• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.61-70
• /
• 2019

This study aimed to investigate the physicochemical characteristics of fish meal, bone meal, and sesame oil cake, which are readily available by-products from agriculture and fisheries, during the process of liquid fertilizer fermentation, and to examine the effects of liquid fertilizer application on seed germination and growth of tomatoes. During processing the fermentation for liquid fertilizers by using fish meal, bone meal, and sesame oil cake liquid fertilizers, the pH of the fertilizer increased in the order of bone meal > fish meal > sesame oil cake, and the concentration increased rapidly up to 30 days in all types of liquid fertilizer. The nitrogen content of the liquid fertilizers increased as fermentation progressed in the order of fish meal > bone meal > sesame oil cake. The phosphorus content increased as fermentation progressed and the highest was 1.0 % in the liquid fertilizer of sesame oil cake. The germination rate and its index of radish seeds were compared for different dilutions of each of the liquid fertilizers. Excluding the 10-fold dilution of the fish meal and oil cake liquid fertilizer, all the treatment groups showed a germination rate ≥ 95 % and the germination index tended to increase with dilution rate of liquid fertilizers. For responses of tomato growth, there were no significant differences among the liquid fertilizer treatment groups; however, the organic content, microbial density, and microbial biomass C in the soil were higher than chemical fertilizer treatment. These results demonstrated that there were differences in the characteristics of liquid fertilizers depending on the materials used, and that liquid fertilizer can be used for nutrition management for the organic crop cultivation.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.105-111
• /
• 2016

This paper presents the applicability of natural zeolite (Clinoptilolite) for recovery of ammonium nitrogen from high-strength wastewater stream. Isotherm experiments showed the ammonium exchange Clinoptilolite followed Freundlich isotherm and its maximum exchange capacity was $18.13mg\;NH_4{^+}-N/g$ zeolite. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that a significant amount of nitrogen was adsorbed to the Clinoptilolite. Optimal flowrate for recovery of high concentration ammonium nitrogen was determined at 16 BV/d (=19.2 L/min) throughout the lab-scale column studies operated under various flowrate conditions. This study also provided a method to determine the recovery rate of final product of nitrogen fertilizer based on the model application to the lab-scale continuous data.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.50 no.1
• /
• pp.49-55
• /
• 2017

Chinese cabbage cultivation and ammonia volatilization experiments were done to evaluate the efficiency of Agrotain coated urea (GSP 80% + Agro; GSP 100% + Agro) against conventional urea (GSP 80%; GSP 100%). Fresh weight of Chinese cabbage were 17.2% and 7.3% higher in the treatments that received GSP 80% + Agro and GSP 100% + Agro, respectively, of those from the treatments that received urea alone. Likewise, the nitrogen use efficiency of Chinese cabbage in the treatments that received Agrotain coated urea were significantly higher at the rate of 3.5% (GSP 80% + Agro) and 1.9% (GSP 100% + Agro) compared to urea alone treatments. Ammonia emission was substantially higher at the rate of $107.6N\;mg\;chamber^{-1}$ with the application of only GSP 100%. However, nearly 28.3% of ammonia emission was considerably reduced with the use of Agrotain coated urea. Hence, we recommend the use of Agrotain coated urea in conventional farming for increased crop yield as well as simultaneous reduction of nitrogenous fertilizer use.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.49 no.2
• /
• pp.194-199
• /
• 2016

In an experiment conducted at the research field of the National Institute of Agricultural Science, we investigated the effects of mineral fertilizer and rice straw compost on exchangeable potassium and K balances, and rice grain yield under a rice single system. The treatments were no fertilization (No fert.), inorganic fertilization (N), inorganic fertilizer (N, P, K) plus rice straw compost at rates of 7.5, 15.0, 22.5, and $30.0ton\;ha^{-1}$ (NPKC7.5, NPKC15.0, NPKC22.5, and NPKC30.0, respectively). The inorganic fertilizers(N, P, K) were added with standard fertilizer application rate in which nitrogen (N), phosphate ($P_2O_5$), and potassium ($K_2O$) were applied with $75{\sim}150kg\;ha^{-1}$, $70{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, $75{\sim}86kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Exchangeable potassium for NPKC15.0 NPKC22.5, and NPK30.0 treatments was higher by $0.05{\sim}0.19cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$ than that of NPKC7.5 treatment. Increasing levels of rice straw compost resulted in an increase in the K balance from - $19.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ (No fert.) to $41.9kg\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ at NPKC22.5 treatment and $62.9kg\;ha^{-1}$ at NPKC30.0 treatment. Continuous application of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers affected significantly the rice grain yields. The result of the study imply that the application of more than $22.5ton\;ha^{-1}$ of rice straw compost with NPK fertilizers are recommended as the best fertilization practice for enhancement of crop production and K supplying power of soil in the continuous rice cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.43 no.4
• /
• pp.430-437
• /
• 2010

The continuous release of nutrient sources into natural water resource can be a continuing problem in eutrophication, as well as severe reductions in water quality. However, any desirable measure is not developed yet even though so many researches and efforts have been done to solve this problem. Forest as one of troublesome nonpoint sources may contributes most to nutrient loading, but the loading of N and P from forest in order to grasp the eutrophication potential of nonpoint sources has not been evaluated. The nutrient sources from the organic litter accumulated on the surface of forest soils can be a critical factor in continuity of eutrophication of a lake. The decomposition rate of litter can be estimated to predict release of N and P from the forest stand. The loss rate of nitrogen is complicated but depends in part upon the physical matrix of the element. Therefore, long-term nutrient budget and flux estimates at stand would be useful tools in calculating potential nutrient fluxes into the watercourses in a sustainable way. The present investigation can give insight to the actual situation of the eutrophication potentials of forest as the practical nonpoint sources.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.101-115
• /
• 2001

Nitrogen applied as fertilizer for crop production is partly absorbed by plant , and the remaining nitrogen in soil might be leached out through complicated processes to the subsoil layer Especially, NO$_3$-N in leachate causes environmental pollution. The purpose of this study was focused on understanding of uptake of nutrients by plants, the behaviors of nutrients in soil and the possibility of leaching loss when nitrogen fertilizer and completely decomposed compost were applied. Lysimeters(Volume 0.15㎥, Diameter 62cm, Height 62.8cm) were installed for collecting leachate in the Jeju volcanic ash soils. Lysimeter study consisted of thirteen treatments : fallow, fallow with weeding, cropping without fertilizer and compost, three N fertilizer soil surface applications(16, 32, 64kg/10a), three N fertilizer and compost soil surface applications(16+800, 32+1600, 64+32kg/10a), two water dissolved N fertilizer applications(16, 32kg/10a), and low and high plant densities. N fertilizer was applied as urea. The growth of com(preceding crop) and potatoes(succeeding crop) and leaching loss were determined during the experimental period. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; With Increased N, pH of leachate tended to decrease and NO$_3$-N concentration of leachate increased. NO$_3$-N leaching loss was remarkably greater in soil from the bare plot without fertilization and the weed control than from plots with medium N rate and was least in the cropping plot without fertilization. NO$_3$-N concentration in leachates from the water dissolved N fertilizer application plots was 64% of that from the soil surface application plots. The concentration of Ca and K ions and the leaching loss of these ions were least from the cropping plot without fertilization and were greatest from bare plots(T1 and T2) without fertilization. The proportion of leaching and residual N in soil increased as N rate increased indicting that higher N rates increase the possibility of N leaching to subsoil layer The proportion of N leaching losses was lower at the low N rate and the high plant density. In future, fertilization prescription which can maximize fertilizer use efficiency and minimize the pollution of ground water will be needed for conserving the environments.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.274-279
• /
• 1983

In order to find out the application effect of commercial organic fertilizer on the germination rate of ginseng seed, growth of ginseng plant and changes of the physicochemical properties of soils, a Miwon organic fertilizer, byproduct of amino acid fermentation, was applied to the ginseng nursery bed. The application rates of Miwon organic fertilizer were 0kg-N from organic fertilizer and 30kg-N from wild grass compost per 10a as control(namely 0kg-N/10a), 2.5kg-N and 27.5kg-N/ 10a(2.5kg-N/10a) 5.0kg-N and 25kg-N/10a(5.0kg-N/10a), 10kg-N and 20kg-N/10a(10kg-N/10a), 15kg-N and 15kg-N/10a(15kg-N/10a) respectively, The obtained results are as follows: 1. The germination rate of ginseng seed were better in the plots that received 2.5kg, 5.0kg and 10kg-N/10a as compared with control plot. However no difference was found on germination rate between control and 15kg-N/10a, 2. The higher rate of missing plant was found in the 15kg-N/10a plot that showed poor growth. However control and 10kg-N/10a plot showed similar rate of missing plant. The best result, lower rate of missing plant, was obtained in the order of 5kg-N and 2.5kg-N/10a respectively. 3. The significant heavier ginseng root weight was obtained in 5kg-N/10a and 10kg-N/10a plot. However the root weight was decreased in the order of 2.5kg-N/10a, control, 15kg-N/10a. 4. In the physicochemical changes of soils between control and organic fertilizer treated soil before and after harvesting the increment of pH, C.E.C. and organic matter content along with the rate of organic fertilizer application were found. There were significant correlation between nitrate nitrogen and the rate of organic fertilizer application. 5. In the view points of germination rate, missing rate of plant and yield of ginseng root, it can be stated that the best result could be obtained from the plot that received 10kg-N/10a from Miwon commercial organic fertilizer and 10kg-N/10a from wild grass compost.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.38-46
• /
• 2016

Background: Blind and excessive application of fertilizers was found during the cultivation of Panax notoginseng in fields, as well as increase in root rot disease incidence. Methods: Both "3414" application and orthogonal test designs were performed at Shilin county, Yunnan province, China, for NPK (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and mineral fertilizers, respectively. The data were used to construct the one-, two-, and three-factor quadratic regression models. The effect of fertilizer deficiency on root yield loss was also analyzed to confirm the result predicted by these models. A pot culture experiment was performed to observe the incidence rate of root rot disease and to obtain the best range in which the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized. Results: The best application strategy for NPK fertilizer was $0kg/667m^2$, $17.01kg/667m^2$, and $56.87kg/667m^2$, respectively, which can produce the highest root yield of 1,861.90 g (dried root of 100 plants). For mineral fertilizers, calcium and magnesium fertilizers had a significant and positive effect on root yield and the content of four active saponins, respectively. The severity of root rot disease increased with the increase in soil moisture. The best range of soil moisture varied from 0.56 FC (field capacity of water) to 0.59 FC, when the highest yield of root and saponins could be realized as well as the lower incidence rate of root disease. Conclusion: These results indicate that the amount of nitrogen fertilizer used in these fields is excessive and that of potassium fertilizer is deficient. Higher soil moisture is an important factor that increases the severity of the root rot disease.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.1 no.1
• /
• pp.13-26
• /
• 1968

To establish the most efficient method of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization in paddy rice a series of internationally coordinated research using $N^{15}\;P^{32}$ isotopes were carried out from the year 1962 through 1967, supervised by the Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Atomic Energy in Agriculture under the auspicies of FAO, UN. In Korea College of Agriculture, Seoul National University had been participated in the Coordinated Research Programme from the year 1963 through the last year, arid the results obtained through the six years' researches are summarized as follows: 1. In the application of superphosphate broadcasting or placement at the surface of paddy as basal dressing was most efficient. 2. Split or late application of superphosphate did not affect the grain yield of the rice, but its efficiency in the rice plant uptake was less than in the case of basal dressing of whole amounts. 3. The contents of available soil phoshorus of the experimental sites in Korea were above 60 ppm, and the efficiency of phosphorus utilization of the rice from the fertilizer was approximately 10 per cent. The grain yield response of the rice to phosphorus application in Korea was rather small comparing to those of other countries. 4. The nitrogen uptake of the rice plants from the fertilizer was most efficient when the fertilizer was applied at the time of ear prime growth. However, the most efficient utilization of nitrogen did not necessarily accompany the maximum yield of the rice and basic application of adequate amount of nitrogen was required to secure proper number of panicles. 5. In the application of nitrogenous fertilizer shallow placement at 5 cm depth was most efficient. The effect of split application of nitrogen was not so noticeable. It seemed due to the fact that total application amount of nitrogen, 60 kg N/ha, was smaller than that of usual dosage in Korea. 6. The efficiency of nitrogen utilization of the rice from the fertilizer was about 40 percent in Korea, and the yield reponse of the rice plant to nitrogen application was remarkable comparing to those of other countries, showing the marked differences in the fertilizer efficiency and grain yield according to the application method. 7. The nitrogen uptake of the rice plant was not likely affected by the time and the rate of phosphorus application whereas the efficiency of phosphorus utilization was affected to some degree by the method of nitrogen application.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.218-224
• /
• 2001

To find out the optimum level of slow release N fertilizers (MS 10, MS S10, LCU 80, and LCU 100), total amount of nitrogen required throughout the growing season were applied in the seedling box or incorporated into paddy soil. Four levels of the slow release N fertilizers (0, 6, 9 and 12 kg N/10 a) were mixed with commercial rice nursery bed soil. N release rate and electrical conductivity(EC) of the slow release fertilizers were greater in the order of MS 10 > LCU 80 ${\fallingdotseq}$ LCU 100 > MS S10 and higher as temperature increased. No seedlings were emerged in all MS 10 plots. The seedling emergence rate of LCU 80 and LCU 100 decreased as the N level increased and seedlings were wilted severely on the 13th day after sowing at 9 and 12 kg N/10 a. In MS S10 plots the emergence rate was higher than 80% at all N levels and seedling growth was normal until 30 days after sowing. Yield of rice was similar between seedling box application and soil incorporation in paddy of MS S10. Yield of rice among the 6, 9, 12 kg N/10 a of MS S10 and conventional 12 kg N/10 a of urea split application was similar, but it was significantly higher compared with no N plot. Fertilizer N recovery of MS S10 decreased as fertilizer level increased and it was significantly higher compared with conventional urea split application.