• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 춘계학술발표대회
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• pp.5-5
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• 2011

The research and development of hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) and electric vehicle (EV) are intensified due to the energy crisis and environmental concerns. In order to meet the challenging requirements of powering HEV, PHEV and EV, the current lithium battery technology needs to be significantly improved in terms of the cost, safety, power and energy density, as well as the calendar and cycle life. One new technology being developed is the utilization of composite cathode by mixing two different types of insertion compounds [e.g., spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $LiMO_2$ (M=Ni, Co, and Mn)]. Recently, some studies on mixing two different types of cathode materials to make a composite cathode have been reported, which were aimed at reducing cost and improving self-discharge. Numata et al. reported that when stored in a sealed can together with electrolyte at $80^{\circ}C$ for 10 days, the concentrations of both HF and $Mn^{2+}$ were lower in the can containing $LiMn_2O_4$ blended with $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.2}O_2$ than that containing $LiMn_2O_4$ only. That reports clearly showed that this blending technique can prevent the decline in capacity caused by cycling or storage at elevated temperatures. However, not much work has been reported on the charge-discharge characteristics and related structural phase transitions for these composite cathodes. In this presentation, we will report our in situ x-ray diffraction studies on this mixed composite cathode material during charge-discharge cycling. The mixed cathodes were incorporated into in situ XRD cells with a Li foil anode, a Celgard separator, and a 1M $LiPF_6$ electrolyte in a 1 : 1 EC : DMC solvent (LP 30 from EM Industries, Inc.). For in situ XRD cell, Mylar windows were used as has been described in detail elsewhere. All of these in situ XRD spectra were collected on beam line X18A at National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) at Brookhaven National Laboratory using two different detectors. One is a conventional scintillation detector with data collection at 0.02 degree in two theta angle for each step. The other is a wide angle position sensitive detector (PSD). The wavelengths used were 1.1950 ${\AA}$ for the scintillation detector and 0.9999 A for the PSD. The newly installed PSD at beam line X18A of NSLS can collect XRD patterns as short as a few minutes covering $90^{\circ}$ of two theta angles simultaneously with good signal to noise ratio. It significantly reduced the data collection time for each scan, giving us a great advantage in studying the phase transition in real time. The two theta angles of all the XRD spectra presented in this paper have been recalculated and converted to corresponding angles for ${\lambda}=1.54\;{\AA}$, which is the wavelength of conventional x-ray tube source with Cu-$k{\alpha}$ radiation, for easy comparison with data in other literatures. The structural changes of the composite cathode made by mixing spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ and layered $Li-Ni_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ in 1 : 1 wt% in both Li-half and Li-ion cells during charge/discharge are studied by in situ XRD. During the first charge up to ~5.2 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, the in situ XRD spectra for the composite cathode in the Li-half cell track the structural changes of each component. At the early stage of charge, the lithium extraction takes place in the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component only. When the cell voltage reaches at ~4.0 V vs. $Li/Li^+$, lithium extraction from the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component starts and becomes the major contributor for the cell capacity due to the higher rate capability of $LiMn_2O_4$. When the voltage passed 4.3 V, the major structural changes are from the $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, while the $LiMn_2O_4$ component is almost unchanged. In the Li-ion cell using a MCMB anode and a composite cathode cycled between 2.5 V and 4.2 V, the structural changes are dominated by the spinel $LiMn_2O_4$ component, with much less changes in the layered $LiNi_{1/3}Co_{1/3}Mn_{1/3}O_2$ component, comparing with the Li-half cell results. These results give us valuable information about the structural changes relating to the contributions of each individual component to the cell capacity at certain charge/discharge state, which are helpful in designing and optimizing the composite cathode using spinel- and layered-type materials for Li-ion battery research. More detailed discussion will be presented at the meeting.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.283-295
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• 1979

농업(農業)의 기대성장(期待成長)과 현실성장을 비교(比較)하기 위하여 1953-77. 기간(期間)을 3단계(段階)로 구분하여 역사적접근법(歷史的接近法)을 시도(試圖)하였으며 농경지(農耕地)의 타목적전환과 전작물(田作物)의 수요(需要)를 전망(展望)하였다. 야산개발의 필요성(必要性)을 검토(檢討)하기 위하여는 농경지(農耕地)의 외연적확대가 가능(可能)한 가를 살펴보았으며 개간지(開墾地)의 작부유형(作付類型)을 분류(分類)하였다. 야산개발의 지역농업(地域農業)에 미친 효과로는 개간농가(開墾農家)의 경영규모확대와 경지규모별호수분포가 대농화경향(大農化傾向)을 보이는 것 같고 개간지(開墾地)의 지가가 기경지(旣耕地)보다 빠른 상승율(上昇率)을 보였다. 야산개발지의 생산성(生産性)은 6년차(年次)만 되면 기경지수준에 가깝게 되고 따라서 소득지수도 이와 유사(類似)한 경향(傾向)을 보이고 있다. 야산개발사업의 수익성은 다른 토지개발사업보다 높고 작목별(作目別)로 보면 식량작물(食糧作物)보다는 경제작물이 높고 단작(單作)보다는 이모작(二毛作)의 경우가 유리(有利)하게 나타났다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.27-34
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• 2010

在过去的10年里，奢侈品销售已经有了显著的增长. 在2007年, 奢侈品消费额已经超过1300亿美元. 在奢侈品产业中, 有超过一半的利润来自平均收入显著增长, 对奢侈品的需求快速增加的亚洲. 在这个区域购买奢侈品牌已经成为一个有趣的社会现象并为这些公司带来利润. 作为新兴的发达国家, 韩国是亚洲最有吸引力的奢侈品市场之一. 如今, 共有120个奢侈时装品牌进入了韩国市场. 这些品牌主要集中在首尔的奢侈区域, 因此竞争也十分激烈. 本文的目的是: (1) 识别奢侈品牌态度的要素. (2) 测试奢侈品牌态度对顾客资产的影响. (3) 测定奢侈品牌态度对顾客终身价值的影响 (4) 深入研究顾客资产对顾客终身价值的影响. 以前的研究已经测定物质主义, 社会需要, 经验需要, 独特需要, 适应性和时尚卷入是对奢侈品牌态度的组成要素. Richins and Dowson (1992) 认为物质主义对与产品质量相关的购买行为有影响. Nueno and Quelch (1998) 写到对奢侈品牌的拥有传递着和所有者社会地位相关的信息. 表达着一种成功和声望的形象, 是购买行为的一个要素. 经验需要被认为是消费的一个重要方面. 尤其是发展满足消费者需求的新产品. 由于奢侈品被定义为相对稀少的产品, 对这些类型产品的拥有满足消费者对独特性的需要. 本研究中, 价值资产, 关系资产和品牌资产被测试为顾客资产的驱动因素. 样本 (n=114) 是在韩国首尔的两所私立女子大学的本科生和研究生. 我们在2009年3月进行了自填式问卷调查来收集数据. 我们运用SPSS15.0来分析数据, 包括叙述性统计, 因子分析, 信赖度分析和回归分析. 通过数据分析我们得出一些结论, 首先, 经验需要和时尚卷入对参与者对奢侈品牌的态度有积极的影响. 第二, 对奢侈品牌的态度对品牌资产有积极影响. 紧随其后的是价值资产和关系资产. 但是我们没有发现奢侈品牌态度和顾客终身价值之间的显著关系. 最后, 关系资产积极影响顾客终身价值. 总而言之, 年轻消费者是重要的潜在消费群. 他们尝试不同的品牌到最终发现哪种品牌最适合自己. 奢侈品营销者使用有效的行销策略来吸引这些可获利的潜在消费者并使他们产生忠诚度并增加顾客资产和顾客终身价值.

• 전자공학회논문지D
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• 제36D권1호
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• pp.29-37
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• 1999

La 농도에 따른 PLT 박막을 sol-gel법으로 제작하여, La 농도가 PLT 박막의 전기적 특성에 미치는 영양을 조사하였다. La 농도가 5 mol%에서 28 mol%로 증가함에 따라 10KHz의 주파수에서 비유전률은 428에서 761로 증가하였고 유전손실은 0.063에서 0.024로 감소하였으며, 누설전류밀도는 150kV/cm의 전기장에서 6.96${\mu}A/cm^2$에서 0.79${\mu}A/cm^2$으로 감소하는 추세를 보였다. La 농도에 따른 PLT 박막의 이력곡선을 측정한 결과, La의 농도가 5mol%에서 28mol%로 증가함에 따라 잔류분극은 9.55${\mu}C/cm^2$ 에서 1.10${\mu}C/cm^2$ 으로 항전계는 46.4kV/cm에서 13.7kV/cm로 감소하였다. La 농도를 5 mol%에서 28 mol% 까지 변화시킨 PLT 박막에 대한 피로특성을 조사한 결과, La 농도가 증가할수록 피로특성이 현저히 개선됨을 알 수 있었다. 특히, La 농도가 28mol%인 PLT 박막의 경우, 상유전상을 가지며 5V에서 전하축적밀도와 누설전류밀도는 각각 134fC/${\mu}cm^2$과 1.01${\mu}A/cm^2$ 이었으며, La 농도가 10mol%인 PLT 박막은 6.96${\mu}C/cm^2$의 잔류분극과 40.2kV/cm의 항전계를 가졌다. 또한 ${\pm}5V$ 의 사각펄스를 $10^9$회 가한 후에도 잔류분극의 값이 약 20% 감소하는 비교적 우수한 특성을 나타내었다. 결론적으로, La이 10mol% 와 28mol% 첨가된 PLT 박막은 각각 NVFRAM과 차세대 DRAM 용 캐패시터 절연막으로 사용될 수 있는 매우 유망한 재료라 생각할 수 있다.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.29-39
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• 2016

본 연구는 일조시간과 강수량 자료를 이용하여 다중회귀 방법을 통해 일사량을 추정하였다. 연구에 사용된 자료들은 강릉지역에 위치한 강원지방기상청(105 관측소, 1980-2007)과 신강원지방기상청(104 관측소, 2009-2014) 그리고 강릉원주대학교(GWNU 관측소, 2013-2014)이며, 105 관측소 자료를 통해 산출된 회귀식을 104 관측소와 GWNU 관측소에 적용하여 비교분석하였다. 먼저, 일조시간만을 이용하였을 때 104 관측소는 기존 연구들과 유사한 상관계수(0.96)와 표준오차($1.16MJm^{-2}$)가 나타났고, GWNU 관측소에서는 높은 상관계수(0.99)와 낮은 표준오차($0.57MJm^{-2}$)로 분석되었다. 그리고 일조시간과 강수량 자료를 104 관측소에 적용하였을 때 상관계수 0.96과 표준오차 $0.99MJm^{-2}$로 일조시간만을 적용했을 때보다 표준오차가 감소되었다. 일조시간만을 이용한 방법보다 강수량이 추가된 방법은 관측 일사량과 편차의 극값이 -26.6%(2010년 3월)에서 -31.0%(2011년 2월)로 증가되었다. 이는 강수량이 5월과 7-9월에 집중되어 나타나 이외의 월에서 추정식의 계수가 음으로 계산되었기 때문으로 분석된다. 따라서 한반도와 같이 강수량이 여름철에 집중되는 지역에서는 월평균 강수량을 일사량 추정에 이용할 때 주의를 기울여야 할 것이다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.17-26
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• 2009

As the lifestyle of consumers changes and the need for various products increases, new products are being developed in the market. Each household owns various home appliances which are purchased through the choice of a decision maker. These appliances include not only large-sized products such as TV, refrigerator, and washing machine, but also small-sized products such as microwave oven and air cleaner. There exists latent correlation among possession of home appliances, even though they are purchased independently. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of demographic factors on the purchase and possession of each home appliances, and to derive some relationships among various appliances. To achieve this purpose, the present status on the possession of each home appliances are investigated through consumer survey data on the electric and energy product. And a multivariate probit(MVP) model is applied for the empirical analysis. From the estimation results, some appliances show a substitutive or complementary pattern as expected, while others which look apparently unrelated have correlation by co-incidence. This research has several advantages compared to previous literatures on home appliances. First, this research focuses on the various products which are purchased by each household, while previous researches such as Matsukawa and Ito(1998) and Yoon(2007) focus just on a particular product. Second, the methodology of this research can consider a choice process of each product and correlation among products simultaneously. Lastly, this research can analyze not only a substitutive or complementary relationship in the same category, but also the correlation among products in the different categories. As the data on the possession of home appliances in each household has a characteristic of multiple choice, not a single choice, a MVP model are used for the empirical analysis. A MVP model is derived from a random utility model, and has an advantage compared to a multinomial logit model in that correlation among error terms can be derive(Manchanda et al., 1999; Edwards and Allenby, 2003). It is assumed that the error term has a normal distribution with zero mean and variance-covariance matrix ${\Omega}$. Hence, the sign and value of correlation coefficients means the relationship between two alternatives(Manchanda et al., 1999). This research uses the data of 'TEMEP Household ICT/Energy Survey (THIES) 2008' which is conducted by Technology Management, Economics and Policy Program in Seoul National University. The empirical analysis of this research is accomplished in two steps. First, a MVP model with demographic variables is estimated to analyze the effect of the characteristics of household on the purchase of each home appliances. In this research, some variables such as education level, region, size of family, average income, type of house are considered. Second, a MVP model excluding demographic variables is estimated to analyze the correlation among each home appliances. According to the estimation results of variance-covariance matrix, each households tend to own some appliances such as washing machine-refrigerator-cleaner-microwave oven, and air conditioner-dish washer-washing machine and so on. On the other hand, several products such as analog braun tube TV-digital braun tube TV and desktop PC-portable PC show a substitutive pattern. Lastly, the correlation map of home appliances are derived using multi-dimensional scaling(MDS) method based on the result of variance-covariance matrix. This research can provide significant implications for the firm's marketing strategies such as bundling, pricing, display and so on. In addition, this research can provide significant information for the development of convergence products and related technologies. A convergence product can decrease its market uncertainty, if two products which consumers tend to purchase together are integrated into it. The results of this research are more meaningful because it is based on the possession status of each household through the survey data.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.53-67
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• 2009

For the last decades, service quality has been studied as one of the most important tools for a service company to compete with the other companies. Based on these past researches, it has been agreed that the service quality is a basic and powerful tool to create the competitive advantage. Due to similar reason, many service marketing practitioners have been also focused on the service quality to retain the existing consumers and collect the new consumers. However, service quality is subjectively perceived by individual consumers. Consumer evaluation of service quality can be different from each other. Especially consumers with one life-style may evaluate the service quality differently from the consumers with the other life-styles. Therefore we need to know whether there are differences in service quality perception on the categories of life-style. Life-style refers to a distinctive mode of living in its aggregate and broadest sense. It embodies the patterns that were developed and emerged from the dynamics of living in a society. Since the concept of life-style and its relationship to marketing was introduced in 1963 by William Lazer, methods of measuring the life-style and their application have been developed. Life-style has been usually used to segment the marketplace because it offers marketers a unique and important view of the market. When Life-style is combined with clustering methods, life-style segmentation can generate identifiable whole persons rather than isolated fragment. Life-style segmentation begins with people instead of products and classifies them into different life-style types, each characterized by a unique style of living based on a wide range of activities, interests, and opinions(Plummer, 1974). In this study we applies the life-style segmentation based on the AIO(Activities, Interests, and Opinions) to the consumers of the large discount stores. In Korea, the large discount store market has entered into maturity stage so that the market differentiation strategy is becoming a more critical issue to the marketing practitioners. One of the most important tools to differentiate from the competitors in large discount store market is continuously to provide service of better quality than competitors. This study tries to find answers about the following questions: 1) How can we categorize the consumer life-styles in the large discount store? 2) What are the characteristics of the categorized groups? 3) Are there any differences in service quality perception among the consumers with different life-styles 4) Are there any differences in consumer behavior among them in the large discount store? For the purpose, we collected survey data from consumers and analyzed the data with the SPSS package where we had $X^2$-test, factor analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and cluster analysis. The survey was made during one month in the April of 2008. Among the collected 306 copies of questionnaires, 281 copies were chosen as the effective samples for empirical analysis except 25 copies with wrong responses. To identify the life-style patterns, we used the measures employed by Kim and Kwon(1999), where 44 items on a seven-point scale were used to measure factors of the life-style patterns. The Principal Component Method was used for factor extraction, and the VARIMAX orthogonal factor rotation was employed. The 7 items showing low factor loading were eliminated. The results of the factor analysis suggested that nine factors of the life-style patterns were identified as follows: 1) the equality-of-sexes and pursuit-of-independence tendency 2) self-management tendency 3) sociable tendency 4) self-display tendency 5) degree of a dilettante life 6) pursuit-of-information tendency 7) bargain hunter tendency 8) TV preference tendency 9) pursuit-of-leisure tendency. Next, after the K-means cluster analysis was performed with nine factors of the life-style patterns, the life-styles of the respondents were classified into four groups which are named as the 'progressive practicality-oriented group', 'positive success-oriented group', 'sociable ostentation-oriented group', 'stable conservation-oriented group'. The analysis results for usage behavior between the market segments showed statistically significant differences in the frequency of usage, duration time in the store, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty. Also, we tried to investigate whether the large discount store consumers differently perceive the quality of service based upon the types of life-style. To measure the service quality of large discount store, we adapted several measurement models measuring the service quality such as SERVPERF, BCP, R-SERVPERF, R-BCP. MANOVA and One-Way ANOVA were performed to confirm the difference in service quality perception based on the market segments. The results have also shown significant differences between life-style types in service quality perception. These findings show that the large discount store marketers should consider consumer life-style as one of the most important market segments for marketing and understand the difference in service quality perception between life-style types. Our findings give important implications to marketers of large discount stores as well as life-style researchers. First, this study showed there were significant differences in consumer's service quality perception and usage behavior between the types of life-style. It provides evidence that the life-style approach can be a important basis in segmenting the large discount store market and will make consumers perceive the service quality high. Second, most previous researches on service quality have been in aggregate level. However, our results imply that the future research on service quality have to focus on segment level.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.104-117
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• 2017

본 연구는 텍스트 마이닝 기법과 인자분석를 활용하여 경관이미지 분석의 결과를 비교?분석하고, 텍스트 마이닝 기법이 경관이미지 연구에서 활용 가능성이 있는지 확인하고자 하였다. 롯데월드타워의 경관이미지는 텍스트 마이닝 분석 결과, 형용사 '새로운', '변화적인', '특이한', '신기한', '인상적인', '개성적인' 등이 도출되었으며, 롯데월드타워의 경관이미지가 변화하는 과정을 살펴보면, 사람들의 활동적인 요소(구경, 나들이, 프로젝트, 야경 등)와 미디어매체(신문, 블로그 등), 기후(날씨, 계절) 등이 경관이미지를 변화시키는 변동요인으로 도출되었다. 인자분석 결과, 롯데월드타워의 경관이미지에 영향을 미치는 요인은 상징성, 심미성, 조형성 순으로 나타났다. 형태적 특징인 식별성은 규모성, 가시성의 특징을 가지고 있는데, 통계적으로 유의하지 않았다. 오히려 독특성, 특별성 등의 특징을 갖고 있는 상징성과 주변 환경과의 특성과의 조화성, 아름다움의 특징을 갖고 있는 심미성 등 심리적인 요인이 경관이미지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 두 가지 연구방법에서 공통적으로 도출된 결과는 건축물의 장소나 위치 등 형태적 물리적인 특성보다 도시를 대표하고 상징할 수 있는 요소 등 심리적인 특성이 경관이미지에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 텍스트 마이닝 기법은 사람들이 대상을 보고 느낀 이미지에 해당되는 명사 형용사를 파악할 수 있고, 도출된 키워드 간의 관계를 확인함으로써 경관이미지 형성 과정과 더 나아가 도시의 이미지까지 파악이 가능하므로, 조경분야에서 경관연구의 한계를 보완하기 위한 방안으로 적합한 것으로 사료된다. 본 연구는 조경의 연구 분야인 경관분석에서 빅데이터가 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 실제 실행을 통하여 확인하였다는 점에서 의의가 있으며, 추후 빅데이터 기반의 정보를 파악 분석하여 경관 연구 영역의 확대에 기여하기를 바란다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.141-161
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• 1991

재판매가격유지(再版賣價格維持)는 어떤 다른 제품보다도 도서유통(圖書流通)에서 가장 오랫동안 쓰여 왔으며, 원칙적으로 재판매가격유지를 금지하고 있는 우리의 "독점규제(獨占規制) 및 공정거래(公正去來)에 관(關)한 법률(法律)"에서도 출판물(出版物) 등 저작물(著作物)에 대해서만은 이를 예외적으로 허용하고 있다. 본고(本稿)는 도서유통에서의 재판매가격유지(再版賣價格維持)와 반품제(返品制)의 경제적(經濟的) 기능(機能)과 효과(效果)를 분석하고 있다. 재판매가격유지는 서점(書店)이 수집 전달하는 시장정보(市場情報)에 대한 재산권(財産權)을 확립하여 판매전망이 불확실한 도서가 취급 전시되도록 하는 것으로 반품제(返品制)가 이와 동일한 경제적 기능을 제공하는 대체적(大替的) 수단(手段)이 된다. 미국에서 재판매가격유지(再版賣價格維持)가 위법화(違法化)되자 반품제(返品制)가 도입되었고 판매마진이 감소하면서 반품율(返品率)이 증가한 것이나, 재판매가격유지를 허용해 온 영국 등 유럽제국에서 반품제 없이 도서유통(圖書流通)이 이루어지고 있는 것이 이를 뒷받침해 준다. 도서(圖書)의 재판매가격유지(再版賣價格維持) 허용으로 출판사들은 반품(返品)에 따른 비용(費用)을 감소시킬 수 있고 서점들이 대형화(大型化) 유인(誘引)을 갖게 될 것이다. 그러나 재판매가격유지계약(再版賣價格維持契約)을 체결한 출판사가 많지 않다는 것은 이미 반품제(返品制)가 광범위하게 쓰이고 있는 현실을 반영하는 것으로 재판매가격유지는 출판사가 원하는 도서에 대해서만 허용되어야 하며 할인판매여부(割引販賣與否)와 시기(時期)도 출판사가 제한없이 결정할 수 있도록 하여야 할 것이다.

• 한국간호교육학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.177-190
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• 1999

This study has been conducted on the basis of the literature review of Nursing Education Research in China from 1990 through August 1998. Its purpose was to support the basic data of nursing education which is risen as major revolutionary of nursing in China and those for exchange of information between Korea-China nursing education. It is retrospective and descriptive research analyzing one hundred eighty articles published in The Journal of China Nursing. The results of the study were as follows. 1. Only 33.3% of the professors of Technical Nursing School who have played of major role of nursing education in China have carried out the study related to nursing education. Baccalaureate program professors have marked 22.2% of all studies, and diploma program professors have done 12.2% of all. Therefore, the professors of above the diploma program have done total 44.4%. It explains that the professors of baccalaureate and diploma programs have done more studies related to nursing education than those of Technical Nursing School. 2. In terms of the study design, most of the studies(38.8%) were case studies introducing the curriculum contents that were done at education institutions. And then, 28.5% were reviewing the articles, and 15.6% were descriptive studies. 3. In terms of the content of the study, 38.3% were relevant to education of Technical Nursing School, 15.0% were about baccalaureate education, and 10.4% is about diploma. 4. To analyze the specific contents of the studies ; a. In baccalaureate program, human resources (professor or teaching), course extension, lab, classes, teaching method, education philosophy, goal of education, evaluation method, and human resource development were included. b. In diploma program, teaching contents evaluation method, teaching method, and educational system were included c. In the technical school, there were qualification of professors , teaching method, evaluation method, opening the courses, teaching contents, goal of education and so on. d. Beyond these, there were practice guidance and appraisement, teaching method, and opening new courses which were not specially indicated as educational curriculum and score management as continuing education. What is above tell us that the study regarding development of university system has been progressed actively and widely. It has been for the effort of revolution which based on the China government force to reform of nursing education process during last 10 years. On the base of the result, we suggest the following questions and the alternatives. 1) Since most articles are case studies related to teaching methods and the others doesn't propose the research method. the study which is applied more exact research method is needed. 2) No study is regarding social change and health policy. Because University program, founded in 1983 is on the beginning point, the research about curriculum have to be taken as a top priority as well as to reflect social needs which are based on social changes and national health policy 3) Only one review article study tells nursing Human resource. To appear in large numbers in nursing manpower, avoid the present hospital nurses training system. Then, the study for manpower development which is able to accomplish in many fields has to be advanced. 4) Most studies did not have literature review processes, so it was impossible for researcher to know the past study tendency and there is no relation among studies as to same subject, the education about research method is needed.