• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.29-40
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• 2013

Two different kinds of nuclear power plants produce a substantial amount of spent fuel annually in Korea. According to the current projection, it is expected that around 60,000 MtU of spent fuel will be produced from 36 PWR and APR reactors and 4 CANDU reactors by the end of 2089. In 2006, KAERI proposed a conceptual design of a geological disposal system (called KRS, Korean Reference disposal System for spent fuel) for PWR and CANDU spent fuel, as a product of a 4-year research project from 2003 to 2006. The major result of the research was that it was feasible to construct a direct disposal system for 20,000 MtU of PWR spent fuels and 16,000 MtU of CANDU spent fuel in the Korean peninsula. Recently, KAERI and MEST launched a project to develop an advanced fuel cycle based on the pyroprocessing of PWR spent fuel to reduce the amount of HLW and reuse the valuable fissile material in PWR spent fuel. Thus, KAERI has developed a geological disposal system for high-level waste from the pyroprocessing of PWR spent fuel since 2007. However, since no decision was made for the CANDU spent fuel, KAERI improved the disposal density of KRS by introducing several improved concepts for the disposal canister. In this paper, the geological disposal systems developed so far are briefly outlined. The amount and characteristics of spent fuel and HLW, 4 kinds of disposal canisters, the characteristics of a buffer with domestic Ca-bentonite, and the results of a thermal design of deposition holes and disposal tunnels are described. The different disposal systems are compared in terms of their disposal density.

• Journal of the Korea Society for Simulation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.41-50
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• 2008

In this study, an improved scheme for distance-based registration (DBR) is proposed and its performance is analyzed. In the DBR, when a mobile station (MS) enters a new cell, it calculates the distance between last registered cell and current cell and registers its location if the distance reaches reference distance D. In this study, two-location DBR (TDBR) is proposed to improve the performance of the DBR. In the TDBR, an MS stores not only last registered location area (LA) but also previously registered LA, and then no registration is needed when the MS crosses two LAs stored already. However, since the TDBR may increase paging cost, trade-off is necessary between decreased registration cost and increased paging cost. In this study, the performances of two schemes are analyzed and compared using 2-dimensional random walk mobility model in hexagonal cell configuration. We show that our mathematical analysis is accurate by comparing with simulation. From the numerical results for various circumstances, it is shown that our proposed TDBR outperforms current DBR in most cases.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2000

Cannabigerol (1, CBG), methyl 4-[(2E)-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octad ienyl)oxy]-3-methoxybenzoate (2, DTM), 5-fluorouracil (3, FU) as a reference, and cannabidiol (4, CBD) were tested for their growth inhibitory effects against KB(ATCC NO, OCL 17) cell lines using two different assays, the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) assay and the sulforhod-amine B protein (SRB) assay. These compounds showed inhibitory activity in vitro in the micromolar range against KB cell lines. In general, the antitumor activities of these compounds (1, 2, 3 and 4) were dose-dependent over the micromolar concentration range of 1 to 100 M. The comparison of $IC_{50}$ values of these compounds in tumor cell lines showed that their susceptibility to these compounds decreases in the following order: DTM > CBD > 5-FU > CBG by MTT assay and DTM = CBD > 5-FU > CBG by SRB assay. CBG 1, DTM 2, 5-FU 3, and CBD 4 were tested for their cytotoxic effects on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts using two different assays, the MTT assay and SRB assay. These compounds exhibited potent cytotoxic activities in vitro in the micromolar range against NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. In general, the cytotoxic acivities of these compounds (1, 2, 3 and 4) were dose-dependent over the micromolar concentraion range of 1 to 100 M. The comparison of $CD_{50}$ values of these compounds in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts shows that their susceptibility to these compounds in decreases the following order(:) CBD > 5-FU > DTM > CBG by MTT assay, CBD > 5-FU > CBG > DTM by SRB assay. These results suggest that DTM 2 has the most growth-inhibitory activity against KB cell lines.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.337-364
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• 2001

Clinically the arthritis occupies much part of musculoskeletal diseases. The arthritis is subordinate to Bi-jeung in the oriental medicine. No matter what is the cause of the diseases, the lesions of the arthritis are mostly cartilages and bursa. But in process of the depravation bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments and blood are influenced and become new the lesions of the arthritis. it is important that the treatments of the oriental medicine must be objectified and we must absorb a good of the western medical treatments and understand the excellent study of the arthritis in the western medicine. This study was done to comply a reference of 56 master's theses on the cartilage of the western medicine. And these theses were classified by the college, time, treatments and topics. The following results were obtained in this study: 1. Whereas In the theses on the cartilages of the western medicine, Jung-ang and Catholic university have the more theses than any other universities. 2. Analysing the theses on the cartilages of the western medicine, we can classify them by the topics with the influence on the regeneration and culture of the cartilages, observation of the historical structure and the influence on the cartilages by the operation. 3. The theses of the influence on the regeneration and culture of the cartilages were the most, 48%, and the seceond was the influence on the cartilages by the operation.(22%) However the theses on the observation of the historical structure occupied 16%.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.28-30
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• 2013

A 66-year-old male with chronic alcoholism presented with tremor, gait disturbance, memory impairment, insomnia, decreased appetite, and confusion. The patient had been taking lithium daily for treatment of bipolar disorder. Brain CT showed no specific abnormality, and serum lithium and ammonia levels were 3.63 mEq/L (therapeutic range, 0.6~1.2 mEq/L) and $85{\mu}g/dL$ (reference range: $19{\sim}54{\mu}g/dL$), respectively. Therefore, the initial differential diagnosis included chronic lithium intoxication, hepatic encephalopathy, Wernicke encephalopathy, or alcohol withdrawal syndrome. Even with the provision of adequate hydration, the patient's neurologic status did not show improvement, so that lactulose enema, thiamine replacement, and continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration (CVVHDF) were started on the third admission day. By the fifth admission day he had made a rapid neurologic recovery, and was discharged on the 20th admission day. Therefore, CVVHDF might be a treatment for patients with chronic lithium intoxication, because, even if serum lithium concentration is normal, lithium concentration in the brain may be different from that of the serum.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.493-498
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• 2005

The safety assessment of Bifidobacterium longum SPM1205 isolated from healthy Koreans and this strain's inhibitory effects on fecal harmful enzymes of intestinal microflora were investigated. The overall safety of this strain was investigated during a feeding trial. Groups of SD rats were orally administered a test strain or commercial reference strain B. longum $1\times10^9\;CFU/kg$ body weight/day for four weeks. Throughout this time, their feed intake, water intake and live body weight were monitored. Fecal samples were periodically collected to test harmful enzyme activities of intestinal microflora. At the end of the four-week observation period, samples of blood, liver, spleen, kidney, and gut tissues were collected to determine for hematological parameters and histological differences. The results obtained in this experiment demonstrated that four weeks of consumption of this Bifidobacterium strain had no adverse effects on rat's general health status, blood biochemical parameters or histology. Therefore, it is likely to be safe for human use. Fecal harmful enzymes such as $\beta-glucosidase,\;\beta-glucuronidase$, tryptophanase and urease, were effectively inhibited during the administration of the B. longum SPM1205. These results suggested that this B. longum SPM 1205 could be used for humans as a probiotic strain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.127-144
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• 1998

According to the above, Myungsunrock(明善錄) written by 'Hansuckji(韓錫地);A.D.$1709{\sim}1803$' advocated his idea as well as criticized theory of 'Zhu Zi(朱子)' and influnced of the theory of 'SaSang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學)' established by 'Lee Je-ma(李濟馬)' indirectly and directly inlater. Therefore it was as follows that the conclusion of the contents of Myungsunrock' and the philosophical basis of 'SaSang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學)’. 1. Hansuckji was the 'Choungju Hanssi Rhevinyungongpa(淸州 韓氏) 禮'賓 尹a公n派)’ and descendanted with of the founder of his family and he was born in 1709, dead in 1803 at 95 age 2. Hansuckji was a scholar of a 'Yang Ming(陽明)’ that criticized study of 'Zhu Zi' and the group of 'Song(宋)' 3. Hansuckji defined that "Ge(格) is Zheng(正)". 4. Hansuckji advocated 'Zhi Xing He Yi Shuo(知行合一說)' 5. Hansuckji advocated that (we must) reach the 'Ming Shan(明善)' through the study and the means of 'Ming Shan' is as like as the means of 'Zhi Liang Zhi(致良知)' 6. Hansuckji explained of theory of 'Tiyong(體用)' instead of deviding into 'Tian Ren Xin Ming Li Qi(天 人 性 命 理 氣)' 7. The thought of Hansuckji delivered the theory of 'SaSang Constitutional Medicine(四象醫學:' established Lee Je-ma(李濟馬) directly and indirectly 8. Hansuckji is the first class of the scholars of 'Yang Ming' that included the contents of theory of 'Yang Ming' among the 'Yanlun(言論), directly 9. Lee Je-ma was obviously the third class of the scholars of 'Yang Ming' which advocating fundamental spirit of his whole life but he had no reference of the study of 'Yang Ming'.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2007

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bioequivalence of two donepezil tablets, $Aricept^{TM}$ tablet (Dae Woong Pharm. Co., Ltd., Korea, reference drug) and $Donpezil^{TM}$ tablet (Dong Wha Pharm. Ind. Co., Ltd., Korea, test drug), according to the guidelines of Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Twenty-four healthy male Korean volunteers received one tablet containing donepezil hydorchloride 10 mg in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a three-week washout period between the doses. Plasma concentrations of donepezil were monitored by an LC-MS/MS far over a period of 240 hr after the administration. $AUC_t$, (the area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to 240 hr) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal rule method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ (time to reach $C_{max}$)were compiled from the plasma concentration-time data. Analysis of variance was carried out using logarithmically transformed $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$, No significant sequence effects were found for all of the bioavailability parameters indicating that the crossover design was properly performed. The 90% confidence intervals of the $AUC_t$ and $C_{max}$ were log 0.95${\sim}$log 1.03 and log 0.94${\sim}$log 1.08, respectively. These values were within the acceptable bioequivalence intervals of log 0.80${\sim}$log 1.25. Taken together, our study demonstrated the bioequivalence of $Aricept^{TM}$ and $Donpezil^{TM}$ with respect to the rate and extent of absorption.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.654-660
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• 2003

To evaluate the biological diversity of fish pathogenic streptococci, 35 strains isolated from diseased olive flounder (Paralichtys olivaceus), were analyzed using a random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique with the oligonucleotide commercial primer 6 (Amersham Biosciences). Api 20 Strep test, drug resistance and artificial infection were carried out for further characterization of the isolates. RAPD fingerprints showed similar pattern in 25 strains (about $71.4\%$ of 35 isolates) and these strains were designed as RA group 1. Similarities greater than $44\%$ were obtained when the Dice coefficient was applied among the isolates of RA 1. On the other hand, the reference Streptococcus iniae showed a similar RAPD profile to the isolates with similarity levels of $40-93.3\%.$ Rh I was suggested to be the dominant group isolated from olive flounder suffering from streptococcosis. However, the isolates of Rh 1 group were not classified into the same species by the Api 20 Strep identification system. There was no peculiarity in drug resistance patterns of Rh I group isolates against 7 antibacterial agents. However, only 3 of 25 isolates $(0.12\%)$ showed oxytetracycline (OTC) resistance and OTC might be a useful chemotherapeutic agent in controlling the streptococcosis by strains of RA I group in olive flounder. Fish injected intraperitoneally with $10^5$ CFU of an isolate of Rh I and RA III group showed $60\%\;and\;50\%$ accumulative mortality for 20 days, respectively ($20\%$ in control or Rh II). However luther comparative studies about differences in virulence between isolates are needed.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2004

A total of 52 pathogenic Vibrio strains was isolated from the Gwangan Beach during summer in 2003. The isolated vibrios were composed of 6 different species: V. parahaemolyticus, V. cholerae non O1, V. fluvialis, V. vulnificus, V. alginolyticus, and V. mimicus. V. parahaemolyticus was most predominant as $46\%$ (24/52), V. cholerae non O1 was the second with $23\%$ (12/52), and V. fluvialis was the third with $17\%$ (9/52). Among the isolated strains, 22 strains showed hemolytic, proteolytic or ureolytic activity. Eight strains showed both hemolysin and protease activities, and either 6 strains showed only hemolysin activities and 7 strains only protease activities. Only one strain of V. parahaemolyticus isolates showed urease activity. The urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus strain (V. parahaemolyticus S25) showed the same biochemical characteristics as the reference strain, V. parahaemolyticus KCTC 2471 (urease­negative) except for urease production. To compare the degree of virulence of Vibrio strains having different pathogenic factors, hemolysin, protease, or urease-positive strains were injected into groups of 10 each of ICR mice (7- to l0-week-old male). The lethal rate of urease-positive V. parahaemolyticus S25 was significantly high, being $70\%$. Protease-positive strains showed $40-60\%$ of lethal rate. Hemolysin-positive strains showed no mortality, similar to non-pathogenic V. parahaemolyticus KCTC 2471 and V. parahaemolyticus FM12.