• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2018

Existing reinforced concrete building structures have seismic vulnerabilities due to their seismically-deficient details resulting in non-ductile behavior. The seismic vulnerabilities can be mitigated by retrofitting the buildings using a fiber-reinforced polymer column jacketing system, which can provide additional confining pressures to existing columns to improve their lateral resisting capacities. This study presents dynamic responses of a full-scale non-ductile reinforced concrete frame retrofitted using a fiber-reinforced polymer column jacketing system. A series of forced-vibration testing was performed to measure the dynamic responses (e.g. natural frequencies, story drifts and column/beam rotations). Additionally, the dynamic responses of the retrofitted frame were compared to those of the non-retrofitted frame to investigate effectiveness of the retrofit system. The experimental results demonstrate that the retrofit system installed on the first story columns contributed to reducing story drifts and column rotations. Additionally, the retrofit scheme helped mitigate damage concentration on the first story columns as compared to the non-retrofitted frame.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제51권5호
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• pp.487-498
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• 2024

Steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) typically have inter-story drift concentrations at lower stories during earthquakes as found from previous research. Hinged walls (HWs) can be used as structural strengthening components to force the MRFs deform uniformly along the building height. However, large moment demands are often observed on HWs and make the design of HWs non-economical. This paper proposes a method to reduce the moment demand on HWs using a ductile connection system between the MRFs and the HWs. The ductile connection system is designed with a yield strength and energy dissipation capacity, for the purpose of limiting the seismic forces transferred to the HWs and dissipating seismic energy. Nonlinear time history analyses were performed using 10 far-filed earthquakes at maximum considered earthquake level. The analysis results show that the proposed ductile connection system can reduce: (1) seismic moment demands in the HWs; (2) floor accelerations; (3) the connection force between HWs and MRFs.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

철근콘크리트 구성요소에 대한 비탄성 거동 모델 개발은 철근콘크리트 구조물에 대한 성능기반 내진평가의 정밀도 향상에 있어 매우 중요한 요소로 본 연구에서는 지진과 같은 불규칙 반복 하중에 대한 철근콘크리트 구조물의 비선형 동적응답을 예측함에 있어 콘크리트 구성모델의 특성에 따른 민감도를 고찰하고자 하였다. 해석결과에 따르면 구속된 코어 콘크리트 모델과 일반 콘크리트의 구성모델은 동적응답에 큰 영향을 끼치지 않았으나 철근의 경우에 층간변위와 관련하여 구성모델에 따른 동적거동은 매우 민감하게 응답하는 것으로 나타났으며, 몇 개 층에서의 층간변위는 그 차이가 철근 구성모델 선택에 따라 2배 이상 차이 나는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 Non-ductile과 Ductile 골조 공히 비선형 동적해석을 수행하는데 있어 정밀한 철근 구성모델의 선택은 매우 중요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2022

EDCC (Eco-Friendly Ductile Cementitious Composites) is a recently created class of engineered cementitious composites that exhibit extremely high ductility and elastoplastic behavior under pure tension. EDCC contains reduced amounts of cement and very large volumes of fly ash. Due to these properties, EDCC has become one of the solutions to use in seismic upgrading. This paper discloses previous studies and research that discussed the seismic upgrading of unreinforced, non-grouted, unconfined, and non-load bearing masonry walls which are called URM infill walls using the EDCC technique. URM infill wall is one of the weak links in the building structure to withstand the earthquake waves, as the brittle behavior of the URM infill walls behaves poorly during seismic events. The purpose of this study is to fill a knowledge gap about the theoretical and experimental ways to use the EDCC in URM infill walls. The findings reflect the ability of the EDCC to change the behavior from brittle to ductile to a certain percentage behavior, increasing the overall drift before collapse as it increases the energy dissipation, and resists significant shaking under extensive levels with various types and intensities.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.105-112
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• 2019

본 논문은 비내진 상세를 갖는 철근콘크리트 골조 및 필로티 건물의 보강방법으로 높은 연성을 갖는 ECC를 적용한 PC 벽판을 내진 보강요소로 사용하고자 하였다. PC 벽판의 형상비 및 설치 위치를 변수로 RC 골조에 대한 반복가력실험을 실시하여 내진성능을 평가하였다. 실험결과 PC 벽판을 보강함에 따라 기존 RC 골조의 내력 증진, 강도저하 방지, 강성증진 및 에너지 소산능력 향상에 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 실험결과를 근거로 비내진 상세를 갖는 골조의 강도 증진을 위하여 ECC PC 벽판을 골조의 중앙에 설치하고 연성증진을 위하여 세장한 벽판을 골조의 양측면에서 설치할 것을 제안한다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.457-472
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• 2021

Reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in Taiwan have suffered failure from strong earthquakes, which was magnified by the non-ductile detailing frames. Inadequate reinforcement as a consequence of the design philosophy prior to the introduction of current standards resulted in severe damage in the column and beam-column joint (BCJ). This study establishes a finite element analysis (FEA) of the non-ductile detailing RC column, BCJ, and three-story building that was previously tested through a tri-axial shaking table test. The results were then validated to laboratory specimens having the exact same dimensions and properties. FEA simulation integrates the concrete damage plasticity model and the elastic-perfectly plastic model for steel. The load-displacement responses of the column and BCJ specimens obtained from FEA were in a reasonable agreement with the experimental curves. The resulting initial stiffness and maximum base shear were found to be a close approximation to the experimental results. Also, the findings of a dynamic analysis of the three-story building showed that the time-history data of acceleration and displacement correlated well with the shaking table test results. This indicates the FEA implementation can be effectively used to predict the RC frame performance and failure mode under seismic loads.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.69-84
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• 2023

This paper proposes a novel frame element on Winkler-Pasternak foundation for analysis of a non-ductile reinforced concrete (RC) member resting on foundation. These structural members represent flexural-shear critical members, which are commonly found in existing buildings designed and constructed with the old seismic design standards (inadequately detailed transverse reinforcement). As a result, these structures always experience shear failure or flexure-shear failure under seismic loading. To predict the characteristics of these non-ductile structures, efficient numerical models are required. Therefore, the novel frame element on Winkler-Pasternak foundation with inclusion of the shear-flexure interaction effect is developed in this study. The proposed model is derived within the framework of a displacement-based formulation and fiber section model under Timoshenko beam theory. Uniaxial nonlinear material constitutive models are employed to represent the characteristics of non-ductile RC frame and the underlying foundation. The shear-flexure interaction effect is expressed within the shear constitutive model based on the UCSD shear-strength model as demonstrated in this paper. From several features of the presented model, the proposed model is simple but able to capture several salient characteristics of the non-ductile RC frame resting on foundation, such as failure behavior, soil-structure interaction, and shear-flexure interaction. This confirms through two numerical simulations.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.699-712
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• 2017

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a newly developed retrofitting scheme for masonry-infilled non-ductile RC frames experimentally and by numerical simulation. The technique focuses on modifying the load path and yield mechanism of the infilled frame to enhance the ductility. A vertical gap between the column and the infill panel was strategically introduced so that no shear force is directly transferred to the column. Steel brackets and small vertical steel members were then provided to transfer the interactive forces between the RC frame and the masonry panel. Wire meshes and high-strength mortar were provided in areas with high stress concentration and in the panel to further reduce damage. Cyclic load tests on a large-scale specimen of a single-bay, single-story, masonry-infilled RC frame were carried out. Based on those tests, the retrofitting scheme provided significant improvement, especially in terms of ductility enhancement. All retrofitted specimens clearly exhibited much better performances than those stipulated in building standards for masonry-infilled structures. A macro-scale computer model based on a diagonal-strut concept was also developed for predicting the global behavior of the retrofitted masonry-infilled frames. This proposed model was effectively used to evaluate the global responses of the test specimens with acceptable accuracy, especially in terms of strength, stiffness and damage condition.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.43-54
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• 2019

Existing reinforced concrete frame buildings designed for only gravity loads have been seismically vulnerable due to their inadequate column detailing. The seismic vulnerabilities can be mitigated by the application of a column retrofit technique, which combines high-strength near surface mounted bars with a fiber reinforced polymer wrapping system. This study presents the full-scale shaker testing of a non-ductile frame structure retrofitted using the combined retrofit system. The full-scale dynamic testing was performed to measure realistic dynamic responses and to investigate the effectiveness of the retrofit system through the comparison of the measured responses between as-built and retrofitted test frames. Experimental results demonstrated that the retrofit system reduced the dynamic responses without any significant damage on the columns because it improved flexural, shear and lap-splice resisting capacities. In addition, the retrofit system contributed to changing a damage mechanism from a soft-story mechanism (column-sidesway mechanism) to a mixed-damage mechanism, which was commonly found in reinforced concrete buildings with strong-column weak-beam system.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2021

Existing old reinforced concrete buildings could be vulnerable to earthquakes because they were constructed without satisfying seismic design and detail requirements. In current seismic design standards, the target collapse probability for a given Maximum Considered Earthquake (MCE) ground-shaking hazard is defined as 10% for ordinary buildings. This study aims to estimate the collapse probabilities of a three-story, old, reinforced concrete building designed by only considering gravity loads. Four different seismic design categories (SDC), A, B, C, and D, are considered. This study reveals that the RC building located in the SDC A region satisfies the target collapse probability. However, buildings located in SDC B, C, and D regions do not meet the target collapse probability. Since the degree of exceedance of the target probability increases with an increase in the SDC level, it is imminent to retrofit non-ductile RC buildings similar to the model building. It can be confirmed that repair and reinforcement of old reinforced concrete buildings are required.