• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.93-103
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• 2019

In metropolitan cities have been reorganizing the routes of the city buses periodically due to changes in the spatial structure and traffic pattern and the lack of supply due to new developments. However, there is a lack of system to comprehensively evaluate the routes. Even if the evaluation index is not clearly defined, it may not be reasonable. Therefore, it is difficult to set the improvement direction when the bus route is reorganized. In this study, the existing evaluation indexes were reviewed and further investigation was conducted on the problematic indexes. In particular, the degree of curvature has been used as a very important index in the evaluation of the route system, but the existing curvature based curvature has a limitation in considering the traffic characteristics of individual users. For this purpose, a virtual city bus network was set up and the degree of curvature was calculated and compared based on the point - based curvature and stopping point based on individual user O/D. In this study, it is considered that more efficient and practical analysis and evaluation are possible in the evaluation of the city bus route system through the curvature considering the individual user O/D based on the stopping point. It is expected that it will be used at the time of reorganization of city bus route performed by individual local governments in the future.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.377-383
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• 2019

Objectives: Exposure to fine particles in urban air has been associated with a number of negative health effects. High levels of fine particles have been detected at underground stations in big cities. We investigated the exposure conditions in four occupational groups in the Stockholm underground train system to identify high-exposed groups and study variations in exposure. Methods: $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were measured during three full work shifts on 44 underground workers. Fluctuations in exposure were monitored by a real-time particle monitoring instrument, pDR, DataRAM. Qualitative analysis of particle content was performed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Nitrogen dioxide was measured using passive monitors. Results: For all underground workers, the geometric mean (GM) of $PM_1$ was $18{\mu}g/m^3$ and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $37{\mu}g/m^3$. The particle exposure was highest for cleaners/platform workers, and the GM of $PM_1$ was $31.6{\mu}g/m^3$ [geometric standard deviation (GSD), 1.6] and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $76.5{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.3); the particle exposure was lowest for ticket sellers, and the GM of $PM_1$ was $4.9{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 2.1) and of $PM_{2.5}$ was $9.3{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.5). The $PM_1$ and $PM_{2.5}$ levels were five times higher in the underground system than at the street level, and the particles in the underground had high iron content. The train driver's nitrogen dioxide exposure level was $64.1{\mu}g/m^3$ (GSD, 1.5). Conclusions: Cleaners and other platform workers were statistically significantly more exposed to particles than train drivers or ticket sellers. Particle concentrations ($PM_{2.5}$) in the Stockholm underground system were within the same range as in the New York underground system but were much lower than in several older underground systems around the world.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-45
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• 2018

South Korea has recently emerged as one of the leading countries conducting clinical trials. Seoul, for instance, is now ranked at the top of the list among the cities in the world. This paper examines the rapid growth of research involving human subjects in Korea, not just from the economic perspective (e.g., the growth of global pharmaceutical markets and the subsequent increase in the demand for clinical trials), but from the policy perspective (e.g., the government?s drive to support and promote this field as a new industry). The industrialization of clinical trials in Korea has manifested itself in the rise of international Contract Research Organizations (CRO) doing their business in Korea. They are, figuratively speaking, invited to Korea by the government. This paper intends to uncover and discuss the bioethical issues concerning research on human subjects, the issues that tend to be set aside merely as procedural ones like ??workable documents??. To this end, it investigates the practice of clinical trials by collecting hitherto unherad voices from patient-volunteers, physician-researchers, CRO employees, and government officials. This paper also explores the themes of ??ethical variability?? and ??biocapital?? in order to compare and constrast the case in Korea with those in other countries.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.85-91
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• 2021

In contrast to standard train tracks, tramlines are often set along public roads, with trams running among pedestrians and other vehicles. In some cities and towns, trams and buses share the same routes and stations. Under the current investment appraisal system, trams are classified into light rail when predicting traffic demand and calculating benefits, but in the case of non-capital areas, it is notable that the origin-destination and transit lines of buses are not provided in the Korea Transport Database distribution data. Due to this problem, it is difficult to reflect proper mode changing behaviors between route buses and trams. This study examines the impact on tramlines of bus routes that are not currently considered in non-capital areas. Following an analysis of the effect of tram projects according to whether bus routes are considered or not, an improvement in methodology is proposed. Through this study, it is expected that the investment appraisal system for the planning of new tramlines will be improved in the future.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.268-278
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• 2021

Technologies that are leading the fourth industrial revolution, such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, artificial intelligence (AI), and cyber-physical systems (CPS) are developing and generalizing. The demand to improve productivity, economy, safety, etc., is spreading in various industrial fields by applying these technologies. Digital twins are attracting attention as an important technology trend to meet demands and is one of the top 10 tasks of the Korean version of the New Deal. In this study, papers, magazines, reports, and other literature were searched using Google. In order to investigate the contribution or role of geospatial information in the digital twin application, the definition of a digital twin, we investigated technology trends of domestic and foreign companies; the components of digital twins required in manufacturing, plants, and smart cities; and the core techniques for driving a digital twin. In addition, the contributing contents of geospatial information were summarized by searching for a sentence or word linked between geospatial-related keywords (i.e., Geospatial Information, Geospatial data, Location, Map, and Geodata and Digital Twin). As a result of the survey, Geospatial information is not only providing a role as a medium connecting objects, things, people, processes, data, and products, but also providing reliable decision-making support, linkage fusion, location information provision, and frameworks. It was found that it can contribute to maximizing the value of utilization of digital twins.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.571-585
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• 2021

Various studies have analyzed urban decline at a universal level using the general characteristics of declining cities. However, urban decline at the city level should be considered because this decay occurs based on the unique attributes of a particular city. In addition, since this phenomenon occurs and spreads in microspaces, studies should consider smaller spatial units continuously. This study aims to develop an urban decline measurement model that considers regional characteristics to analyze the urban decline of Ulsan Metropolitan City over time and space. The index value of Ulsan, compared to the national average, is calculated and reflected in the weight to reflect regional characteristics in the model. In addition, after analyzing urban decline by administrative dong units, we also performed analysis by counting district units using spatial hierarchical structure to demonstrate evaluation on smaller unit spaces. As a result of analyzing urban decline patterns by associating the index calculated using the model with the social phenomenon of Ulsan Metropolitan City, urban decline formed clusters and spread to adjacent regions over time. In addition, results confirmed that external factors such as new towns and urban regeneration projects affect urban decline. By illustrating the degree of urban decline proposed measurement model used in this study, it is possible to present the priority of areas required for urban regeneration projects. Results are also helpful to test the effectiveness of completed or presently-implemented urban regeneration projects.

• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.39-49
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• 2022

Purpose: As part of these efforts, in-depth research is needed on efficient and practical utilization of underground spaces and underground shopping malls. In addition, efforts are being made to find effective alternatives to various problems currently occurring in underground shopping malls, but it is not easy. In addition, the development entity and the maintenance entity are different from each other, and the management is not unified, making it difficult to maintain underground shopping malls. From this point of view, it can be said that it is time to actively and specifically discuss ways to revitalize underground shopping malls. Data and methodology: In the domestic distribution environment, traditional markets and shops are stagnating due to rapid changes in consumption patterns, such as the spread of large companies with advanced distribution techniques such as hypermarkets, shopping malls, and SCM, the rapid increase in Internet and home shopping, and the importance of convenience for young consumers. In order to revitalize underground shopping malls, it is necessary to strengthen the organization and self-rescue efforts of merchants' associations, change consciousness through merchant education, change to specialized markets, find nuclear stores and representative restaurants, and support the hardware sector. Results: The connection of underground shopping malls in each region of the country, where commercial districts are separated from each other, will also play an important role in reviving the function of the city in the future. To do this, it is first necessary to connect underground shopping malls that have been cut off. In other words, connection between connectable underground shopping malls should be promoted. Of course, long-term projects should be promoted step by step, and many consultations should be made on how to connect with the ground for each local government. Conclusion: This is because in the future, the underground space cannot just be a walking place, but another space of the Korean Wave where you can experience satisfying the five senses. K-shopping Hallyu content can be created by creating a characteristic story for each underground shopping mall in the city, permanently this story-oriented event, and creating a safe and elegant environment. If there is a story, so-called "Senomi Shopping" will be possible. A new Korean Wave will be created that can satisfy "the fun of writing, the fun of seeing, and the fun of feeling" at the same time.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.29-42
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• 2020

This study, we will identify and analyze the current status and trends of successful field trips and field experience learning in Korea to improve the future operation of the center so that the purpose of enhancing the regional economic ripple effect in Gyeongsangbuk-do and regaining its reputation as a school trip mecca and No. 1 location can be found. This study conducted qualitative research through FGI (Focus Group Interview) on accommodation managers, tourism-related stakeholders, tourism officials stakeholders, and tourism professors in order to explore new concepts of field trips and field experience learning in 23 cities and counties in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and ways to develop and promote tour programs based on the importance of experience. Through the FGI (Focus Group Interview) analysis results, problems related to improvement of accommodation, food and beverage, safety and service, cooperation among local tourism officials, enhancement of satisfaction with student group visitors linked to unique tourism resources and promotion, diagnosis and introduction of acceptance posture, and management of local residents, local tourism officials and public officials in Gyeongsangbuk-do needed to present the direction and opportunity of tourism policies in Gyeongsangbuk-do.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.76-88
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• 2022

Urban parks play the role of providing leisure spaces for people in their everyday life along with serving ecological functions in the city. Although urban parks aim to satisfy the needs of users visiting the park, most urban parks are currently uniformly created and maintained without considering the environmental characteristics based on the needs of users. This study thus analyzed parks that underwent modifications in line with the revised Park Act in 2005. There were 45 parks whose types were legally changed, of which 21 were changed from children's parks to small parks, and 19 were changed to utilize and highlight the themes such as cultural parks and historical parks. Among the parks whose types have changed, the ratio of amenities in cultural and historic parks has increased, while the facility area in small parks has decreased and the green area has increased in its place. As a result of analyzing the changes to the park facility area, it was confirmed that increasing park amenities has a positive effect in pursuing revitalization of use through park maintenance, but has a negative consequence of significantly decreasing green area. It is necessary to reorganize the park type classification system to reflect the park environment and prepare guidelines for a new installation standard by park type to expand the net function of parks in cities and maintain the sustainable ecological environment. Through in-depth discussions on the facilities of park types, it is anticipated that innovative and multilateral research could be conducted to prepare improvement measures tailored to the guidelines of urban park types in years to come.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.919-929
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• 2022

As a new type of healthy public space, greenway users carry out leisure activities, exercise, sightseeing and necessary transportation in greenway. However, at present, there is little research on greenway users' evaluation and perception of greenway, and there is no comprehensive exploration of Greenway environment from a humanistic perspective. Combined with the research and actual situation of the existing representative greenways in Chinese cities, this paper refers to a large number of documents, applies the semantic difference method and multiple regression analysis method, analyzes the current situation of the Dongfengqu greenway, explores the influencing factors and impact evaluation of the greenway environment from the perspective of greenway users' perception, and puts forward suggestions on the optimization of the greenway environment in Zhengzhou from multiple levels. The main conclusion of this paper comes from the data conclusion obtained by semantic difference method, which is feasible in the resident evaluation of greenway use. The feedback results of post use evaluation can provide a reliable reference for the planning and design of similar greenways in the future.