• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.207-212
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• 1981

Nutritional evaluation of nitrogen compounds of soybean and soybean sprout in various growth conditions various conditions was conducted by feeding Sprague-Dawley strain of albino rat and was correlated with chemical evaluation. food intake and PER also showed the same trend as weight gain. Average body fyeight gain showed significant positive correlation with essential amino acid index (EAAI) $(r=0.996^{**})$ and requirement index (RI) $(r=0.988^{**})$. According to EAAI and RI, quality of soybean sprout was in order of Soybean-heated, 4 days soybean sprout (S.S.) cotyledon, 4 days S.S heated, 8 days S.S heated and 4 days S.S axis heated. Process of soybean sprout (4 days growing at $25^{\circ}C$) caused quantitative loss of soybean protein by 4.5%, and quantitative loss of 11% (EAAI basis) in chemical evaluation while protein efficiency loss of 7% (PER basis) and overall nutritional loss of 18% (weight gain basis).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.451-458
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• 1984

The effects of branched chain amino acids added to a diet on changes in the body weight with or without liver, moist and dry liver weight, protein, DNA, $^3H-thymidine$ incorporation into DNA, ana mitotic index of regenerating liver were studied in partial hepatectomized rat. Experimental diet was a 14.63% casein diet supplemented with 1.49% L-leucine, 0.90% L-isoleucine and 0.98% L-Valine, and control diet was an 18.0% casein. In both diets, 2.54% nitrogen were included. Rats fed experimental diet were significantly increased body weight with or without liver 7 days, and regenerated weight of dry liver and an index of liver regeneration 5 days after partial hepatectomy. Mitotic index, contents of protein and DNA increased in regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy was higher in experimental diet group. This results suggest that branched chain amino acids have an benefitial effect on whole body as well as liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in rat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.587-594
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• 2010

To develop commercially available food protein hydrolysates, the effects of different types of enzymes and substrates on bitterness and solubility of partially hydrolyzed food proteins were investigated. Four types of proteins (casein, isolated soy protein (ISP), wheat gluten, and gelatin) and five types of proteolytic enzymes (a microbial alkaline protease (alcalase), a microbial neutral protease (neutrase), papain, bromelain, trypsin) were used. To profile the pattern of hydrolysis, the degree of hydrolysis (DH) were monitored during 180 min of reaction time by pH-stat method. Casein showed the highest susceptibility to hydrolysis for all five proteases compared to those of ISP, gluten, and gelatin. In addition, the bitter intensity and solubility (nitrogen soluble index, NSI) of each protein hydrolysate were compared at DH 10%. Bitterness and solubility of protein hydrolysates were highly affected by DH and the types of enzymes and substrates. At DH=10%, casein hydrolysate by trypsin, ISP and gluten hydrolysates by either bromelain or neutrase, and gelatin hydrolysates by the five proteases tested in this study were highly soluble and less bitter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1377-1384
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• 2003

This study investigated the effects of different types of dietary fats and fibers on the concentrations of serum and liver lipids and biochemical index in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 6 weeks. The experimental groups were divided into three groups; 5% corn oil +5% cellulose (CO group),10% corn oil +10% psyllium husk (CO +PH group) and 10% lard +10% psyllium husk (LA+ PH group). Body weight gain and FER (food efficiency ratio%) decreased significantly in the LA+PH group and decreased slightly in the CO+PH group compared with the CO group. Food intake and tissue weights were not significantly different among the dietary groups. Concentrations of serum total cholesterol decreased significantly in the CO + PH group compared with the CO group, but no significant different in the LA + PH group. Concentrations of serum triglyceride and phospholipid decreased significantly in the CO+PH and the LA+PH groups compared with the CO group. Liver cholesterol concentration was significantly decreased in the LA+PH group compared with the CO and the CO+PH groups. Glutamic pyruvic transaminase activity was significantly increased in the LA + PH group compared with the CO and the CO + PH groups. However, lactate dehydrogenase and blood urea nitrogen was significantly decreased in the LA+ PH group compared with the CO and the CO +PH groups. The others biochemical parameters, total protein, albumin, glucose, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, alkaline phosphatase were not significantly different among the dietary groups. These results showed that the lowering effect of dietary psyllium husk on serum lipid concentrations was more pronounced in the corn oil -feeding group than in the lard-feeding group as dietary fat source.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.637-644
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of exercise and diet control program on nitrogen balance in obese children. The subjects of this study were five obese boys aged from 8 to 12 participating in the control period(C) for 3 days, exercise without energy deficit period(EEN) for one week, and exercise with energy deficit period(EED) far another one week, consecutively. The intensity of the exercise was 60-70% of HRmax and the energy was restricted at 493 kcal/day. Daily mean total energy intake was 2,152 $\pm$ 138kca1, 1,861 $\pm$ 138kca1, and 1,368 $\pm$ 87kca1 for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. The body weight for EEN and EED decreased compared with the period C by average 1.2 $\pm$ 0.2kg and 1.8 $\pm$ 0.3kg, respectively. Of the body weight loss, the fat mass decreased bur 1.0 $\pm$ 0.3kg and 1.5 $\pm$ 0.5kg and the lean body mass by 0.2 $\pm$ 0.4kg and 0.3 $\pm$ 0.4kg, respectively. Of the daily mean nitrogen consumption was 9.1 $\pm$ 0.7g, 9.1 $\pm$ 0.8g and 7.1 $\pm$ 0.5g, the daily mean nitrogen excretion from feces was 1.3 $\pm$ 0.2g, 0.9 $\pm$ 0.1g and 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1g, and from urine was 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, 6.6 $\pm$ 0.5g and 6.7 $\pm$ 0.6g, for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. Daily mean nitrogen balance excluding nitrogen excretion firm feces and urine indicated + 1.1 $\pm$ 1.0, +1.6 $\pm$ 0.6 and - 0.3 $\pm$ 0.9 for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively. Despite the negative indication during EED, there was no statistical signifiranre. The daily mean creatinine excretion was 0.5 $\pm$ 0.0g, 0.7 $\pm$ 0.1g and 0.6 $\pm$ 0.0g and the creatinine-height index(CHl) was 85.1 $\pm$ 6.7%, 83.8 $\pm$ 6.6% and 81.0 $\pm$ 6.5%, for the period C, EEN and EED, respectively, indicating little significant difference among the periods. Taking above results into consideration, it seems the exercise program conducted for this study did not substantially affect the nitrogen balance of the obese children, and may be used far the body weight control. Howeever, the adequacy of the energy restriction and amount of exercise applied to this study need to be further investigated as the nitrogen balance indicated negative and increasing tendency of the creatinine excretion showed during the EED compared with period C, despite the statistical insignificance.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.384-392
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• 2022

The objective of this study was to estimated nitrogen content and chlorophyll using RGB, Hyperspectral sensors to diagnose of nitrogen nutrition in apple tree leaves. Spectral data were acquired through image processing after shooting with high resolution RGB and hyperspectral sensor for two-year-old 'Hongro/M.9' apple. Growth data measured chlorophyll and leaf nitrogen content (LNC) immediately after shooting. The growth model was developed by using regression analysis (simple, multi, partial least squared) with growth data (chlorophyll, LNC) and spectral data (SPAD meter, color vegetation index, wavelength). As a result, chlorophyll and LNC showed a statistically significant difference according to nitrogen fertilizer level regardless of date. Leaf color became pale as the nutrients in the leaf were transferred to the fruit as over time. RGB sensor showed a statistically significant difference at the red wavelength regardless of the date. Also hyperspectral sensor showed a spectral difference depend on nitrogen fertilizer level for non-visible wavelength than visible wavelength at June 10th and July 14th. The estimation model performance of chlorophyll, LNC showed Partial least squared regression using hyperspectral data better than Simple and multiple linear regression using RGB data (Chlorophyll R²: 81%, LNC: 81%). The reason is that hyperspectral sensor has a narrow Full Half at Width Maximum (FWHM) and broad wavelength range (400-1,000 nm), so it is thought that the spectral analysis of crop was possible due to stress cause by nitrogen deficiency. In future study, it is thought that it will contribute to development of high quality and stable fruit production technology by diagnosis model of physiology and pest for all growth stage of tree using hyperspectral imagery.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.276-292
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• 2021

There is a dearth of Korean studies on dehydration, one of the health risks for adult women. This study analyzed the subjects of the 2016~2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) to investigate the relationship between nutrient intake ratios and sedentary time in dehydrated women. Body mass index and waist circumference in the dehydrated group (DG) were significantly higher than the normal group (NG). Intake of other liquids in the DG was significantly higher than in the NG, but total water intake in the DG was significantly lower than in the NG. Compared to the 600 sedentary minutes or more per day group, the odds ratio of dehydration was significantly higher in the less than 300 sedentary minutes per day group (1.871 [95% CI: 1.579~2.215], P<0.001). Compared to the drinking over 6.0 cups of water per day group, the odds ratio of dehydration was significantly higher in the 3 cups or fewer per day (OR [95% CI] is 1.198 times [1.019 to 1.408], P<0.05), and 6.0 cups or fewer group (OR [95% CI] is 1.162 times [1.018 to 1.326], P<0.05). The results of this study showed that the total water intake was relatively lower in the ≥600 sedentary minutes per day group compared to the 300 sedentary minutes per day group, making them more vulnerable to dehydration. The nutrient intake ratios were higher in the dehydration group than in the normal group. In conclusion, emphasis should be placed on the importance of hydration and nutrition education for adult women in the workplace.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.65 no.3
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• pp.588-595
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of heat stress on milk traits in South Korea using comprehensive data (dairy production and climate). The dataset for this study comprised 1,498,232 test-day records for milk yield, fat- and protein-corrected milk, fat yield, protein yield, milk urea nitrogen (MUN), and somatic cell score (SCS) from 215,276 Holstein cows (primiparous: n = 122,087; multiparous: n = 93,189) in 2,419 South Korean dairy herds. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2020 through the Dairy Cattle Improvement Program, and merged with meteorological data from 600 automatic weather stations through the Korea Meteorological Administration. The segmented regression model was used to estimate the effects of the temperature-humidity index (THI) on milk traits and elucidate the break point (BP) of the THI. To acquire the least-squares mean of milk traits, the generalized linear model was applied using fixed effects (region, calving year, calving month, parity, days in milk, and THI). For all parameters, the BP of THI was observed; in particular, milk production parameters dramatically decreased after a specific BP of THI (p < 0.05). In contrast, MUN and SCS drastically increased when THI exceeded BP in all cows (p < 0.05) and primiparous cows (p < 0.05), respectively. Dairy cows in South Korea exhibited negative effects on milk traits (decrease in milk performance, increase in MUN, and SCS) when the THI exceeded 70; therefore, detailed feeding management is required to prevent heat stress in dairy cows.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.70-78
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• 2009

Remote sensing technique in agriculture can be used to identify chlorophyll content, biomass, and yield caused from N stress level. This study was conducted to evaluate biomass, N stress levels, and yield of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) under sand culture in a plastic film house using ground-based remote sensors. Nitrogen rates applied were 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 percent of N concentration in the Hoagland's nutrient solution. Sensor readings for reflectance indices were taken at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 60 days after transplanting(DAT). Reflectance indices measured at 40th DAT were highly correlated with dry weight(DW) of tobacco leaves and N uptake by leaves. Especially, green normalized difference vegetation index(gNDVI) from spectroradiometer and aNDVI from Crop Circle passive sensor were able to explain 85% and 84% of DW variability and 85% and 92% of N uptake variability, respectively. All the reflectance indices measured at each sampling date during the growing season were significantly correlated with tobacco yield. Especially the gNDVI derived from spectroradiometer readings at the 40th DAT explained 72% of yield variability. N rates of tobacco were distinguished by sufficiency index calculated using the ratio of reflectance indices of stress to optimum plot of N treatment. Consequently results indicate that the reflectance indices by ground-based remote sensor can be used to predict tobacco yield and recommend the optimum application rate of N fertilizer for top dressing of tobacco.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2015

The purpose of this experiment was to determine and compare the digestibility of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in full-oil (no oil extracted) and de-oiled (oil extracted) corn distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) with different condensed distillers solubles (CDS) ratios. Six barrows ($29.6{\pm}2.3kg$) fitted with ileal T-cannula were allotted into a $6{\times}6$ Latin square design. Each period was comprised of a 5-d adaption period followed by a 2-d collection of ileal digesta. The five test diets contained 62% DDGS as the sole source of AA. A nitrogen-free diet was used to measure the basal endogenous losses of CP and AA. Chromic oxide (0.3%) was used as an index in each diet. The results showed that CP and AA were very similar in 5 DDGS, but the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of lysine (from 56.16% to 71.15%) and tryptophan (from 54.90% to 68.38%) had the lowest values and largest variation within the essential AA, which suggests reduced availability of AA and different levels of Maillard reactions in the five DDGS. The apparent ileal digestibility and SID of CP and most of AA in full-oil DDGS (sources 1 and 2) were greater (p<0.05) than de-oiled DDGS (sources 3, 4, and 5). Comparing the AA SID in the 5 DDGS, full-oil with low CDS ratio DDGS (source 1) had non-significantly higher values (p>0.05) than full-oil with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 2); however, the SID of most AA of de-oiled with low CDS ratios DDGS (source 3) were non-significantly lower (p>0.05) than de-oiled with high CDS ratio DDGS (source 4); and the de-oiled DDGS with middle CDS ratio (source 5) but with different drying processing had the lowest SID AA values. In conclusion, de-oiled DDGS had lower SID of CP and AA than full-oil DDGS; a higher CDS ratio tended to decrease the SID of AA in full-oil DDGS but not in de-oiled DDGS; and compared with CDS ratio, processing, especially drying, may have more of an effect on AA digestibility of DDGS.