivity and undesirable morphological changes like absence of granulated pinocytotic vacuoles.

olaFLOW를 활용한 투과성잠제에 의한 3차원적 파-흐름의 수치시뮬레이션 (Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Wave-Current Interactions Due to Permeable Submerged Breakwaters by Using olaFLOW)

  • 이광호;배주현;안성욱;김도삼
    • 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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    • 제30권4호
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    • pp.166-179
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    • 2018
  • 본 연구는 파-흐름의 공존장에 설치된 3차원투과성잠제에 관해 흐름방향에 따라 변화되는 잠제 주변에서 파고분포와 같은 수면변동의 특성 및 설상사주의 주요외력으로 작용하는 평균유속, 연안류 및 난류운동에너지 등을 포함한 유속장의 특성을 수치적으로 검토하였다. 수치해석에는 오픈소스 CFD 코드인 olaFlow를 적용하였으며, 대상파랑은 규칙파와 불규칙파로 하였다. 수치해석결과로부터 흐름방향(순방향과 역방향)에 따른 잠제 제간부 배후에서 파고변화는 난류운동에너지와 밀접한 관계를 가지며, 흐름이 존재하는 경우는 흐름이 없는 경우보다 약한 연안류가 형성됨과 동시에 수송유량이 감소되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이로부터 흐름의 유무 및 방향이 잠제 배후에 형성되는 설상사주의 형성과정에 미치는 영향을 파악할 수 있었다.

논 생태계 서식 수서생물 채집 도구 개발: 유인제를 사용한 수중트랩 (The Development of a Sampling Instrument for Aquatic Organisms in Rice Paddy Fields: Submerged Funnel Traps with Attractants)

  • 윤성수;김명현;최순군;어진우;권순익;송영주
    • 환경생물
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    • 제35권4호
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    • pp.640-647
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    • 2017
  • 생물다양성 측면에서 논 생태계의 중요성이 대두되면서 수서생물을 효율적으로 채집하는 방법이 요구되고 있다. 본 연구는 논 생태계 내에서 수서생물을 객관적이고 정량적으로 쉽게 채집하기 위해 두 가지 유인제(어분, 캐미라이트)를 활용한 수중트랩을 고안하였다. 고안된 트랩으로 채집된 수서생물의 유인제 선호도는 일반화선형혼합모형을 통해 분석되었다. 또한 선행연구의 데이터를 활용하여 방형구와 수중트랩으로 채집된 수서 무척추동물의 군집 조성을 비계량형다차원척도법을 통해 비교 분석하였다. 그 결과, 수중트랩에 의해 채집된 65분류군의 수서생물 중 18분류군이 유인제에 의해 채집효율이 달라지는 것을 확인하였다. 18분류군 중왕우렁이, 수정또아리물달팽이, 애기물달팽이, 돌거머리, 패충류, 풍년새우, 꼬마줄물방개, 애기물방개, 깔따구류, 참개구리, 미꾸리류 등 12분류군은 어분을 선호하였고, 아시아실잠자리, 실잠자리류, 깃동잠자리, 방물벌레, 검정배물벌레, 애물땡땡이 등 6종은 캐미라이트를 선호하였다. 또한 수중트랩은 방형구법에 비해 생물다양성의 측정도구로서의 활용도는 낮지만 특정 분류군의 선택적인 채집에는 효과적이었다. 본 연구에서 간단하고 정량적인 방법으로 수서생물을 채집할 수 있도록 고안된 트랩은 장기적이고 광범위한 논 수서생물 생태 조사에 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

Geotechnical shear behavior of Xanthan Gum biopolymer treated sand from direct shear testing

  • Lee, Sojeong;Chang, Ilhan;Chung, Moon-Kyung;Kim, Yunyoung;Kee, Jong
    • Geomechanics and Engineering
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    • 제12권5호
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    • pp.831-847
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    • 2017
  • Conventional geotechnical engineering soil binders such as ordinary cement or lime have environmental issues in terms of sustainable development. Thus, environmentally friendly materials have attracted considerable interest in modern geotechnical engineering. Microbial biopolymers are being actively developed in order to improve geotechnical engineering properties such as aggregate stability, strength, and hydraulic conductivity of various soil types. This study evaluates the geotechnical engineering shear behavior of sand treated with xanthan gum biopolymer through laboratory direct shear testing. Xanthan gum-sand mixtures with various xanthan gum content (percent to the mass of sand) and gel phases (initial, dried, and re-submerged) were considered. Xanthan gum content of 1.0% sufficiently improves the inter-particle cohesion of cohesionless sands 3.8 times and more (up to 14 times for dried state) than in the untreated (natural) condition, regardless of the xanthan gum gel condition. In general, the strength of xanthan gum-treated sand shows dependency with the rheology and phase of xanthan gum gels in inter-granular pores, which decreases in order as dried (biofilm state), initial (uniform hydrogel), and re-submerged (swollen hydrogel after drying) states. As xanthan gum hydrogels are pseudo-plastic, both inter-particle friction angle and cohesion of xanthan gum-treated sand decrease with water adsorbed swelling at large strain levels. However, for 2% xanthan gum-treated sands, the re-submerged state shows a higher strength than the initial state due to the gradual and non-uniform swelling behavior of highly concentrated biofilms.