• Wind and Structures
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.89-104
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• 2021

Non-synoptic winds generated by tornadoes, downbursts or gust fronts exhibit significant non-stationarity and can cause significant wind load effect on flexible structures such as long-span bridges. However, conventional assumptions on stationarity used to evaluate the structural wind-induced vibration are inadequate. In this paper, an efficient frequency domain scheme based on fast CQC method, which can predict non-stationary buffeting random responses of long-span bridges, is presented, and then this approach is applied to evaluate the buffeting response of a long-span suspension bridge located in a complex mountainous wind environment as an example. In this study, the data-driven method based on one available measured wind speed sample is firstly presented to establish non-stationary wind models, including time-varying mean wind speed, time-varying intensity envelope function and uniformly modulated fluctuating spectrum. Then, a linear time-variant (LTV) system based on the proposed scheme can be generally applied to calculate the non-stationary buffeting responses. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed scheme are verified through Monte Carlo time domain simulation implemented in ANSYS platform. Also, the transient effect nature of the bridge responses is further illustrated by comparison of the non-stationary, quasistationary and steady-state cases. Finally, buffeting response analysis with traditional stationary treatment (10 min constant mean plus stationary wind fluctuation) is performed to illustrate the importance of the non-stationary characteristics embedded in original wind speed samples.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권11호
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• pp.4649-4655
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• 2010

본 논문은 A 시의 산업단지 종말처리장의 방류수 유입에 따른 K 소류지의 녹조 제어 가능성을 평가하고자 하였다. 완전혼합연속반응기로 모형화한 호소를 총인과 엽록소-a의 농도를 예측하였다. 정상상태일 때 총인과 엽록소-a 농도는 각각 $0.29\;/m^3$과 $4.0\;g/m^3$를 나타났고 실측치와 유사한 결과를 보였다. 비정상상태에서 종말폐수방류수가 최소유량 또는 최대유량으로 소류지로 유입될 때 시간경과에 따른 총인과 엽록소-a 농도 변화를 예측하였다. 또한, 현재 심각한 부영양화 단계에 있는 소류지를 중영양 또는 빈영양 단계로 전환하기 위해 소류지로 유입되는 총인부하량 ($L_p$)과 호소깊이/체류시간 ($H/{\tau}w$)값의 변화를 통해 현실적으로 적용 가능한 제어방법을 제안하였다. 이와 같은 분석기법이 소류지내 총인농도의 제어전략을 수립하기에 적합한 도구로 사용될 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.103-120
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• 1967

As pointed out by many previous investigators, the cardio-pulmonary system of well trained athletes is so adapted that they can perform a given physical exercise more efficiently as compared to non-trained persons. However, the time course of the development of these cardio-pulmonary adaptations has not been extensively studied in the past. Although the development of these training effects is undoubtedly related to the magnitude of an exercise load which is repeatedly given, it would be practical if one could maintain a good physical fitness with a minimal daily exercise. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to study the time course of the development of cardio-pulmonary adaptations while a group of non-athletes was subjected to a daily 6 to 10 minutes running exercise for a period of 4 weeks. Six healthy male medical students (22 to 24 years old) were randomly selected as experimental subjects, and were equally divided into two groups (A and B). Both groups were subjected to the same daily running exercise (approximately 1,000 kg-m). 6 days a week for 4 weeks, but the rate of exercise was such that the group A ran on treadmill with 8.6% grade for 10 min daily at a speed of 127 m/min while the group B ran for 6 min at a speed of 200 m/min. In order to assess the effects of these physical trainings on the cardio-pulmonary system, the minute volume, the $O_2$ consumption, the $CO_2$ output and the heart rate were determined weekly while the subject was engaged in a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6% grade and 127 m/min) for a period of 5 min. In addition, the arterial blood pressure, the cardiac output, the acid-base state of arterial blood and the gas composition of arterial blood were also determined every other week in 4 subjects (2 from each group) while they were engaged in exercise on a bicycle ergometer at a rate of approximately 900 kg m/min until exhaustion. The maximal work capacity was also determined by asking the subject to engage in exercise on treadmill and ergometer until exhaustion. For the measurement of minute volume, the expired gas was collected in a Douglas bag. The $O_2$ consumption and the $CO_2$ output were subsequently computed by analysing the expired gas with a Scholander micro gas analyzer. The heart rate was calculated from the R-R interval of ECG tracings recorded by an Offner RS Dynograph. A 19 gauge Cournand needle was inserted into a brachial artery, through which arterial blood samples were taken. A Statham $P_{23}AA$ pressure transducer and a PR-7 Research Recorder were used for recording instantaneous arterial pressure. The cardiac output was measured by indicator (Cardiogreen) dilution method. The results may be summarized as follows: (1) The maximal running time on treadmill increased linearly during the 4 week training period at the end of which it increased by 2.8 to 4.6 times. In general, an increase in the maximal running time was greater when the speed was fixed at a level at which the subject was trained. The mammal exercise time on bicycle ergometer also increased linearly during the training period. (2) In carrying out a given running exercise on treadmill (8.6%grade, 127 m/min), the following changes in cardio·pulmonary functions were observed during the training period: (a) The minute volume as well as the $O_2$ consumption during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed significant reductions after 3 weeks of training. (b) The $CO_2$ production during steady state exercise showed a significant reduction within 1 week of training. (c) The heart rate during steady state exercise tended to decrease progressively and showed a significant reduction after 2 weeks of training. The reduction of heart rate following a given exercise tended to become faster by training and showed a significant change after 3 weeks. Although the resting heart rate also tended to decrease by training, no significant change was observed. (3) In rallying out a given exercise (900 kg-m/min) on a bicycle ergometer, the following change in cardio-vascular functions were observed during the training period: (3) The systolic blood pressure during steady state exercise was not affected while the diastolic blood Pressure was significantly lowered after 4 weeks of training. The resting diastolic pressure was also significantly lowered by the end of 4 weeks. (b) The cardiac output and the stroke volume during steady state exercise increased maximally within 2 weeks of training. However, the resting cardiac output was not altered while the resting stroke volume tended to increase somewhat by training. (c) The total peripheral resistance during steady state exercise was greatly lowered within 2 weeks of training. The mean circulation time during exorcise was also considerably shortened while the left heart work output during exercise increased significantly within 2 weeks. However, these functions_at rest were not altered by training. (d) Although both pH, $P_{co2}\;and\;(HCO_3-)$ of arterial plasma decreased during exercise, the magnitude of reductions became less by training. On the other hand, the $O_2$ content of arterial blood decreased during exercise before training while it tended to increase slightly after training. There was no significant alteration in these values at rest. These results indicate that cardio-pulmonary adaptations to physical training can be acquired by subjecting non-athletes to brief daily exercise routine for certain period of time. Although the time of appearance of various adaptive phenomena is not identical, it may be stated that one has to engage in daily exercise routine for at least 2 weeks for the development of significant adaptive changes.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.381-393
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• 1989

익산지역의 지하수 유동계를 평가하기 위한 수리지질학적 모델링이 수행되었다. 연구지역의 범위는 $790km^2$이다. 본 지역의 지질은 쥬라기의 대보화강암과 편마상화강암 그리고 선캠브리아기의 변성암으로 구성되어 있다. 채수량은 편마상화강암지역에서 가장 높으며 이는 10km내지 25m두께의 비교적 두껍게 발달된 풍화대 때문이다. 본 모델 시뮬레이션에는 콜로라도 주립대학의 유한차분법모델이 사용되었다. 본 모델은 불균일한 격자간격을 가지며, 28행과 31열로 이루어져 있다. 본 모델은 정류상태와 부정류상태에서 보정되었다.. 정류상태 시뮬레이션의 결과를1985년 9월의 수위등고선과 비교하여 투수율과 우기의 순충전률을 결정하였다. 부정류상태 시뮬레이션은 지하수 채수에 따른 대수층의 반응을 알기 위한 것이다. 부정류상태를 보정에서는 1986년5월의 수위등고선과 맞춤으로서 비산출율의 크기와 분포 그리고 건기의 채수량과 충전량을 결정하였다. 보정된 모델을 이용하여 1985년 10월부터 1995년 9월까지의 지하수채수 및 자연적인 충전에 의한 지하수위변동을 예측하여 보았다. 보정된 모델은 광역적인 지하수개발계획에 이용될 수 있다. 그러나 국부적인 지하수위변동을 예측하는데는 이용될 수 없다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.60-68
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• 2003

본 연구에서는 터보팬 엔진의 정상상태 성능모사 프로그램을 개발하고 장착조건에서 성능해석이 수행되었다. 개발프로그램의 검증을 위해 엔진 제작사의 주어진 성능자료와 비교하였다. 비교 결과 3.5%내의 오차를 나타내어 프로그램의 신뢰성을 확인할 수 있었다. 성능진단을 위해 비선형 GPA프로그램을 개발하였으며, 최적계측변수의 선정을 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 계측변수의 종류와 수가 진단의 정확성에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위하여 비선형 GPA 프로그램은 다양한 변수를 이용하여 해석되었다. 그 결과 적절하게 선택된 계측변수는 보다 적은 계측장비로도 신뢰성 있고 경제적인 손상 탐지가 가능함을 확인하였고, 선정된 계측변수를 이용하여 고장진단 해석을 수행하였다. 해석결과 엔진의 고장부분과 손상정도를 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2002년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.1030-1033
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• 2002

In this study, it is important that we have an understanding of the metal flow for manufacturing condenser tube in porthole die extrusion, because this need to provide for household appliances market that is expected to grow into the major market of the cooling system hereafter. Condenser tube is mainly manufactured by conform exclusion. However, this method was not satisfied a series of the needs for manufacturing condenser tube as compared with porthole die extrusion. The deforming skill recently is required high-productivity, high-accuracy and reducing lead-time, thus it is essential to substitute conform exclusion by porthole die exclusion. Porthole die extrusion has many advantages such as improvement of productivity, reduction of production cost etc. In general, the porthole die extrusion process consists of three stages(dividing, welding and forming stages). In order to obtain the detailed mechanics, to assist in the design of proper die shapes and sizes, and to improve the quality of products, porthole die extrusion should be analyzed in as non-steady state as possible during the entire process to evaluate detailed metal flow, temperature distribution, welding pressure and extrusion lead, and therm stress analysis was practiced to obtain effective stress and elastic deformation value. A analytical results provide useful information the optimal design of the porthole die for condenser tube.

• 한국방재학회 논문집
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.15-22
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• 2010

자연환경 중 다양한 형태로 존재하는 염화물은 콘크리트 구조물의 철근 부식을 야기하며 이에 따른 심각한 내구성 저하와 함께 구조물의 수명을 감소시킨다. 현재 콘크리트 중의 염화물 침투 특성을 규명하기위한 연구는 해안가 장기 폭로 시험과 전기화학적 촉진 시험에 의한 확산계수 평가 등에 의해 지속적인 발전을 이루어왔으나 콘크리트의 배합, 수화도, 고정화능력, 공극률의 재료적 특성을 고려한 이성적이며 포괄적인 염화물 침투 모델에 관한 연구는 부족한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 실내 염화물 침지 실험을 통해 콘크리트의 염화물 고정화 특성을 파악하고 이를 고려한 염화물 침투 모델로서 비정상상태의 염화물 침투 해석과 함께 해양침지환경하의 철근콘크리트 구조물의 내구수명 예측을 시도하였으며 SHRP 기준과 20~40%의 내구수명의 차이를 보였다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.178-187
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• 2020

The current emission regulations, US Tier-4 and EU Stage-V, are only able to satisfy the regulations when all currently mass-produced emission reduction technologies such as EGR, DOC, DPF, and SCR are applied. Therefore, in this study, for the application of the Urea-SCR system to non-road diesel engines, the database was established by measuring the NO, NO2 concentration and calculating the NO2/NOx ratio based on the catalyst temperature and exhaust mass flow rate. Also, based on the measured NO2/NOx ratio data, a mathematical model was proposed to predict the NO2/NOx ratio at SCR catalyst, and the suitability of the model was verified through steady-state and transient mode. As a result of comparing the NO2/NOx ratio measured at the DOC outlet under the steady-state condition to two model values separately, the R2 was 0.9811 for the 3D map model and 0.9303 for the mathematical model. And in the case of the NO2/NOx ratio measured at the DPF outlet, the R2 was 0.9797 for the 3D map model and 0.935 for the mathematical model. It was confirmed that the R2 with the model value of the 3D Map of the mathematical model in the transient mode is 0.957, which shows high reliability.

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.157-166
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• 2019

Objective: This study examined the effects of stimulating fingertip temperature on the patterns of force sharing and stability properties during multi-finger force production tasks. Method: 9 adult subjects (male: 3, female: 6, age: $26.11{\pm}4.01yrs$, height: $169.22{\pm}5.97cm$, weight: $61.44{\pm}11.27kg$) participated in this study. The experiment consisted of three blocks: 1) maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) task, 2) single-finger ramp task to quantify enslaving (i.e., unintended force production by non-task fingers), and 3) 12 trials of multi-finger steady-state force production task at 20% MVC. There were three temperature conditions including body-temperature (i.e., control condition), $40^{\circ}C$, and $43^{\circ}C$, and the stimulation was given to the index finger only for all experimental conditions. Results: There were no significant differences in the MVC forces, enslaving, and the accuracy of performance during the steady-state task between the conditions. However, the share of stimulated index finger force increased with the index fingertip temperature, while the share of middle finger force decreased. Also, the coefficient of variation of both index and middle finger forces over repetitive trials increased with the index fingertip temperature. Under the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis used to quantify indices of multi-finger synergies (i.e., stability property) stabilizing total force during the steady-state task, the two variance components within the UCM analysis increased together with the fingertip temperature, while no changes in the synergy indices between the conditions. Conclusion: The current results showed that fingertip temperature stimulation only to index finger does not affect to muscle force production capability of multi-finger, independence of individual fingers, and force production accuracy by the involvement of all four fingers. The effect of fingertip temperature on the sharing pattern and force variation may be due to diffuse reflex effects of the induced afferent activity on alpha-motoneuronal pools. However, the unchanged stability properties may be the reflection of the active error compensation strategies by non-stimulated finger actions.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제40권5호
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• pp.389-396
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• 2016

The theory of Fourier heat conduction predicts accurately the temperature profiles of a system in a non-equilibrium steady state. However, in the case of transient states at the nanoscale, its applicability is significantly limited. The limitation of the classical Fourier's theory was overcome by C. Cattaneo and P. Vernotte who developed the theory of non-Fourier heat conduction in 1958. Although this new theory has been used in various thermal science areas, it requires considerable mathematical skills for calculating analytical solutions. The aim of this study was the identification of a newer and a simpler type of solution for the hyperbolic partial differential equations of the non-Fourier heat conduction. This constitutes the first trial in a series of planned studies. By inspecting each term included in the proposed solution, the theoretical feasibility of the solution was achieved. The new analytical solution for the non-Fourier heat conduction is a simple exponential function that is compared to the existing data for justification. Although the proposed solution partially satisfies the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation, it cannot simulate a thermal wave behavior. However, the results of this study indicate that it is possible to obtain the theoretical solution of the Cattaneo-Vernotte equation by improving the form of the proposed solution.