• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.246-259
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• 2000

Background: As one of the etiologies of acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS), sepsis is one of the morbid causes of this cryptogenic malady. Even though many documents on the role of endotoxin(ETX) in the pathogenesis of ARDS have been issued, still the underlying mechanism associated with oxidative stress and activation of $PLA_2$ has been controversial. In the present study, the role of phospholipase $A_2(PLA_2)$ in the neutrophilic respiratory burst, which is presumed to cause acute lung injury during sepsis, was probed. Method: In glutathione-depleted Sprague-Dawley rats, lung leak, infiltration of neutrophils, $PLA_2$ activity and lipid peroxidation in the lung were measured after intratracheal instillation of endotoxin(delete). In addition, gamma glutamyl transferase(GGT) activity and the amount of pulmonary surfactant were measured. Morphologically, the changes in ultrastructure and cytochemical demonstration of oxidants were presented to confirm the neutrophilic oxidative stress and to elucidate the effects of $PLA_2$ activation on(delete) oxidative stress. Results: Instillation of ETX to glutathione-depleted rats intensified lung leak and lipid peroxidation when compared with non-glutathione depleted rats treated with the endotoxin. Moreover, oxidative stress was confirmed by the assay of GGT and malondialdehyde. Functionally, the depletion of glutathione altered the secretion of pulmonary surfactant from alveolar type II cells. Ultrastructurally and cytochemicaliy, oxidative stress was also confirmed after treatment of with ETX and diethylmaleate(DEM). Conclusion: The endotoxin-induced acute lung injury was mediated by oxidative stress, which in turn was provoked by the neutrophilic respiratory burst. The activation of $PLA_2$ in the lung seems to playa pivotal role in the oxidative stress of the lung.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.66-77
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• 2013

In this study, we investigated the preventive effects of the mulberry leaf tea fermented by Monascus pilosus on high fat-induced obesity, hyperlipidemia, and fatty liver in mice. Non-fermented mulberry leaf tea powder (UM) and fermented mulberry leaf tea powder (FM) were supplemented with high-fat diet at 2% (wt/wt) dosage for 8 weeks. Both UM and FM lowered body weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, epididymal fat, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol increased markedly with high fat diet (HC) in mice. FM showed more significant effects when it was compared with UM. In addition, Hepatic lipid peroxides and xanthin oxidase activities of the UM and FM were significantly lower than those of HC, despite the lack of a big difference in the amount of hepatic GSH. Activities of ROS scavenging enzymes and serum alanine aminotransferase activity were also examined as a parameter of hepatic damage. The UM and FM groups showed a recovery to NC group from significant changes induced by HC. Finally, histopathological analyses of liver samples revealed a decrease of lipid accumulation in hepatocytes in the UM and FM groups. These results suggest that UM and especially FM can reduce the development of obesity, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2011

Caffeine, a psychoactive stimulant, has been implicated in the modulation of learning and memory functions due to its action as a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist. On the contrary, some side effects of caffeine have been reported, such as an increased energy loss and metabolic rate, decrease DNA synthesis in the spleen, and increased oxidative damage to exerted on LDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a safe stimulant from natural plants mixture (Aralia elata, Acori graminei Rhizoma, Chrysanthemum, Dandleion, Guarana, Shepherd's purse) that can be used as a substitute for caffeine. Thirty SD rats were divided into three groups; control group, caffeine group (15.0 mg/kg, i.p.), and natural plants mixture group (NP, 1 mL/kg, p.o.). The effect of NP extract on stimulant activity was evaluated with open-field test (OFT) and plus maze test for measurement of behavioral profiles. Plasma lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation in LDL (conjugated dienes), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) and DNA damage in white blood, liver, and brain cells were measured. In the OFT, immobility time was increased significantly by acute (once) and chronic (3 weeks) supplementation of NP and showed a similar effect to caffeine treatment. Three weeks of caffeine treatment caused plasma lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver cells, whereas there were no changes in the NP group. NP group showed a higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration compared to the caffeine group. The results indicate that the natural plants mixture had a stimulant effect without inducing oxidative stress.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.12
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• pp.1688-1696
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• 2012

Oenanthe javanica has been used as a food source and also in traditional folk medicine for its detoxifying properties and anti-microbial effects since ancient times. In this study, we evaluated the effect and mechanism of O. javanica seed methanol extract (OJSE) on adipocyte differentiation by 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Under non-toxic conditions, OJSE treatment resulted in a dose-dependent inhibition of lipid droplet generation and triglyceride accumulation by suppressing adipocyte differentiation, which are associated with the decreased expression of key proadipogenic transcription factors including CCAAR/enhancer binding protein ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ ($C/EBP{\alpha}$, $C/EBP{\beta}$) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\gamma}$ ($PPAR{\gamma}$). OJSE also significantly inhibited proliferation and differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes through G1-phase arrest, indicating that OJSE blocked mitotic clonal expansion during adipocyte differentiation. Investigation of the alteration of G1 phase arrest-related proteins indicated a dose-dependent increase in the expression of p21 and reduction in expression of cyclin E, Cdk2, E2F-1 and phospho-Rb by OSJE. Taken together, these results suggest that OJSE inhibits adipocyte differentiation by blocking the mitotic clonal expansion, which is accompanied by preadipocyte cell cycle arrest.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.621-629
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• 2012

This study investigated the effect of soybeans, $chungkukjang$, and $doenjang$ on blood glucose and serum lipid profile in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 205 g were divided into non-diabetic and diabetic groups. The diabetic groups were further subdivided into four experimental groups: a normal group (N), a diabetic control group (STZ-C), a diabetic group fed autoclaved soybean powder (STZ-S), a diabetic group fed $chungkukjang$ powder (STZ-CKJ) and a diabetic group fed $deonjang$ powder (STZ-DJ). Food and water intakes were higher in the diabetic groups than in the N group. The body weight gain and food efficiency ratios were higher in the STZ-S, STZ-CKJ, and STZ-DJ groups than in the STZ-C group, but created no significant changes between the diabetic groups on food intake and body weight gain. The whole blood level at 4 weeks of the STZ-CKJ group was significantly lower than the STZ-C group. Serum glucose levels of the STZ-S, STZ-CKJ, and STZ-DJ groups were significantly lower than the STZ-C group, but there was no significant change in serum insulin levels. The AST and ALP activities in serum were markedly higher in the STZ-C group, but these decreases in relation to diabetes increased in the STZ-S, STZ-CKJ, and STZ-DJ groups. The level of serum triglycerides was lower in the STZ-CKJ and STZ-DJ groups than in the STZ-C group, whereas level of serum HDL-cholesterol was higher in the STZ-CKJ and STZ-DJ groups. Levels of total serum and LDL-cholesterol were higher in the diabetic groups compared with the N group, but significantly decreased in the STZ-S, STZ-CKJ, and STZ-DJ groups compared to the STZ-C group. These results indicate that dietary supplements of soybean, $chungkukjang$ and $doenjang$ may improve blood glucose and lipid metabolism and help prevent or attenuate the progression of diabetes in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.9
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• pp.1159-1165
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• 2006

Our preliminary study showed that genistein and daidzein improved blood glucose level in type 2 diabetic mice by enhancing the glucose and lipid metabolism. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether genistein and daidzein are associated with alterations in antioxidant defense mechanism of type 2 diabetic mice. Male C57BL/KsJ-db/db (db/db) mice and age-matched non-diabetic littermates (db/+) were used in this study. The db/db mice were divided into control, genistein (0.02%, w/w) and daidzein (0.02%, w/w) groups. The relative weights of liver, epididymal adipose tissue and perirenal adipose tissue were significantly higher in the db/db group than in the db/+ group, whereas heart weight was lower. The genistein and daidzein supplement did not affect the organ weights in db/db mice. The blood glucose level was positively correlated with superoxide dismutase (SOD, r=0.380, p<0.05) and catalase (CAT, r=0.345, p<0.05) activities and negatively correlated with glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px, r= 0.404, p<0.05) activity in erythrocyte. Therefore, the erythrocyte SOD and CAT activities were significantly elevated in the db/db group compared to the db/+ group and the GSH-Px activity was lowered. However, the supplementation of genistein and daidzein reversed erythrocyte CAT and GSH-Px activities in type 2 diabetic mice. In this current study, the SOD activities in liver, kidney and heart were significantly not different between the groups. The CAT and GSH-Px activities in liver and GSH-Px activity in kidney were significantly higher in the db/db group than in the db/+ group, while the CAT activity in kidney, CAT and GSH-Px activities in heart were lowered. The supplementation of genistein and daidzein significantly attenuated the changes of CAT and/or GSH-Px activities in liver and heart. The supplementation of genistein and daidzein elevated GSH levels in kidney and heart compared to the db/db control group. The lipid peroxide levels in liver, kidney and heart were significantly lowered in the genistein and daidzein supplemented groups compared to the db/db control group. These results suggest that genistein and daidzein might be beneficial for the prevention of type 2 diabetic complication via suppressing changes of antioxidant enzymes activities with simultaneous reduction of lipid peroxidation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.475-482
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• 2015

This study was conducted to examine whether or not oligonol, a low molecular weight polyphenol derived from lychee fruit, has an ameliorative effect on diabetes-induced oxidative stress-related hepatic damage in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Oligonol (10 or 20 mg/kg body weight; O10 or O20, respectively) was orally administered every day for 10 days to STZ-induced diabetic rats, and its effects were compared to vehicle-treated diabetic (Veh) and non-diabetic rats. Administration of 20 mg/kg of oligonol significantly decreased liver weight compared with the Veh group (P<0.05). Elevated levels of hepatic glucose, reactive oxygen species, peroxynitrite, and lipid peroxidation were detected in diabetic vehicle rats, whereas oligonol treatment significantly attenuated these levels (P<0.05). In diabetic vehicle rats, hepatic antioxidant enzyme protein levels decreased, whereas oligonol treatment showed significant elevated results. For inflammation-related protein expression, oligonol-treated groups showed insignificant reduction. Oligonol improved expression of proapoptotic protein caspase-3 in the liver of diabetic rats (P<0.05). In conclusion, these results provide important evidence that oligonol exhibits an inhibitory effect on oxidative stress and apoptosis-related protein expression as well as a hepato-protective effect against the development of diabetic complications in STZ-induced type 1 diabetic rats.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2016

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is caused by fat accumulation and is associated with oxidative stress. In this study, we investigated the potential protective effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peel extract (PPE) against oxidative stress in the liver of rats with NAFLD. Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a high fat diet (HFD), 20% corn oil, or palm oil for 8 weeks in the presence or absence of PPE. The control group was fed a basal diet. The progression of NAFLD was evaluated histologically and by measuring liver enzymes (alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase), serum lipids (triglycerides and total cholesterol), and oxidative stress markers. The HFD feeding increased the body weight and caused NAFLD, liver steatosis, hyperlipidemia, oxidative stress, and elevated liver enzymes. Administration of PPE ameliorated the hepatic morphology, reduced body weight, improved liver enzymes, and inhibited lipogenesis. Furthermore, PPE enhanced the cellular redox status in the liver tissue of rats with NAFLD. Our findings suggest that PPE could improve HFD-induced NAFLD via abolishment of hepatic oxidative damage and hyperlipidemia. PPE might be considered as a potential lead material in the treatment of NAFLD and obesity through the modulation of lipid metabolism.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2012

Previous study showed that swimming improved obesity but was not through $PPAR{\alpha}$ activation in liver and skeletal muscle in high fat diet-fed female mice with functioning ovaries as an animal model of obese premenopausal women. Thus, this study was aimed at investigation of the effects of swimming on the promotion of health and its molecular mechanism in adipose tissue of high fat diet-fed female mice. Eight-week-old female C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into two groups (a non-swim control group and a swim group, n=8/group). Mice in the swim group swam for 2 h daily for 6 weeks in water bath with temperature of $35{\pm}1^{\circ}C$. All the animals received high fat diet (45% kcal fat) for 6 weeks. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to elucidate the molecular mechanism. Female mice subjected to swimming had significantly decreased body weight gain and white adipose tissue mass compared with the female control mice. Histological studies illustrated that swimming decreases the hepatic lipid accumulation. As expected, swimming did not affect the expression of mRNA levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ${\alpha}$ and $PPAR{\alpha}$ target genes responsible for mitochondrial fatty acid ${\beta}$-oxidation, such as carnitine palmitoyltransgerase-1 and medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase in the white adipose tissue. However, mice that underwent 6-weeks of swimming exercise had decreased the mRNA expression of lipogenic genes, such as sterol regulatory element-binding proteins-1C and fatty acid synthase in comparison to sedentary control mice, with decreased $PPAR{\gamma}$ target genes involved in adipocyte-specific marker genes, such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein and leptin in the white adipose tissue. These results suggest that swimming can effectively prevent obesity induced by high fat diet-fed, in part through down-regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in white adipose tissue of female obese mice. Moreover, these results suggest that swimming maybe contributing the promotion of health through regulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in overweight premenopausal women.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.131-140
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• 2017

Purpose: Dyslipidemia was a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and was a leading cause of mortality in worldwide. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with prevalence and medication treatment of dyslipidemia in Korean adult population. Methods: In this study, based on the criteria set by the Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis, the factors associated with prevalence and medication treatment of dyslipidemia was evaluated in a population of 12,506 people ($age{\geq}20$), who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). The findings were tested by using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Dyslipidemia prevalence rate was 36.5%. Among populations with dyslipidemia, 17.5% were treated with lipid-lowering drugs. In the multivariate logistic regression model, male, increase in age, lower education level, non-drinker, current smoking, less physical activity, increase of body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with an increased odd of dyslipidemia. Female, increase in age, higher income, excess fat intake, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and angina were associated with an increased odd of medication treat. Conclusion: The results of this study could be used to screen patients at the high risk for dyslipidemia or to predict medication adherence.