• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.39-46
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• 1971

Since ${\beta}-aminoethylphosphonic$ acid was discovered in the living organism, the biosynthesis and biological function of aminophosphonic acids have been extensively studied. The purpose of this project consists in the two parts: 1)the preparation of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid (Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid) and DL-1-amino-3-methylbutyl-phosphonic acid (Isoleucine aminophosphonic acid) by the method of Chamber and Isbell. 2) the study of metabolism and biological functions of those synthetic materials by the animal experiment (white rats) The importance of this project proved to be the first experience fed by animals for the elucidation of biochemical and metabolic functions in the animal body. The following organic synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid are studied. 1)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Iso-butylbromide b) Synthesis of Ethyl iso-butylmalonate c) Synthesis of Iso-caproic acid d) Synthesis of $Ethyl-{\alpha}-bromo$ iso-caproate e) Synthesis of $Triethyl-{\alpha}-phosphono$ iso-caproate f) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid 2)Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid a) Synthesis of Diethyl phosphite b) Synthesis of Ethylchloro acetate c) Synthesis of Triethyl phospho acetate d) Synthesis of Triethyl benzyl phospho acetate e) Synthesis of DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid The synthetic compounds; DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenyl ethylphosphonic acid which are essential amino acid (isoleucine, phenylalanine)analogue are supplemented to the animal diet at the level of 0.2% and 0.4% for isoleucine analogue and 0.35% and 0.7% for phenylalanine analogue. The plain isoleucine and phenylalanine at the same level in the diet are fercilitated as comparable groups in this study. Two sets of experience including 100 male rats were carried out for seven weeks each total 14 weeks. During this period, urine samples, and each big organs were collected for the analysis of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and glycogen contents in the individual samples by Micro Kjeldahl Fisk & Subbarow and Nelson Somogye, method. 1) The result of the project a) The yield of DL-1-amino-3-methylbutylphosphonic acid and DL-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid showed low tendency at the level of 12.5% and 20% Melting point of those two compounds were very high and the ${\alpha}-amino$ group in the synthetic compounds showed positive reaction with ninhydrin in the violet color. b) Ail the experimental groups included in this study revealed statistically no significant difference in the organ weight, total body nitrogen retention and urinary phosphorus excretion This means isoleucine aminophosphonic acid and Phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid were utilized in the body as much as the plain amino acids, isoleucine and phenylalanine did. c) The glycogen contents in the liver of the phenylalaine aminophosphonic acid gruop showed higher statistically significant(p<0.05) in the comparision with the group of the Phenylalanine and the Standard-2. It was noteworthy that the higher glycogen content in the liver might indicate the significance in the incorporation of phenylalanine aminophosphonic acid into the intermediate of tricarboxylic acid cycle as activated state.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 1988

A field experiment was conduted to determine the effects of shading degrees (O: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasutre species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. the experiment was performed at LES in Suwon, 1985 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shadking, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fibe in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grwon in spring showed higher digestibility than those grwon in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are in creased. 5. The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2=0.90^{**},\;r^2=0.95^{**}$), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6. Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.263-272
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• 2018

The object of this study was to measure the bioactivity and lipid peroxidation inhibition activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE) in Namhae Korea. The amount of phytic acid was also determined. Extraction was performed using three solvents, CM (choloform:methanol, 2:1, v/v), n-butanol and 70% ethanol. To investigate by the solvent extract of total phenol content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through nitrogen oxide scavenging activity, antioxidant activity, reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition were performed. The bioactivities of the extract solvents increased significantly with increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL, p<0.05). The total phenol contents of GJE peel extracts were highest in CM ($39.74{\pm}0.15mg\;CAE/g$) extract. The order of total phenol contents, antioxidant activity and reducing power of the solvents in the GJE peel were the same, in the analysis of nitrogen oxides scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation inhibition, it was confirmed the results were inconsistent. As a result, the GJE peel showed excellent bioactivities. Considering the extraction yield and various physiological activities, it is considered that efficiency is better when extracted from CM and 70% ethanol extracts.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.165-181
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• 1976

Fertilizer(N,P,K) demand for crop production in 1980, 1990 and 2000 was estimated according to the two proposed models, one of which is fertilizer use efficiency model expressed in $Fn=(Y/E){\cdot}(1-Cs)Eu$, where Fn:fertilizer demand, Y:Crop production estimated, E:nutrient efficiency, Cs:fraction of natural resource nutrient in plant, Eu:fertilizer use efficiency and the other fertilization efficiency model expressed in Fn=Y(1-Cys)/Fe, where Cys:fraction of yield without fertilizer, Fe:fertilization efficiency. Total crop uptake of nutrient and its noncycling portion were estimated as criteria for fertilizer demand and nutrient maintenance. Total crop uptake of N,P,K was 600,000 M/T in 1965 700,000 M/T in 1974 and estimated to 880,000 M/T in 1980, 1,170,000 M/T in 1990 and 1,410,000 M/T in 2000. Fertilizer demand appeares to be about 90% of total crop uptake according to fertilizer use efficiency model and about 87% according to fertilization efficiency model. The noncycling nutrient was about 29% of total crop uptake. Fertilizer demand was almost same to the uptake amount in nitrogen, 1.5 times of uptake in phosphorus and half of uptake in potassium. Varietal development, improvement of soil fertility and cultivation method and development of fertilizer forms appears to decrease fertilizer demand by increasing efficiency term in two models while environmental stress such as low temperature appears to give reverse effect resulting in higher fertilizer demand. Fertilizer consumption in 1974 seemed to be unreasonably high especially in nitrogen and phosphorus and thus the effective use of fertilizer appeared as an urgent problem considering that large fields are still remained in lower fertility.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.11
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• pp.1-14
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• 1970

The following results were obtained by surveying the productivity of mulberry fields in Korea. 1. The productivity of mulberry field per 10a in which cocoon can be yield belongs to the range of 9.8∼105kg, and among them the productivity of 20 to 60kg was chiefly distributed. And their average was 50.2kg. 2. In general, the larger the mulberry field in scale per a person is, the lower the productivity of it is, but about 6.6 ares per a person was estimated to be economic scale for high productivity. 3. As far as the texture of soil is concerned, sandy-loam and loam contained a capacity of higher productivity while others like clay and sand that of lower productivity, And the depth of surface soil must be at least 50cm, although 70cm's depth of surface sail could bring about high productivity. 4. Fertilization of 900kg's compost on planting and 1,200kg's that after planting could enhance the productivity, because the use of compost have a positive relation to the productivity. 5. The greater the number of farmer's domestic animals is as a source of organic matter the higher the productivity is. 6. In the case of fertilization of 1,200kg compost, the amount of 20kg's nitrogen per 10 ares as chemical manure was best for high productivity. However, fertilization of 14.7kg's nitrogen as average amount of that, which is far below the standard amount, had been a factor to reduce the productivity of mulberry field. 7. In pruning the low-cut form resulted in high productivity, but as their shape become taller due to the lack of techniques, they were turned out to be non head pruning, thus to produce poor harvest of leaves. 8. The pure mulberry fields showed better productivity than others such as wide and narrow ridge planting and inter-crop planting. 9. As for the degree of planting density, at least 800 trees per 10 ares should be planted to increase the productivity, although the planting of 713 trees per 10 ares could be possible in case of the low stemmed pruning. 10. The hole and tranch in planting must be digged as wider and dipper as possible far the better growth of mulberry tree. 11. On the whole, varieties like NOsang and Y oung-cheun choowoo had a tendency of lower productivity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.859-867
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• 1997

In order to utilize the processing wastes of squid, chitosans were manufactured from the pens of domestic squid, Todarbdes pacificus and foreign squid, Ommastrephes bartrami and then, its rheological properties were studied. The amounts of nitrogen and minerals of the domestic squid pens were $11.4\%\;and\;0.1\%$ respectively, whereas those of its chitosan were $7.5\%\;and\;0.2\%$. In case of foreign squid pen and chitosan, the amounts of nitrogen and minerals were $12.1\%,\;0.8\%\;and\;7.8\%,\;0.2\%$ respectively. Intrinsic viscosity $([\eta]) $ of domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were decreased with increasing pH from 3.4 to 5.4 which might be due to the reduced repulsion in inter- of intra- chitosan molecules. Intrinsic viscosity of the domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were decreased with increasing NaCl concentration thus indicated that the domestic and foreign squid pen chitosans were polyelectrolyte molecules and stiffness of squid pen thitosans were 0.11 similar to that of k-carrageenan. Flow type of squid pen chitosan solutions were pseudoplastic fluids without yield stress by the viscosity measurement. But the squid pen chitosan solutions showed newtonian fluid up to $0.15\~0.24\%$ concentration for domestic and $0.21\~0.24\%$ concentration for foreign at $10\~50\%$. Concentration dependence of consistency index in infinitive dilute domain (Kc) were higher in the dilute domain than entangled domain. Activation energies (Ea) of the squid pen chitosans were 3.7, 6.3, 3.6, 4.0 and 4.1 Kcal/g moi for domestic and 3.2, 3.1, 3.4, 3.8 and 3.6 Kcal/g mol for foreign at 0.1, 0.15, 0.25, 0.35 and $0.5\%$, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2007

This study was conducted to estimate effects of application of controlled release complex fertilizer with latex coated urea (LCU-complex) on growth and grain quality of rice under direct seeded on dry paddy (DS) and transplanted on flooding paddy (TP). Three types of latex coated urea different nitrogen (N) releasing were LCU40, LCU80 and LCU100. The time of N releasing of LCU formulations in water at both 20 and $30^{\circ}C$ was faster in the order of LCU40, LCU80, LCU blend (LCU40, LCU80 and LCU100 was mixed in ratio of 2:2:1), and LCU100. The number of tillers and dry matter weight were great in order of LCU-complex 100% > LCU-complex80% > urea and plant height was not significant. Grain yields at LCU-complex80% in both DS and TP plot were similar to those of urea application. N recovery of LCU-complex80% and 100% was improved 8 and 6% compared to that of conventional urea split application in DS plot and 9 and 4% in TP. Content of protein of grain at applied LCU-complex was less 0.8% and $0.1{\sim}0.7%$ than that of urea in DS and TP, respectively. Content of amylose and Mg/K ratio in rice grain was not significant. Consequently application of LCU-complex blended types of coated urea different N releasing can be reduced 20% of N without yield reduction and improved grain quality compared with urea application.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.85-91
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• 1988

A field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of shading degrees (0: full sunlight, 25, 50 and 75%) on the proximate components, cell wall constituents (CWC), digestibility, water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) and nitrate nitrogen ($NO_3$-N) concentration of grasses grown in forest. For the test different artificial shading houses were established and pasture species used were orchardgrass, timothy, perennial ryegrass and ladino clover. The experiment was performed at LES in Suwon. 1985. 1. Considering proximate components, CWC and digestibility of grasses, ladino clover showed the best quality, and then perennial ryegrass. 2. The contents of crude protein, crude ash, and digestibility of grasses were increased with shading, regardless of pasture species. As the shading degrees are increased, the contents of crude fiber in orchardgrass, perennial ryegrass and timothy were decreased, while that in ladino clover was increased with shading. 3. Grasses grown in spring showed higher digestibility than those grown in summer season. 4. The content of WSC was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then ladino clover, orchardgrass, and timothy, in that order. Also WSC was decreased as the shading degrees are increased. 5.The content of $NO_3$-N was the highest in perennial ryegrass, and then orchardgrass, ladino clover and timothy, in that order. Also the $NO_3$-N was significantly increased with higher shading level. In the regression equation between shading degrees and $NO_3$-N ($r^2$=0.90**, TEX>$r^2$=0.95**), shading degree of 43 to 44% was critical level, causing nitrate poisoning to animal. 6 Considering grass quality, dry matter yield and $NO_3$-N, less than 40% of shading degree (over 60% of full sunlight) was desirable for better grassland improvement, management and utilization in the forest.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.105-110
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilization on the forage growth, production and quality of native reed (Phragmites communis) grasses. Field experiments were conducted in Cheonan and in Ansan, 2012. Treatments were control (no N fertilization), 50 kg/ha and 100 kg/ha in Cheonan plots (fertilization on April $30^{th}$, and harvest on June $21^{st}$). Treatments in Ansan plots were control (no N fertilization) and 60 kg/ha (fertilization on May first, and harvest on August first). Forage growth and leaf colors were improved in N fertilized plots. However, the drymatter (DM) percentage was slightly decreased with N fertilization. Forage yields, in terms of DM, crude protein (CP) and digestible DM (DDM), were significantly increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 4,026 kg, 235 kg and 1,850 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 4,658 kg, 306 kg and 2,388 kg, respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 5,622 kg, 446 kg and 3,143 kg, respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, DM, CP and DDM yields per ha were 2,802 kg, 177 kg and 1,288 kg, respectively, in the control plot, and were 3,876 kg, 294 kg and 1,853 kg, respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. Forage quality in terms of CP content, in vitro DM digestibility (IVDMD) and relative feed value (RFV) were also increased with N fertilization in both sites. In Cheonan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 5.85%, 45.96% and 64.5 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, 6.58%, 51.27% and 72.3 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 50 kg plot, and 7.94%, 55.91% and 72.7 (grade 5), respectively, in the N 100 kg plot. In Ansan, the CP content, IVDMD and RFV were 6.30%, 45.98% and 70.2 (grade 5), respectively, in the control plot, and 7.59%, 47.80% and 78.3 (grade 4), respectively, in the N 60 kg plot. In conclusion, N fertilization of 60~100 kg/ha was desirable for greater forage production, with a higher quality of native Phragmites communis achievable. This should only be applied if the fertilization area is not located at a riverside/streamside or in riparian land where there is a high risk of water pollution by fertilization.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.228-232
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• 2007

Slow-release fertilizers (SRF) have been used to reduce nutrient loss through increasing fertilizer efficiency and to save labor. Several SRFs were developed for rice plant in Korea, but there is few for horticultural crop plants. Two slow-release complex fertilizers, 100T and 150T, which made for controlling nitrogen release time up to 100 and 150 days, respectively, were selected for the incubation test cto evaluate nitrogen (N) release rate in soil. The N of urea selected as the control was completely released within a week after application. Sixty three and 53% of total N were released from 110T and 150T of slow release fertilizers within 8th weeks after application, respectively. For pepper cultivation CF110 and CF150, new slow-release complex fertilizer, were made of mixing 40% of conventional fertilizer and 60% of 110T and 150T, respectively, based on the amount of recommended fertilizer for pepper cultivation $(N-P_2O_5-K_2O=190-112-149\;kg\;ha^{-1})$, and were totally applied before pepper transplanting in the field as the basal fertilizer. Inorganic N $(NH_4^+-N+NO_3^--N)$ concentration in soil was higher in the CF110 treatment than in the control (NPK) at all period of pepper cultivation. In the CF150 treatment concentration of inorganic N in soil was low compared to control up to 8th weeks after transplanting. However, there was no difference in plant height and nutrient content of pepper leave between CF110 treatment and the control. In comparison, plant height was significantly lower in CF150 than the control and CF110 treatments. Around 4% of fresh pepper yield was increased in CF110 compared to the control, but it was decreased to about 2% by CF150 treatment. Conclusively, CF110 form could be recommended as a slow release fertilizer for pepper cultivation.