• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.50-62
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• 2002

From modernism to post-modernism, the practice in the design field often reduced the complexity of environment and to remove variety. However, contemporary ideas of space have been changed. The current thought premise is that the environment is mutable and is evolving according to inner and outer forces and elements. Therefore, leading designers recognize that the environment is complex in itself while anticipating a new theory explaining on-going trends. The idea of fold formulated by Gilles Deleuze can provide a theoretical base for new environmental design in constrat to current design practices. The fold is a hybrid by accommodating complex relations within an object. It carries a dynamic world view through continual process and yields a topological space against absolute space like Euclid geometry. The characteristics of the fold can be paraphrased as rhizome, stratification and smooth space. Rhizome forms a non-hierarchial connection like networking in internet space. Stratification is a kind of superimposition of autonomous potential layers within a single object. Smooth space is a free space and event oriented space keeping non-linear form. This study tried to incorporate the idea of fold to environmental design methods and design process in order to make space which can correspond with complex environment and topological form. In the design process adapted to fold theory, rhizome analysis accepts the complexity of environment and stratification strategy embraces the possibility of accidental use. As a result, the designed park carries a monadic image and produces an ambiguous space. Lastly, smooth space makes topological space unlike Euclid geometry and is free space comosed by the user themselves. Transporting the idea of fold into environmental design could be an alterative way for indeterminate and flexible design to accept new identity of place. Therefore, this study accepts the concept of incidental morphogenesis to make space based on the complexity of environment. The designed space based on the idea of fold searches to create free event space determined by user rather than designated by designer.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.74 no.4
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• pp.181-186
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• 2013

We report a rare synchronous presentation of primary lung cancer and adrenal pheochromocytoma. A 59-year-old woman was diagnosed with right upper lobe non-small cell lung carcinoma measuring 2.8 cm and a right adrenal gland mass measuring 3.5 cm, which displayed increased metabolic activity on $^{18}F$-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography. The adrenal lesion was revealed to be asymptomatic. The patient underwent right adrenalectomy and histological examination revealed a pheochromocytoma. Ten days later, right upper lobectomy was performed for lung cancer. This case indicates that incidental adrenal lesions found in cases of resectable primary lung cancer should be investigated.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.45-63
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• 1997

A Study was conducted to examine the nature and extent of psychological differences among diagnostic subgroups of temporomandibular disorders(TMD) patients and to whether psychological distress acts as a precipitator for TMD or is only an incidental consequence of the discomfort and frustrations presented by the disorder. Ninty six TMD patients and ninty seven non-TMD dental patients were included for the study as an experimental group and control group. TMD patients were classified into subgroups according to their primary pain sites and labeled as: 1) Myogenous TMD group; 2) Arthrogenous TMD group; 3) Mixed TMD group. After Hilkimo indices were rated from patient history and clinical examination, levels of psychological distress were measured using SRRS (Social Readjustment Rating Scale) and MMPI (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). Outcomes from Helkimo indices, SRRS, and MMPI were assessed in terms of diagnostic subgroups and pain chronicity. The relationship between SRRS and MMPI scores were also assessed. The results were as follows : 1. The TMD patients showed higher frequencies of AiII, DiII, and DiIII of Helkimo indices than those in the control subjects. 2. The chronic TMD patients showed lower frequencies of DiII and DiIII of Helkimo indices than those in the acute group. 3. The arthrogenous TMD group showed higher frequencies of DiII and DiIII of Helkimo indices than those in the myogenous TMD group. 4. The TMD patients showed higher SRRS mean score than that in the non-TMD patients. 5. The SRRS mean score was highest in the myogenous TMD group and lowest in the arthrogenous TMD group. 6. The chronic TMD patients showed higher SRRS mean score than the acute TMD group. 7. The TMD patients showed higher MMPI mean scores on the Hs, D, Hy, and Pt scales than those in the non-TMD patients. 8. The MMPI mean scores on th Hs, D, and Hy scales were higher than of other MMPI scales in the TMD patients as well as in the myogenous and the mixed TMD group and they showed 1-3-2(Hs, -Hy, -D.) profile pattern, conversion "V". 9. The MMPI mean scores on the Hs and Hy scales were higher in all subgroups of TMD patients than non-TMD patients. 10. Although there were no significant differences in the MMPI mean scores on all the scales between the acute and the chronic groups of all TMD patients, the chronic myogenous TMD group showed higher MMPI mean scores on the Hs, Hy, Pa, and Pt scales than the acute myogenous TMD group. 11. There were positive correlationships between SRRS score and each MMPI scores on the Hs and Hy scales.Hy scales.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.247-262
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• 2011

This study assessed the health risks of childhood exposure to PBDEs via different possible pathways in children's facilities and indoor playgrounds. When PBDE contamination was measured, it was determined through multiple routes, including inhalation of indoor dust, dermal contact with product surfaces and children's hands, and incidental dust ingestion. Samples were collected from various children's facilities (playrooms, daycare centers, kindergartens, and indoor playgrounds) during summer (Jul-Sep, 2007) and winter (Jan-Feb, 2008). The hazard index (HI) was estimated for non-carcinogens, and PBDEs, such as TeBDE, PeBDE, HxBDE, and DeBDE, were examined. The sensitivity to the compounds did not exceed 1.0 (HI) for any of the subjects in any facility. However, current data about toxicity does not reflect effects that were fully sensitive in children, so there is uncertainty in the dose-response data. The contribution rates of PBDEs were 71.4 to 96.1% and 3.7 to 28.2% for intake and inhalation exposure, respectively, indicating that intake of floor dust and inhalation are the primary routes.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.55-77
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• 1999

As the population grows, the importance of the fishery industry continues to rise. It is therefore vital to support and promote sustainable fishery industry. However, the fishery production has been declining, mainly due to overdevelopment and depletion in fishery resources and stricter limits on development limits caused by growing concerns over the marine environment and ecology. Recently, international activities related to marine environmental and its ecosystems conservation, have been vigorously pursued. The United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea has stipulated the protection and conservation of the marine environment, and the implementation of fishery resources development, made in harmony with the environment and fishery resources and based upon scientific findings and principles has become important. Accordingly, fishery industry must pay thorough attention to marine ecological and environmental problems and its international fisheries regime. Fisheries development can affect fishery resources, their environment and ecosystems. Adverse ecological effects resulting from fishery resources development practices in general include overdevelopment and incidental development of non target species, physical degradation of seabed habitants and degraduation of water quality. It has now become more important than ever to build up fishery resources development while achieving the conservation of biodiversity and the marine environment, as well as the restoration of destroyed ecosystems. To maintain fishery industry, it is necessary to develop bioeconomic fishery production system and industry policies for the ESSD(environmentally sound and sustainable development) given that maintenance of a favourable marine environment will ensure the fishery resources productivity. These bioeconomic system and policies are necessary to ensure the sustainability and viability of the fishery industry under ESSD fisheries concepts.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.256-262
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• 2019

Objective : Pituitary adenomas (PAs) are often detected as incidental findings. However, the natural history remains unclear. The objective of this study was to evaluate the natural history and growth pattern of untreated PAs. Methods : Between 2003 and 2014, 59 PAs were managed with clinico-radiological follow up for longer than 12 months without any kind of therapeutic intervention. Tumor volumes were calculated at initial and last follow-up visit, and tumor growth during the observation period was determined. Data were analyzed according to clinical and imaging characteristics. Results : The mean initial and last tumor volume and diameter were $1.83{\pm}2.97mL$ and $13.77{\pm}6.45mm$, $2.85{\pm}4.47mL$ and $15.75{\pm}8.08mm$, respectively. The mean annual tumor growth rate was $0.33{\pm}0.68mL/year$ during a mean observation period of $46.8{\pm}32.1months$. Sixteen (27%) PAs showed tumor growth. The initial tumor size (HR, 1.140; 95% confidence interval, 1.003-1.295; p=0.045) was the independent predictive factor that determined the tumor growth. Six patients (11%) of 56 conservatively managed non-symptomatic PAs underwent resection for aggravating visual symptoms with mean interval of 34.5 months from diagnosis. By Cox regression analysis, PAs of last longest diameter over 21.75 mm were a significant prognostic factor for eventual treatment. Conclusion : The initial tumor size of PAs was independently associated with the tumor growth. Six patients (11%) of conservatively managed PAs were likely to be treated eventually. PAs of last follow-up longest diameter over 21.75 mm were a significant prognostic factor for treatment. Further studies with a large series are required to determine treatment strategy.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.59 no.4
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• pp.290-300
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• 2023

This study aimed to identify the actual catch situation of offshore dredge gear which is newly regulated in the legislation. It's also conducted to identify the species composition, weight of the catch including the target species and incidental catches, and to provide the basic information necessary for the resource management of aquatic organisms caught by offshore dredge. During the investigation period (from September 2022 to May 2023), a total of 61 species appeared in the test operation sea of Boryeong, Chungcheongnam-do and Gunsan, Jeollabuk-do, with 31 species of fishes, 11 species of malacostraca, six species of gastropoda, five species of bivalvia, three species of cephalopoda, three species of asteroidea, one species each of asteroidea and holothuroidea appeared. According to the results of the test operation conducted in September and November 2022, the non-catch season of Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata, 1,203 shellfishes were caught out of 2,979 caught in number, showing a bycatch rate of 59.6%, and by weight, 157.9 kg of shellfish was caught out of the total catch of 448.4 kg, showing a bycatch rate of 64.8%. On the other hand, in February and May 2023, the catch season for Atrina (Servatrina) pectinata, 3,692 fishsells were caught out of the 4,232 catches in total, showing a bycatch rate of 12.8%, and by weight, 1,185.0 kg of shellfish was caught out of the total catch of 1,293.2 kg, showing an 8.3% bycatch rate.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2023

Background: Knowledge of the base rate of signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to influence strategies for diagnosis and treatment of people that present with elbow pain. The aim of this study is to measure the prevalence of distal biceps tendon signal changes on MRIs of the elbow by indication for imaging. Methods: MRI data for 1,306 elbows were retrospectively reviewed for mention of signal change in distal biceps tendon. The reports were sorted by indication. Results: Signal changes consistent with distal biceps tendinopathy were noted in 197 of 1,306 (15%) patients, including 34% of patients with biceps pain, 14% of patients with unspecified pain, and 8% of patients with a specific non-biceps indication. Distal biceps tendon changes noted on radiology reports were associated with older age, male sex, and radiologists with musculoskeletal fellowship training. Conclusions: The finding that distal biceps MRI signal changes consistent with tendinopathy are common even in asymptomatic elbows reduces the probability that symptoms correlate with pathology on imaging. The accumulation of signal changes with age, also independent of symptoms, suggests that tendon pathology persists after symptoms resolve, that some degree of distal biceps tendinopathy is common in a human lifetime, and that tendinopathy may often be accommodated without seeking care. Level of evidence: IV.

• The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.55-69
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• 2008

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to analyze the prehospital care report prepared by EMS squads of 119 center in Gyeonggi area and to identify the status of prehospital care activities, problems and improvement possibilities of the emergency care. Method : Five hundred copies of prehospital care report prepared by EMS squads in thirty-eight 119 centers under 18 fire stations in Gyeonggi area from March to April in 2008 were randomly chosen for the analysis. Data abstracted according to the purpose of the study were input and the analysis of prehospital care activities were performed using SPSS-WIN(ver. 16) statistics package. Results : 1. Total 500 cases of prehospital emergency care activities were reviewed. By sex, females were 219 (43.8%) and males were 281 (56.2%). The places of reporting were home (57.8%). According to the type of emergency, 281 cases (56.2%) were caused by disease and 291 (43.8%) were from other causes such as traffic accidents or incidental injuries. 2 The average time needed for the 119 EMS squad to arrive at the scene after being reported was 7.29 minutes. The time used at the scene for the emergency care was 7.3 minutes in average and the time to arrive at the hospital was 25.4 minutes in average. 3. In patient evaluation, in 68% of the cases more than two vital signs were measured at one time and emergency patients were 31%, and non-emergency patients were 69%. 4. In one EMS activity, average 2.15 cases of emergency care were provided to a patient. The cases where two kinds of emergency care were given were 14.4%, which is the most frequent cases. When reviewing the details of the emergency cares given to the patient including multiple cares, trivial cards (taking it easy and giving comfort) were the most frequent one as 40.6% and the medical direction of the doctor was given in only one case out of 500 cases. 5. In patient evaluation and emergency care, vital signs were provided to emergency patients at significantly higher rate comparing to the non-emergency patients. The number of emergency care performance was significantly higher in emergency cases. In emergency dispatch, the cases that EMT (1st class) was on board was 86.2%. When comparing the cases when the 1st class EMT was on board and otherwise, the cases with the presence of 1st class EMT showed more vital signs were detected but there was no significant difference in the number of emergency cares provided. Conclusion : It seemed that the on-scene emergency care did not satisfy the expectations. So it is necessary to enforce the cooperation between the elements, the qualifications of the 119 EMS squads and to improve the prehospital working environment in order to provide the better medical service at any time.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.2
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• pp.149-152
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• 2008

A sarcoidosis is a multisystemic granulomatous disorder that has a predilection for pulmonary involvement, and the common radiological findings for the disease are bilateral nodular or reticulonodular patterns. Pseudoalveolar sarcoidosis is a rare presentation of sarcoidosis. The radiological finding is an alveolar pattern that involves or compresses the alveoli by clustered interstitial granuloma. A 58-year-old man was admitted due to incidental findings of a unilateral consolidative lesion as seen on chest radiography. A chest computed tomography (CT) examination showed multiple bronchoalveolar consolidations that were suspicious of a malignancy. However, a percutaneous needle biopsy revealed non-caseating granuloma with an asteroid body that was compatible with sarcoidosis. After one month, the consolidative lesions improved without any treatment.