• Title/Summary/Keyword: non-agricultural pesticides

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Survey on pesticide use by chinese cabbage growers in gangwon alpine farmland (강원도 고냉지대 배추 경작자들의 농약 사용 실태)

  • Kim, Song-Mun;Choi, Hae-Jin;Kim, Hee-Yeon;Lee, Dong-Kyung;Kim, Tae-Han;Ahn, Mun-Sub;Hur, Jang-Hyun
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.6 no.4
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    • pp.250-256
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    • 2002
  • The objective was to know if chinese cabbage growers in Gangwon alpine farmland control agricultural pests including weeds effectively and use pesticide properly. Examiners visited 185 farmers at Taebaek, Pyongchang, and Jeongseon and surveyed 33 questions on pest control methods pesticide use. Chinese cabbage farmers have noxious plant diseases such as clubroot, bacterial soft rot, downy mildew, anthracnose, and mosaic disease, and also noxious insects such as diamondback moth, aphid, beet armyworm, common cabbage worm, and Japanese native slug. In addition, farmers have noxious weeds such as common chickweed, marsh pepper, hairy crabgrass, common purslane, and horseweed. To control diseases and insects, 51.3% of farmers used many chemical agents, while 20.7% of farmers used chemical agents with too much emphasis on paraquat and glyphosate to control weeds: 87.2% of the answered farmers have a preference of the both non-selective herbicides. Farmers in the survey area selected pesticides on the basis of their own experience and sales managers' recommendation (84.2%) which results in the use of inappropriate pesticides such diniconazole. Many farmers have experienced phytotoxicities (46.7%) and pesticide poisoning (51.2%). We conclude that a systematic educational program for the proper selection and use of pesticides should be conducted for chinese cabbage growers in Gangwon alpine farmland.

Residual Characteristics and Safety Assessments of Bifenthrin, Carbendazim and Metconazole in Angelica gigas Nakai (당귀 중 bifenthrin, carbendazim, metconazole의 잔류 특성 및 안전성 평가)

  • Jeong, Hye Rim;Noh, Hyun Ho;Lee, Jae Yun;Park, Hyo Kyoung;Jin, Me Jee;Kim, Jin Chan;Hong, Su Myeong;Kyung, Kee Sung
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.21 no.1
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    • pp.97-105
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    • 2017
  • This study was carried out to determine residual characteristics and to evaluate safety of bifenthrin, carbendazim and metconazole in minor crop, Angelica gigas Nakai. The test pesticides were sprayed onto the crop according to the combinations of spray days before harvest and frequency and then sampling was performed at the harvest day. Non-systemic pesticide bifenthrin was not detected in all samples, whereas systemic pesticides, carbendazim and metconazole, were detected from the crop in the range of from 0.14 to 0.49 and from 0.19 to 0.26, respectively. These results indicated that residual characteristics of the test pesticides in Angelica gigas Nakai were affected by their systemic properties. Also, residual concentration of carbendazim and metconazole in the crop was increased as more spraying frequency and spraying more closer to harvest day. And residual concentration of carbendazim in the crop on the last spraying day was 2.1 times higher than that of metconazole because nominal spraying dose of carbendazim was higher than that of metconazole by 1.9 times. The residue levels of the test pesticides in the crop were evaluated to be safe, considering their %ADIs were less than 0.9%.

Public Health Risks: Chemical and Antibiotic Residues - Review -

  • Lee, M.H.;Lee, H.J.;Ryu, P.D.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.14 no.3
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    • pp.402-413
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    • 2001
  • Food safety is a term broadly applied to food quality that may adversely affect human health. These include zoonotic diseases and acute and chronic effects of ingesting natural and human-made xenobiotics. There are two major areas of concern over the presence of residues of antibiotics in animal-derived foodstuffs with regard to human health. The first is allergic reactions. Some antibiotics, such as penicillins can evoke allergic reactions even though small amounts of them are ingested or exposed by parenteral routes. The second is development of antibiotic resistance in gut bacteria of human. Recently multi-resistant pneumococcal, glycopeptide-resistant enterococci and gram negative bacteria with extended-spectrum $\beta$-lactamases have spread all over the world, and are now a serious therapeutic problem in human. Although it is evident that drugs are required in the efficient production of meat, milk and eggs, their indiscriminate use should never be substituted for hygienic management of farm. Drug should be used only when they are required. In addition to veterinary drugs, environmental contaminants that were contaminated in feed, water and air can make residues in animal products. Mycotoxins, heavy metals, pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals derived from industries can be harmful both to animal and human health. Most of organic contaminants, such as dioxin, PCBs and DDT, and metals are persistent in environment and biological organisms and can be accumulated in fat and hard tissues. Some of them are suspected to have endocrine disrupting, carcinogenic, teratogenic, immunodepressive and nervous effects. The governmental agencies concerned make efforts to prevent residue problems; approval of drugs including withdrawal times of each preparation of drugs, establishment of tolerances, guidelines regarding drug use and sanitation enforcement of livestock products. National residue program is conducted to audit the status of the chemical residues in foods. Recently HACCP has been introduced to promote food safety from farm to table by reducing hazardous biological, chemical and physical factors. Animal Production Food Safety Program, Quality Assurance Programs, Food Animal Residue Avoidance Databank are para- or non-governmental activities ensuring food safety. This topic will cover classification and usage or sources of chemical residues, their adverse effects, and chemical residue status of some countries. Issues are expanded to residue detection methodologies, toxicological and pharmacokinetic backgrounds of MRL and withdrawal time establishments, and the importance of non-governmental activities with regard to reducing chemical residues in food.

Population of Pesticide Resistant Strains in Cultivated Soils of Honam Area and Degradation of Chlorothalonil in soil (호남지역 농경지 토양에 분포된 농약내성균의 밀도와 살균제 Chlorothalonil의 분해)

  • Lee, Sang-Bok;Choi, Yoon-Hee
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.34 no.3
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    • pp.185-191
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    • 2001
  • To obtain the basic information for degradation of remaining pesticide accumulated in cultivated soil of Honam area, the resistant bacterial strains were investigated in Chlorothalonil(TPN). Mancozeb, Bentazone, and Butachlor levels of 100, $500{\mu}g\;ml^{-1}$, and degradation of TPN by TPN-resistant bacteria in sterilized soil was studied under TPN levels 0, 10, 50 and $100{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$. A number of resistance strains were decreased with higher at concentration level of pesticide, and were higher in greenhouse than upland or paddy soil. The resistance of bacteria was strong in other of Bentazone> Butachlor> TPN> Mancozeb. The percentage of bacterial strains of resistance for pesticides isolated from the cultivated soil were the highest in Acinetobacter spp. and Corynebacterium spp., and the lowest in Moraxella spp. A number of TPN-resistant strains were the highest at the TPN level of $10{\mu}g\;g^{-1}$, and 5 days after strains inoculation, and were higher in Pseudomonas spp. TD-25 than TC-23 or strains in non-sterilized soil. The degradation of TPN was fast in order of strain TD-25>strain in non-sterilized soil >TC-23.

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Low Dose Effect and Non Monotonic Dose Responses(NMDRs) and its Medical Meaning - Focusing on A New Paradigm of Dose-Response Relationship - (Low Dose Effect와 Non Monotonic Dose Responses(NMDRs) 그리고 의학적 의미 - 용량-반응관계의 새로운 패러다임을 중심으로 -)

  • Sung, Angela Dongmin;Shin, Jeeyoun;Lee, Seungeun;Park, Songmi;Oh, Yeonji;Lee, Sundong
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.145-159
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    • 2016
  • Objectives : The aim was to investigate the characteristics of low dose effect and non monotonic dose responses(NMDRs) and to predict the influence it might have on the health and medicine, traditional Korean medicine. Methods : By investigating recently published major literatures related to low dose effect and NMDRs, the definition, mechanism, major related fields, and the influence on public health and medicine has been categorized and summarized. Results : Although there are still heated debates about the definition of low dose, it implies the biological responses in environmental exposure level and the NDMDRs means the nonlinear relationship between the dose-response in the slope sign change. Also, it implies the new form of the curve showing a U, reverse U shape, and the slop sign constantly changing showing various forms. This mechanism is because the two acceptor shows opposing effects to toxic materials and the affinity is different along with the numerical value that increase and decrease being different. These characteristics generally appear in endocrine disrupters such as bisphenol A, agricultural pesticides, metal, and radiation. The research field in the public health and medical treatment is obesity, problems in metabolism, growth hormone treatment, climacteric treatment, breast cancer, intake of Korean traditional medicine for pregnancy, menopause and phytoestrogen. Conclusions : As a result of discussing implications, NMDRs is a particular effect in low dose and heated debates surround this response, research is being conducted surrounding the field of obesity, problems in metabolism, growth hormone treatment, climacteric treatment, breast cancer, intake of Korean traditional medicine for pregnancy, menopause, and phytoestrogen. More research and interest in needed as it can have a massive influence in the public health and medicine.

Studies on Persistence of Pesticides in Soils and Crops under Polyethylene Film Mulching Culture;III. Persistence of Soil Insecticides Endosulfan, Fonofos and Ethoprophos (폴리에틸렌 멀칭재배시(栽培時) 농약(農藥)의 토양(土壤) 및 작물체중(作物體中) 잔류(殘留)에 관한 연구(硏究);제(第)3보(報) 토양살충제 Endosulfan, Fonofos, Ethoprophos의 잔류성(殘留性))

  • Ryang, Hwan-Seung;Moon, Young-Hee;Kim, Nak-Eung
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.7 no.1
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    • pp.8-13
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    • 1988
  • This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of polyethylene film(P.E.) mulching on degradation of the soil insecticides, endosulfan(6,7,8,9,10,10-hexachloro-1,5,5a,6,9,9a-hexahydro-6,9-methano-2,4,3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide), fonofos(O-ethyl S-phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), and ethorprophos(O-ethyl S, S-dipropyl phosphorodithioate) in red pepper, peanut, and sesame fields. Degradation of endosulfan, fonofos and ethoprophos in the soils under P.E. mulching and non-mulching followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives of fonofos, ethoprophos, ${\alpha}-$ and ${\beta}-endosulfan$ were $19{\sim}21$, $25{\sim}37$, $33{\sim}39$ and $56{\sim}81$ days, respectively. There were few differences in the half-lives of fonofos in either mulching or non-mulching concitions. However, half-lives of α-endosulfan, ethoprophos, and ${\beta}-endosulfan$ were 6, 12 and 25 days longer under P.E. mulching than under non-mulching conditions, respectively. The effect of P.E. mulching on degradation was remarkable for the slower degrading insecticides. Residues of ethoprophos in the harvested sesame under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.024 and 0.074ppm, respectively. Residues of fonofos in the harvested peanuts under P.E. mulching and non-mulching conditions were 0.078 and 0.017ppm, respectively. However, no endosulfan was detected in the harvested red peppers under either condition.

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Health Risk Evaluation of the Vinylhouse Workers with Exposure to Pesticide (비닐하우스 재배농민의 농약에 의한 인체 위해성 연구)

  • Yang, Jae-Ho;Park, Jung-Han
    • Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.107-118
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    • 1994
  • Health effects of pesticide among vinylhouse workers in Sangjoo County, Kyungpook Province were assessed by measuring cholinesterase, glutathion reductase, and methemoglobin. Activities of cholinesterases among vinylhouse workers and general farmers were 3.89U and 3.98U in serum and 5.29U and 5.50U in red blood cells, respectively. While levels of methemoglobin between vinylhouse workers(0.16%) and general farmers(0.17%) were very similar, glutathione reductase among vinylhouse workers were 8% lower than that of general farmers. Inhibition of RBC cholinesterase among vinylhouse workers was two times greater than general farmers, suggesting a greater exposure of vinylhouse workers to the organophosphate pesticides. Methemoglobin level among vinylhouse workers with more than or equal to 10 vinylhouse units was 13% higher than that of the workers with less than 10 units. Vinylhouse workers using protective gears during pesticide spray showed higher level of reduced glutathione and lower level of methemoglobin, as compared to the non-users. This indicates that protective gears play an important role against pesticide exposure. Vinylhouse workers practicing good personal hygiene showed a higher level of reduced glutathione, as compared to those with poor personal hygiene, indicating that personal hygiene is also an important factor in reducing pesticide exposure. The present study represents a first attempt to analyze cholinesterase, methemoglobin and glutathione reductase activities among the vinylhouse workers. While neither vinylhouse workers nor general farmers showed abnormal findings among biochemical parameters used in the present study, increased level of methemoglobin and decrease of glutathione reductase activity among vinylhouse workers suggest that these workers have been subject to a higher exposure of pesticide than general farmers.

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Probabilistic Exposure Assessment of Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products in Gyeonggi-do (경기도내 유통 농산물 중 잔류농약의 확률론적 노출평가 연구)

  • Do, Young-Sook;Kim, Jung-Boem;Kang, Suk-Ho;Kim, Nan-Young;Eom, Mi-Na;Yoon, Mi-Hye
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.117-125
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    • 2013
  • A probabilistic exposure assessment was performed on the monitoring data of pesticides were assessed in agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do from 2006 to 2010. Chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, dicofol, endosulfan, EPN, ethoprophos, fenitrothion, methidathion, phenthoate and tebupirimfos were assessed. For this assessment, we used Monte Carlo simulation software and the distribution of concentration and intake were assumed to lognormal distribution by inputting mean and standard deviation. The hazard index (HI, %ADI) of average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile based on a probabilistic method were usually lower than those by a deterministic one. For the whole population, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile showed 0.05~0.70% and 0.11~1.94%, respectively. When nondetects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 0.41~4.42% and 0.98~13.81%. For only consumers, when non-detects data were assigned 0 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 1.24~10.16% and 3.72~33.81%, respectively. When non-detects data were assigned 0.005 mg/kg, HI of the average value and the $95^{th}$ percentile were 3.43~18.26% and 9.45~54.99%, respectively. Methidathion had highest values when both of 0 and 0.005 were assigned to non-detecs data for consumers only. This study showed that agricultural products in Gyeonggi-do were safe because they had less than 100 of HI (%ADI) based on probabilistic exposure assessment.

Operator exposure risk assessment of benzimidazole fungicides on Korean agricultural condition (Benzimidazole계 살균제의 농작업자 위해성평가)

  • Lee, Je-Bong;Shin, Jin-Sup;Jeong, Mi-Hye;Park, Yeon-Ki;Im, Geon-Jae;Kang, Kyu-Young
    • The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.347-353
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    • 2005
  • Pesticide risk assessment for pesticide operators as well as for consumers has become one of the pesticide regulatory tools to reduce any unreasonable adverse health effects from pesticide use. The risk for pesticide operators can be quantified by comparing the acceptable operator exposure level(AOEL) with exposure level during pesticide application. This study is to evaluate the risk of benzimidazole fungicides application worker. The exposure level of pesticide applicators were calculated using Japanese operator exposure study tested with EPN 45% EC. The AOELs for pesticides were obtained dividing relevant lowest no observed abuse effect levels(NOAELs) for the exposure scenario into uncertainty factor, 100. For the non-cancer and cancer occupational risk assessment, $Q_1^*$ produced by US/EPA and life time average daily dose(LADD) calculated from average daily dose(ADD), treatment days per year, worked years for life time were used. Operator exposure for benzimidazole fungicides application were benomyl 0.2, carbendazim 0.36 and thiophanate-methyl 0.42 mg/kg/day. Short-term AOELs for benomyl, carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl were 0.3, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/kg/day, and long-term AOEL were 0.025, 0.025, 0.08 mg/kg/day, respectively. LADDs were benomyl 0.0038, carbendazim 0.0067, thiophanate-methyl 0.0081 mg/kg/day. The ratios of exposure to AOEL were $0.28{\sim}1.5$ for short-term and $3.73{\sim}9.88$ for long-term. Cancer risk for operator were $9.12{\times}10^{-6}$ for benomyl, $1.61{\times}10^{-5}$ for carbendazim and $1.13{\times}10^{-4}$ for thiophanate-methyl by the standard application scenario. The result showed 3 fungicides exceed the risk criteria, $1.0{\times}10^{-6}$. The above risk assessments were based upon conservative assumptions and therefore are believed to be protective of the applicator. To refine the risk at the more actual conditions, further risk assessment with more realistic data would be needed.

Investigation of Biological Characteristics of Rice Stem Borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) and Variation in its Occurrence Patterns Among Crops (작물별 이화명나방의 발생양상 변동과 생물적 특성 연구)

  • Choi, Nak Jung;Choi, June-Yeol;Lee, Bong-Choon;Kim, Sang-Min;Ra, Ji-Eun;Baik, Chai-Hun;Lee, Jong Jin
    • Journal of Environmental Science International
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    • v.26 no.1
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    • pp.47-54
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    • 2017
  • We analyzed the variation in occurrence time and intensity of attacks by the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) on several crops. This study aimed to understand how C. suppressalis damages crops and to utilize this basic data for the establishment of environment-friendly control methods like pheromone traps. This study surveyed the changes in occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis, biological characteristics of overwintering larvae, and the efficacy of different types of pheromone traps the years. We found similar occurrence patterns of C. suppressalis in different crops. In addition, occurrence time of the first generation was advanced. Overwintering larvae showed no difference in pupal period and weight compared to the non-overwintering ones. However, the larval period was reduced to 19.1 days in Miscanthus field, in contrast to that in the paddy fields. It was confirmed that larvae of C. suppressalis generally prefer the lower part of the stems of Miscanthus. Efficiency of the emergence trap was confirmed to be greater than that of the delta trap for capturing C. suppressalis adults. However, it is necessary to adjust the control period because of the advancement in occurring time of C. suppressalis in recent years. The larvae of C. suppressalis experience favorable environmental conditions for overwintering in Miscanthus fields. The major Miscanthus fields are generally located in the areas protected for sources of drinking water, owing to which spraying of chemical pesticides is very limited. The results of this study provide important inputs for the development of environment-friendly control methods.