• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.367-372
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• 2004

Nitrite, a curing agent of meat products, is precursors of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines during processing of meat products or under human stomach conditions as well as having its own toxicity. Some researches have been conducted to evaluate the effects of ionizing radiation on the reduction of residual nitrite and N-nitrosamines in an aqueous model system and cured meat products with different packaging methods during storage. These results showed that the gamma irradiation was effective in reducing the residual nitrite and N-nitrosamines in an aqueous model system as well as meat products. Especially, irradiation combined with vacuum or modified atmosphere packaging was more effective in nitrite and N-nitrosamines reduction than aerobic packaging during storage. The objective of this review is to introduce the irradiation technology for the application of reducing the residual nitrite and N-nitrosamine contents in meat products.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.110-115
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• 2000

마늘 추출물의 아질산염 소거능과 항산화 효과 및 nitrosamine 생성 억제 작용에 대해 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 아질산염 소거작용은 마늘의 물 추출물과 에탄올 추출물에서 모두 pH가 낮을수록 높게 나타났고, pH가 높을수록 소거작용이 떨어졌으며, 특히 에탄올 추출물 첨가시 pH 1.2에서 89.6%의 뛰어난 소거효과를 나타냈다. 이들 마늘 추출물은 전자공여작용에도 높은 호과를 나타내었는데, 에탄올 추출물이 물 추출물 보다 높았으며, linoleic acid의 항산화 효과도 에탄을 추출물이 우수한 것으로 나타났다. Nitrosation 반응에서는 에탄올 추출물 첨가시 pH 1.2 및 3.0에서 80% 이상, 그리고 pH 6에서는 29.9%의 억제 효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 반응 pH에 따라 억제효과의 차이가 컸다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.329-338
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• 1985

재래식(在來式) 간장에서 발암성(發癌性) 화합물(化合物)인 nitrosamine의 생성가능성의 규명(糾明)을 위한 연구(硏究)의 일환(一環)으로 식염농도(食鹽濃度)와 $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)에 따른 nitrosamine의 전구물질(前驅物質)인 $NO_3-N$와 dimethylamine의 변화(變化)를 검토(檢討)하였던 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간장덧의 효효(酵酵)는 용수중(用水中) $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)이 높을수록 식염농도(食鹽濃度)가 낮을수록 비정상적(非正常的)이었다. 2. 식염농도(食鹽濃度)가 높을수록 $NO_3-N$의 환원(還元)과 $NO_2-N$의 생성(生成)은 지연되었으나 용수(用水)의 $NO_3-N$ 함량(含量)의 고저(高低)에는 관계없이 장기간 $NO_2-N$가 잔존(殘存)하였다. 3. Ascorbic acid의 첨가(添加)는 $NO_3-N$의 환원(還元)을, $NO_2-N$의 생성(生成)을 효과적(效果的)으로 억제(抑制)하였다. 4. Dimethylamine의 함량(含量)은 용수중(用水中) $NO_3-N$의 함량(含量)이 높을수록 낮은 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 5. NDMA는 $0{\sim}261.34\;ppb$가 검출(檢出)되었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.384-388
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• 2002

유화형 소시지의 휘발성 N-nitrosamine 생성에 대한 감마선 조사, 환원제 첨가 및 포장방법에 따른 영향을 저 장기간에 따라 조사하였다. 소시지는 아스코르브산을 첨가하거나 혹은N-nitrosamine 생성을 최대화하기 위해 첨가하지 않은 모델시스템 소시지를 제조하여 함기포장 및 진공포장을 한 후, 0, 5, 10 및 20 kGy의 선량으로 감마선 조사하였다. 아스코르브산 첨가구는 제조 직후 감마선 조사에 의한 NDMA 및 NPYR 함량의 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 저장 4주째에는 조사구의 함량이 유의적으로 감소하였다. 아스코르브산 비첨가구의 경우 제조 직후 NDMA 및 NPYR 함량이 각각 5및 10kGy이상의 선량에서 감소하였고, 저장 4주 후에도 비조사구에 비해 감마선 조사시 낮은 함량을 나타내었다. 또한 포장방법은 소시지의 N-nitrosamine 함량에 대한 뚜렷한 영향을 미치지 않았다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.93-95
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• 2003

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.444-451
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• 1998

The changes of amine, nitrate and nitrite nitrogen in yellow corvenia were studied during its processing and storage in order to clarify the precursors of N-nitrosamine(NA) formation in the salted and dried yellow corvenia(Gulbi), prepared y using the different salting method like dry and brine salting by pure and curde salt. As a result, during the processing and storage of Gulbi, DMA and TMA contents were significantly increased in the yellow corvenia. And after 40 days storage the increase rate showed 25.7∼45.7, 3.3∼5.6 times higher than those of 0.3, 2.4mg/kg, respectively, while nitrite contents, during its processing and storage, were scarcely changed in the salted and dried yellow corvenia. During the processing and storage, of Gulbi, DMA and TMA contents were less produced in brine salted and dried yellow corvenia using crude salt than in sample prepared using were scarcely changed in the salted and dried yellow corvenia. During the processing and storage of Gulbi, DMA and TMA contents were less produced in brine salted and dried yellow corvenia using crude salt than in sample prepared using pure salt, while the former were more effective than the latter in inhibiting the production of nitrate and nitrite. Therefore, it was revealed that reduction of NA precursors such as DMA, TMA, nitrate and nitrite were more effective in preparing with the brine salting method than with the dry salting method.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.344-352
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• 1984

굴비의 가공 및 저장중 발암성물질로 알려진 nitrosamine의 전구물질인 아질산염질소 및 DMA 질소의 생성을 억제하기 위하여 염장시 몇몇종의 보존료를 첨가하여 이들의 변화를 분석 검토하였고, 동시에 이들의 생성에 관련이 있다고 생각되는 질산염질소, TMAO 및 TMA 질소의 변화를 실험하였다. 굴비의 가공 및 저장중 질산염질소는 계속해서 감소하였고, 반면에 아질산염질소는 증가하는 경향이었다. 그러나 ASC 구, CYS 구 및 BEN 구는 질산염의 환원을 억제시켰고, TET 구는 오히려 촉진시키는 결과였다. TMAO 질소는 염장 및 천일건조중 감소하다가 저장중 약간 증가하였으나 TMA 질소는 가공 및 저장 공정중 계속해서 증가하였다. 보존료의 첨가가 TMA 질소의 생성은 크게 억제시키지 못하였다. DMA 질소는 굴비의 가공 및 저장공정중 계속해서 증가하여 대조구의 경우 저장 7일후에는 생시료에 비해 3.2배, 건조 20일후에는 3.6배, 저장 30일 후에는 11.6배에 달하였다. ASC 구, CYS 구 및 BEN 구에서는 DMA 질소의 생성을 크게 억제하여 대조구에 절반치에 가까웠으나, TET 구에서는 오히려 DMA 질소의 생성을 촉진시키는 결과를 나타내었다.

• 약학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 1986

It has been assumed that nitrite, one of the precursor of N-nitrosamine, in human saliva must have been formed from salivary nitrate through the action of microorganism in the oral cavity. In this paper, we have tested the concentration of nitrite and nitrate in human saliva and the degrees of nitrate reduction by oral microflora and identified some bacteria which were able to reduce nitrate. The concentration of nitrite and nitrate was 1.7~9.5ppm and 9.0~28.5ppm respectively. The numbers of total bacteria and nitrate reducing bacteria in four korean human saliva sample were 15~63${\times}10^8$ CFU and 1.0~6.0${\times}10^8$ CFU and the main nitrate reducing bacteria were Streptococcus uberis which was presented in large quantities and showed remarkable reductive activity. Lastly, we knowed that N-dimethylnitrosamine was formed by the reaction between dimethylamine and nitrite in the presence of St. uberis in vitro.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.253-256
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• 2001

Irradiation of food is not only used for sanitation purposes but can be used for processing techniques to reduce or eliminate toxic or undesirable compounds on food. Irradiation wag effective to reduce the allergenicity of food by modification of the structure of proteins causing allergy reactions. Volatile N-nitrosmaine was reduced or eliminated by irradiation in the model system study and the breakdown products by irradiation did not recombine under human stomach conditions (pH 2,3, and 4,37$^{\circ}C$). The possibility of residual chlorophyll b reduction by irradiation was also found, and the model study indicated that irradiation be used to destroy chlorophyll b, resulting in protection from photooxidation in oil without acceleration of lipid oxidation during irradiation. In this paper, several on-going research projects for the application of food irradiation as a new processing technique are introduced, including reduction of food allergens, breakdown of volatile N-nitrosamine and residual chlorophyll b.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권18호
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• pp.8271-8279
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• 2016

Background: Hepato-carcinogenesis is multifaceted in its molecular aspects. Among the interplaying agents are altered gap junctions, the proteasome/autophagy system, and mitochondria. The present experimental study was designed to outline the roles of these players and to investigate the tumor suppressive effects of curcumin with or without mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods: Adult female albino rats were divided into normal controls and animals with HCC induced by diethyl-nitrosamine (DENA) and $CCl_4$. Additional groups treated after HCC induction were: Cur/HCC which received curcumin; MSCs/HCC which received MSCs; and Cur+MSCs/HCC which received both curcumin and MSCs. For all groups there were histopathological examination and assessment of gene expression of connexin43 (Cx43), ubiquitin ligase-E3 (UCP-3), the autophagy marker LC3 and coenzyme-Q10 (Mito.Q10) mRNA by real time, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, along with measurement of LC3II/LC3I ratio for estimation of autophagosome formation in the rat liver tissue. In addition, the serum levels of ALT, AST and alpha fetoprotein (AFP), together with the proinflammatory cytokines $TNF{\alpha}$ and IL-6, were determined in all groups. Results: Histopathological examination of liver tissue from animals which received DENA-$CCl_4$ only revealed the presence of anaplastic carcinoma cells and macro-regenerative nodules. Administration of curcumin, MSCs; each alone or combined into rats after induction of HCC improved the histopathological picture. This was accompanied by significant reduction in ${\alpha}$-fetoprotein together with proinflammatory cytokines and significant decrease of various liver enzymes, in addition to upregulation of Cx43, UCP-3, LC3 and Mito.Q10 mRNA. Conclusions: Improvement of Cx43 expression, nonapoptotic cell death and mitochondrial function can repress tumor growth in HCC. Administration of curcumin and/or MSCs have tumor suppressive effects as they can target these mechanisms. However, further research is still needed to verify their effectiveness.