• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.293-296
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• 2008

This study was carried to select artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) varieties that can be cultivated in non-heated greenhouse during winter in Jeju Island in Korea. Artichoke varieties namely, 'Purple Romagna' (Neseed Co.), 'Imperial Star' (Keithley Williams Seed Co.), 'Green Globe' (Park Seed Co.), 'Emerald' (Ferry-morse Seed Co.), 'Italian' (Unknown), and 'Carciofo Di Romagna' (Lortolano), were raised in a plug tray with 72 cells for two months and transplanted in a non-heated greenhouse on October 5, 2004. The first harvesting of 'Emerald' and 'Imperial Star' were the earliest and April 26 and 27, 2005 respectively. Most of the varieties were harvested from early May to June 2005. The number of head per plant was the highest in 'Green Globe' with more than five heads and the lowest were recorded in 'Italian' with one head or less. The weight of heads per plant was more than 228 g in 'Purple Romagna', 'Imperial Star' and 'Green Globe'. The highest yield was in 'Green Globe' with 2,172 kg/10a, followed by 'Imperial Star' with 1,947 kg/10a. Accordingly, it is considered that 'Green Globe' and 'Imperial Star' are adequate for the high-yield cultivation in non-heated greenhouse in Jeju Island. They can be harvested from the April to June when cultivated from the early October of the previous year.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-33
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• 1998

Root zone temperature have influenced on protected cultivation in winter season. Especially root zone temperature is acted on limiting factor in crop cultivation. This study was conducted to obtain optimum temperature of root zone in Protected cultivation Root zone was warmed by heated water($28^{\circ}C$) flowing through the PPC pipe(${\phi}15$) buried depth 40 cm. And the flowing water was heated by solar system. Minimum air temperature during night time was set at $14^{\circ}C$ and maximum air temperature during day time was set at $28~30^{\circ}C$ the growing period of cucumber was from Nov. 6, 1996 to Jan. 30, 1997. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Average soil temperature at 15~20 cm depth was $22^{\circ}C$ at warming plots, $17~18^{\circ}C$ at non-warming plots 2. Early growth in leaf length, stem diameter, number of leaves and leaf area for 30 days after planting were accelerated by root zone warming. Especially, the grawing rate of soil warming plots was higher 27% in leaf length, 51% in leaf number, 150% in leaf area than non-warming Plots. Above-ground and underground part of warming plots was higher 117%, 56% than non-warming plots. 3. In total yield analysis, number of fruits were 614 in soil warming and 313 in non-warming plots. In the result, total yield of soil warming plots was increased with 196% than non-warming plots. 3. In total yield analysis. number of fruits were 614 in soil warming and 313 in non-warming plots. In the result. total yield of soil warming plots was increased with 196% than non-warming plots.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2014

Purpose: This paper is aimed at analyzing the heating performance of the vertical closed loop type Geothermal Heat Pump System (GHPS) distributing the farm site and providing basic data of the GHPS. Method: Seedling greenhouse heating was made from October 2012 to May 2013. The seedling greenhouse was divided into 4 sectors (A, B, C and D zone, total $3,300m^2$) with different temperatures. It was heated from 5PM to 8AM, and during the night the greenhouse was covered by non-woven fabric thermal curtains along the upper 2m of the greenhouse for temperature maintenance. In order to analyze the heating performance of the GHPS, power consumption and operating time of the GHPS, inlet and outlet water temperature of the condenser, temperatures of each zone of the greenhouse, and ambient temperature were measured. Results: When operating only one heat pump unit, heat generated in the condenser decreased as the experiment progressed and power consumption increased correspondingly. However, the heating coefficient of performance decreased from 3.3 to 2.0 rapidly. Also, when operating two heat pump units, heat generated in the condenser decreased and power consumption increased. Heating coefficient of performance decreased from 4.5 to 3.7 rapidly. When the set temperature of the greenhouse was $13.7{\sim}20.1^{\circ}C$ and minimum ambient temperature was $-20.8{\sim}4.8^{\circ}C$, the annually accumulated heat and power consumption were 520,623 kW, 142,304 kW, respectively. Conclusion: When the set temperature of the greenhouse was $13.7{\sim}20.1^{\circ}C$ and the minimum ambient temperature was $20.8{\sim}4.8^{\circ}C$, the annually accumulated heat and power consumption were 520,623 kW, 142,304 kW, respectively. When operating only one heat pump unit, the heating COP was 2.0~3.3, and when operating 2 heat pump units, it was 3.7~4.5. If several heat pumps are installed in one GHPS, it is suggested that all heat pumps be operated except in special cases. Because the scale of the water pumps are set to the scale of when all heat pump units are operating, if even one unit is not operating, the power consumption will increase. That becomes the cause of COP decrease.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Bio-Environment Control Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.34-37
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• 2003

1980년대 이후 비닐하우스를 이용하여 수박, 참외, 딸기, 오이, 토마토, 풋고추, 상추, 배추, 시금치와 같은 채소류와 장미, 국화, 카네이션, 나리와 같은 화훼류 등에서 농업의 생산성을 크게 향상시켰다. 특히 2001년도를 기준으로 33조원에 달하는 농업총생산액 가운데 이들 시설채소류의 생산액은 9% 정도인 3조원에 이른다. 시설원예라고 불리는 이 농업분야는 추운 겨울에도 신선한 채소를 공급함으로서 식생활 개선에 크게 이바지하고, 다양한 꽃을 연중 보급하여 삶의 질을 향상시켰다. (중략)

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of planting times on the growth and yield of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) in non-heated greenhouse in Jeju Island ($33^{\circ}28.110N,\;126^{\circ}31.076E$), Korea. Five transplanting dates (from Feb. 25 to Apr. 30) of the first half of the year and six transplanting dates (from July 30 to Dec. 15) of the second half of the year were compared. In the spring cycle, most of the flower buds emerged from May to June, and the emergence was slightly earlier in 'Imperial Star' than in 'Green Globe'. The earliest harvest on June 16 was 'Imperial Star' which was planted on Feb. 25. The highest yield of 856 kg/10a was observed in 'Imperial Star' which was planted on Feb. 25. Transplanting of the first half of the year, it was impossible to harvest in the same year when the planting was done after April 15 since the flower buds were not emerged. The flower buds emerged from late Feb. to middle April of the following year in the all planting times of the second half of the year. It was possible to harvest the first time in early April. The highest yield was 2,127 kg/10a in 'Green Globe' which was planted on July 30, and the yields decreased as the planting times were delayed. In the comparisons of planting times of artichoke, it would be recommendable to plant artichoke on Feb. 25 for the same year harvest and in July 30~Oct. 15 for the following year harvest in Jeju Island non-heated greenhouse cultivation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.212-217
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of nursery period on growth and yield attribute of green papaya (var. Red lady). The nursery period was 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13 months and the green papaya was transplanted on 15 April, 2015 in a non-heated greenhouse. The plant height, node number and fresh weight of nursery plant were increased as the nursery periods increased. The growth of green papaya with 13 months nursery period was better than those of other treatments. First harvest after transplanting was increased as the nursery periods were shorten. It took 137 days (18 August) at 13 months treatment, and 184 days (2 October) at 3 months treatment. The fruit length and diameter were smallest at 3 months treatment and there was no significant difference among other treatments. The fruit yield was also influenced by the nursery periods, the commercial yield was also increased as the nursery periods increased. The commercial yield was highest at 13 months treatment (3,172kg/10a), followed by 11 (2,247kg/10a) and 9 months treatment (2,357kg/10a). At 7 and 5 months treatment were 1,942kg/10a and 1,787kg/10a, respectively and the yield was lowest at 3 months treatment (1,443kg/10a). The commercial yield was significantly decreased under 7 months treatment. Although the harvest time of 11 months treatment was earlier than that of other treatments in non-heated greenhouse, 9 month treatment will be more recommendable for green papaya production because of operating costs.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.200-205
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• 2016

This study was conducted in order to investigate the effects that the difference of planting time by a method of cultivation in the non-heated greenhouse and the open field with spring planting had on growth and yield. With regard to the tested variety of Momordica charantia, variety 'Dragon' (Japan Yae 農藝) was selected. And 3 treatments on March 20, April 5 and April 20 for the greenhouse cultivation and 3 treatments on April 20, May 5 and May 20 for the open-field cultivation 1 month later than those for the greenhouse cultivation were planted by the randomized complete block design, and 4 secondary vines were trained. In the results of examining 15-day average atmospheric temperature after planting according to the methods of greenhouse and open-field cultivation and planting time, it was shown that there was a tendency for atmospheric temperature inside the greenhouse to decrease as the planting time was moved up. In particular, the average atmospheric temperature was $16.7^{\circ}C$ when seedling was planted on April 20 in the open-field cultivation, which was approximately equal to $17.0^{\circ}C$ of the average atmospheric temperature when a seedling was planted on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation. With regard to the date of first harvest by the method of cultivation, it was shown that there was a tendency for the date of first harvest to be earlier in the greenhouse cultivation than in the open-field cultivation, and the date of first harvest was moved up as a seedling was planted earlier for the planting period. The number and weight of harvested fruits per plant showed a tendency which was almost similar to that of total number of harvest days and number of harvests. Thus, the number of fruits was 189 and the weight of fruits was 31,649g in case of the greenhouse cultivation and planting on March 20, which were maximum. In case of planting on the latest planting date : May 20 in the open-field cultivation, the number of fruits was 77 and the weight of fruits was 12,502g, which were at a level of 40% of those of planting on March 20 in the greenhouse cultivation 2 months earlier. The total yield per 10a was 10,228kg in the greenhouse cultivation and was 2.2 times as heavy as 4,607kg in the open-field cultivation with regard to the method of cultivation. For the planting period in the greenhouse cultivation, it was 10,539kg and 10,517kg in planting on March 20 and April 5, which was higher by 9% than 9,629kg in planting on April 20. And in the open-field cultivation, it was 4,785kg in planting on April 20 and 4,872kg in planting on May 5, which was higher by 15~17% than 4,163kg in planting on May 20. Taking the above results into account, it is considered proper to plant Momordica charantia from March 20 to April 5 for the greenhouse cultivation and from April 20 to May 5 or thereabouts when a risk of late frost is gone for the open-field cultivation in southern area.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.126-135
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• 2019

Background: The ginseng ginsenosides, which have various physiological activities, are known to be more abundant in the leaves than in the roots, and the consumers' interest in ginseng sprout as a functional vegetable has been increasing. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of growth period on growth properties, active ingredients and rheology of ginseng sprouts cultivated in a non-heated greenhouse equipped with a shade net for 60 days, starting from the end of May to the middle of July. The chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased, but their length and width increased with increasing cultivation days. In particular, growth increased significantly until 40 days, but only slightly after 50 days. The stem length did not increase greatly from the 20 th to the 30 th day of cultivation, but increased significantly from the 30 th to the 40 th day, and then further increased gradually. The weight of the leaves, stems, and roots increased slightly, but not change significantly. After 40 days of cultivation, the total ginsenoside content increased by 1.07 times in the leaves and decreased by 0.80 times in the roots with increasing cultivation days. The leaf contents of ginsenosides $Rg_1$, Re, $Rb_1$, Rc, $F_3$ and $F_4$ increased with increasing cultivation days. The rheological properties of ginseng sprout showed the greatest influence on stem hardening with increasing cultivation days. Conclusions: Therefore, based on the growth characteristics, active ingredients and physical properties, 40 days after sowing was considered to be an appropriate harvesting time for ginseng sprouts.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.173-177
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• 2015

This experiment was conducted to determined the optimum planting density for the production of high quality bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) adapted in spring cultivation with the unheated greenhouse condition. 'Erave' variety was planted at three different planting densities (235, 305, $380plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) on March 26. The training method was six lateral vines with pinching the main one. The light intensity was lower in the higher planting density than the lower one. Net photosynthetic rates of the bitter gourd leaves in the higher density were significantly lower (41 to 71%) than the lower one. There was no difference in the fruit characteristics among treatments. But the root weight was heavier in the lower planting density ($235plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) as 113.1g than 96.0g of the higher planting density ($380plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). The number of the harvested fruit also higher in the lower planting density ($235plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) with 60.7 than 39.9 of the higher planting density ($380plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). The average fruit weight was the highest in the plot of $305plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ as 338.7g and lowest in the lower planting density ($235plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) as 285.2g. The total yield of $305plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ density was $5,359kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$, which was higher than $4,068kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ of the lower planting density ($235plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). Marketable yield was increased by 24% in the planting density of $305plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$($4,767kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) as compared to the lower density in $235plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$($3,629kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$) and increased by 13% in the planting density as $380plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$($4,137kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$). Therefore, the planting density of bitter gourd was desirable in $305plants{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ density for the higher yield and quality in the protected cultivation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to determine the appropriate temperature for water curtain in greenhouses equipped with recirculated water curtain system. The study analyzed the changes in air temperature in non-heated greenhouses for strawberry cultivation based on outdoor temperature, water curtain temperature and night time. Three greenhouse units were used for this study: The first unit was assigned as a control (no water curtain system), two other greenhouses were equipped with recirculated water curtain system with water curtain temperatures of $10^{\circ}C$ and $15^{\circ}C$, respectively. Analysis showed that the indoor temperatures were directly correlated with the outdoor temperature in all experimental greenhouses. Heat insulating effect of $15^{\circ}C$ water curtain was increased by $1.3^{\circ}C$ compared to that in $10^{\circ}C$ water curtain system. The $15^{\circ}C$ water curtain treatment showed the highest average temperature and less temperature variation in comparison with control and $10^{\circ}C$ water curtain treatment. To maintain indoor temperature at $5^{\circ}C$, water curtain temperature of $10^{\circ}C$ was suitable when outdoor minimum and average temperatures were -1.3 and $1.5^{\circ}C$, and water curtain temperature of $15^{\circ}C$ was suitable when outdoor minimum and average temperatures were -4.7 and $-0.2^{\circ}C$, respectively. The highest temperature in greenhouses according to measurements in different periods of night time was observed after sunset (18:30-20:30), and the lowest temperature before sunrise (05:00-07:00). Water curtain maintained a target indoor temperature by acting as a layer of heat transfer insulator which decreased heat loss from greenhouses. Therefore, water temperature in recirculating water curtain systems should be determined by considering outdoor temperatures, changes in temperature at different periods of night time, and cultivated crop.