• 한국어병학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2005

In the present paper, the immunostimulatory effects of Korean mistletoe (Viscum album Coloratum) on the non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica) were examined. Eel were innoculated with mistletoe, Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) as a control into their peritoneal cavities. The number of nitrobule tetrazolium (NBT)-positive cells in the head kidney of fish was significantly increased by the second day post-injection of mistletoe. ROI products were more enhanced in mistletoe-injected fish kidney leucocytes than in FCA-injected ones. The level of lysozyme activity detected in the serum of fish 2 days after injection with mistletoe was also significantly higher than that found in the serum of the control fish. The appropriate concentration of mistletoe to induce the highest level of serum lysozyme activity was revealed to 1000${\mu}g$/200 g of fish. In phagocytic activity assay, mistletoe-sensitized eel kidney phagocytes captured more zymosan than did the control fish. Korean mistletoe appeared to be a good activator of the non-specific immune responses of Japanese eel.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.15.1-15.7
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• 2017

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of dietary supplementation of a biofloc powder on growth performance and non-specific immune response of Litopenaeus vannamei. Seven experimental diets were prepared with supplementation of graded levels of dried biofloc powder by 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0% (designated as Con, BF0.5, BF1, BF2, BF4, BF6, and BF8, respectively). Triplicate groups of shrimp ($1.01{\pm}0.01g$) were hand-fed with one of the diets four times a day. At the end of the feeding trial, significantly (P<0.05) higher growth performance and feed utilization were obtained in BF4 groups compared to those fed the Con diet. The innate immunity of shrimp was improved by the dietary supplementation of biofloc. Dietary inclusion of biofloc at the level of 4.0% significantly increased disease resistance of shrimp against Vibrio harveyi. The results indicate that biofloc might be used as a dietary supplement for growth performance, innate immunity and disease resistance of Pacific white shrimp.

• 약학회지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.412-426
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• 1992

Effects of beta-carotene on the immunobiological responses were studied in ICR mice. ICR male mice were divided into 8 groups (10 mice/group), and beta-carotene at doses of 4, 20 and 100 mg/kg were orally administered to ICR mice once daily for 28 consecutive days. Cyclophosphamide (CY) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) to ICR mice with a single dose of 5 mg/kg body weight at 2 days before secondary immunization. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (5-RBC). Immune responses were evaluated by humoral immunity, cellular immunity and non-specific immunity. The results of this study were summarized as follows: (1) Beta-carotene significantly increased the weight ratios of liver, spleen and thymus to body weight depending on dose, and significantly increased the increasing rate of body weight and the number of circulating leukocyte. (2) Beta-carotene dose-dependently increased hemagglutination titer, Arthus reaction and hemolytic plaque forming cell related to humoral immunity. (3) Beta-carotene significantly increased delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction and rosette forming cell related to cellular immunity. (4) Beta-carotene dose-dependently increased phagocytic activity, and significantly increased natural killer (NK) cell activity. (5) Beta-carotene dose-dependently inhibited reductions in humoral immunity, cellular immunity, NK cell activity and phagocytic activity by treatment with CY.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제42권7호
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• pp.503-511
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• 2019

As sessile organisms, plants have developed sophisticated system to defend themselves against microbial attack. Since plants do not have specialized immune cells, all plant cells appear to have the innate ability to recognize pathogens and turn on an appropriate defense response. The plant innate immune system has two major branches: PAMPs (pathogen associated molecular patterns)-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). The ability to discriminate between self and non-self is a fundamental feature of living organisms, and it is a prerequisite for the activation of plant defenses specific to microbial infection. Arabidopsis cells express receptors that detect extracellular molecules or structures of the microbes, which are called collectively PAMPs and activate PTI. However, nucleotidebinding site leucine-rich repeats (NB-LRR) proteins mediated ETI is induced by direct or indirect recognition of effector molecules encoded by avr genes. In Arabidopsis, plasmamembrane localized multifunctional protein RIN4 (RPM1-interacting protein 4) plays important role in both PTI and ETI. Previous studies have suggested that RIN4 functions as a negative regulator of PTI. In addition, many different bacterial effector proteins modify RIN4 to destabilize plant immunity and several NB-LRR proteins, including RPM1 (resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola 1), RPS2 (resistance to P. syringae 2) guard RIN4. This review summarizes the current studies that have described signaling mechanism of RIN4 function, modification of RIN4 by bacterial effectors and different interacting partner of RIN4 in defense related pathway. In addition, the emerging role of the RIN4 in plant physiology and intercellular signaling as it presents in exosomes will be discussed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.153-162
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• 2021

In this study, a fish metabolic accelerator (a combination of butaphosphan and cyanocobalamin [BPC]) was injected into the muscle of the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, to investigate its effect on immunity and stress in fish maintained at low temperatures. A single dose of BPC was injected (100 mg/kg body weight) into the olive flounder, and its immunity and stress were observed after one and two weeks. Immunity tests revealed the presence of lysozyme (LZM), nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), anti-protease (AP), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and total immunoglobulin (TIg). BPC injection was found to increase immunity activity compared to the control group. In particular, there was significantly high GPx activity. There was similarly high activity for MPO and GPx in the first week following the injection, followed by significant differences between the BPC-injected and control groups in the second week. There was a reduced low water-temperature stress response in the BPC-injected fish, as evidenced by the cortisol and glucose levels of the control and BPC groups. Lower levels were also observed in the BPC group than the control group during the second week. Cortisol levels were significantly lower in the BPC group than the control group. Histological examinations were conducted in the first and second weeks after the intramuscular injection of the recommended BPC dose to confirm the safety of BPC in aquaculture. There were no abnormalities observed in any tissue samples. This study confirms that the injection of BPC is safe even when used in a culture situation. BPC helps relieve stress and improves non-specific immune responses (innate immunity) in the olive flounder.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2004

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which cause infection by invading and replicating within cells. The immune system has mechanisms which can attack the virus in extracellular and intracellular phase of life cycle, and which involve both non-specific and specific effectors. The survival of viruses depends on the survival of their hosts, and therefore the immune system and viruses have evolved together. Immune responses to viral infection may be variable depending on the site of infection, the mechanism of cell-to-cell spread of virus, physiology of the host, host genetic variation, and environmental condition. Viral infection of cells directly stimulates the production of interferons and they induce antiviral state in the surrounding cells. Complement system is also involved in the elimination of viruses and establishes the first line of defence with other non-specific immunity. During the course of viral infection, antibody is most effective at an early stage, especially before the virus enters its target cells. The virus- specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes are the principal effector cells in clearing established viral infections. But many viruses have resistant mechanism to host immune responses in every step of viral infection to cells. Some viruses have immune evasion mechanism and establish latency or persistency indefinitely. Furthermore antibodies to some viruses can enhance the disease by the second infection. Immune responses to viral infection are very different from those to bacterial infection.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제20권9호
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• pp.1420-1425
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• 2010

선천성 면역이란 감염성 질환에 대응하는 분자들의 네트워크가 반응하는 숙주의 첫 번째 방어 메카니즘이다. 간에서 만들어져 혈액에 존재하는 Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)은 선천성 면역에 관여하는 단백질군인 collectin에 속하는 분자로서 감염성 질병을 유발하는 다양한 세균, 바이러스, 효모, 곰팡이 및 원생동물의 표면에 존재하는 특징적인 당쇄를 인식한다. 이런 감염성 인자들의 표면에 드러난 당쇄의 공통적인 패턴을 MBL이 인식하여 자기(self)와 비자기(non-self)를 구분하기 때문에 MBL을 패턴 인식 분자(pattern recognition molecule)라고 한다. MBL은 MBL2 유전자에 의해 만들어지며, MBL2 유전형은 여러 가지 다형성(polymorphisms)이 있는 것으로 나타났다. MBL2 유전자의 변이는 상당히 많은 사람에서 나타나며, MBL 결여의 원인이다. MBL 결여는 감염성 질환에 대한 감수성을 증가시키므로, MBL의 유전적 변이와 임상적 중요성에 대해 많은 연구가 진행 되어져 왔다. 이 총설은 현재 우리가 알고 있는 MBL의 구조와 기능에 대해 전반적으로 논의하고자 한다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.211-221
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• 2001

A literature study on oncological immune therapy was done, and the results were as follows. 1. Oncological immune therapy is classified as specific non specific therapy or active inactive therapy, and in tumor immune response, cellular immunity operates mainly, so activity of T lymphocytes and macrophages are closely related with growth, progress, metastasis and prospect of tumor. Recently, Immune therapies of gene which use cytokines and HLA-B7 are carrying out. 2. In oriental medicine, development of disease is closely related to up and down of healthy qi, so healthy qi operates as a immune factor and resistance factor. 3. On the base of theory "Increasing healthy qi reduces mass(養正則積自除)", strengthening body resistance is emphasized in cancer therapy. Also strengthening body resistance activates cellular immune response and promote killing tumor facility of T-cell. 4. In clinical view, using immune therapy after operation, radiation, and chemotheraphy is more effective than immune therapy itself, so it is expected that east-west cooperation will be effective in cancer therapy. 5. The study of oncological immunity is progressed on emphasizing T-cell and it is related to oriental medical theory "strengthening healthy qi to eliminate pathogen(扶定祛邪)" and advanced study is expected in future.

• Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Research
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.662-674
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• 2018

Purpose: Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic disease. However, the effect of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) on ILCs remains to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of ILC subsets in allergic rhinitis (AR) patients in response to house dust mite (HDM)-specific immunotherapy. Methods: We enrolled 37 AR patients undergoing AIT (16 responders and 11 non-responders) for 2 years, 35 HDM AR patients and 28 healthy subjects. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were analyzed by flow cytometry to identify ILC subsets. Stimulation of ILC2s with recombinant allergen-specific protein was used to determine ILC2's activation (CD69 expression). Results: Responder AIT patients and healthy subjects had a decreased frequency of circulating ILC2s compared to non-responder AIT and AR patients. Conversely, ILC1s from responder AIT patients and healthy subjects showed increased frequency compared to non-responder AIT and AR patients. The frequency of ILC3s natural cytotoxicity receptor $(NCR)^+$ and $NCR^-$ in responder AIT patients was significantly lower compared to AR patients and healthy subjects. The ILC1: ILC2 proportion in responder AIT patients was similar to that of healthy subjects. PBMCs from patients who were responders to AIT had a significantly lower expression of the activation marker CD69 on ILC2s in response to allergen re-stimulation compared to AR patients, but no difference compared to non-responder AIT patients and healthy subjects. Conclusions: We propose that AIT might affect ILC responses. The activation of ILC2s was reduced in AR patients treated with AIT. Our results indicate that a relative ILC1/ILC2 skewed response is a possible key to successful AIT.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.183-192
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• 2002

Cells infected With equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) Produced both infectious and non-infectious Virus-related particles. Compared to the whole virion, non-infectious particles termed L-particles were deter-mined to lack 150 kDa protein, commonly known as nucleocapsid protein. The potential of L-particles to induce immune responses was studied in mice and foals. Intranasal immunization with L-particles or whole virions induced poor IgG antibody responses in mice. Interestingly, despite the poor antibody response, the conferred immunity protected the host from challenge infections. This was indicated by a significant reduction in virus titers in line with recovery towards normal body weight. Subsequently, the test on the usefulness of L-particles as immunizing agents was extended to foals. Immunization of specific-pathogen-free (SPF) foals resulted in similar results. As determined by a complement-fixing-antibody test (CFT), foals seroconverted when they were immunized either with inactivated L-particles or whole virions via intramuscular (i.m.) injections. The presence of the antibody correlated with the degree of protection. Beyond day 1 post challenge infection (p.i.), there was no virus shedding in the nasal mucus of foals immunized with whole EHV-1 virions. Virus shedding was observed in foals Immunized with L-particles but limited to days 6 to 8 p.i. only. In contrast, extended vim shedding was observed in non-immunized foals and it was well beyond day 14 p.i. Viremia was not detected for more than four days except in non-immunized foals. Immunization in mice via intranasal (i.n.) conferred good protection. However, compared to the i.n. route, a greater degree of protection was obtained in foals following immunization via i.m. route. Despite variation in the degree of protection due to different routes of immunization in the two animal species, our results have established significant evidence that immunization with L-particles confers protection in the natural host. It is suggested that non-infectious L-particles should be used as immunizing agents for vaccination of horses against EHV-1 infection.