• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.299-305
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• 2017

P-methoxycinnamic acid and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid are the compounds found in Polygalae Radix, the root of Polygala tenuifolia Willdenow, and have been reported to have hepatoprotective and anti-neurodegenerative effects. On the other hand, there are no reports of their effects on gastric lesions. This study examined the inhibitory effects of cinnamic acids, including p-methoxycinnamic acid, 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid, and 8 compounds (cinnamic acid, 2-(trifluoromethyl) cinnamic acid, 3-(trifluoromethyl) cinnamic acid, trans-4-(trifluoromethyl) cinnamic acid, 4-(dimethylamino) cinnamic acid, 3,4-(methylenedioxy) cinnamic acid and 3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), which were selected based on their presence in medicinal herbs and molecular weight, against gastric lesions. Animal models were used to confirm the protective effects on acute gastritis caused by the administration of HCl/EtOH. Gastric acid inhibition was examined by an acid-neutralizing test and the proton pump ($H^+/K^+$-ATPase) inhibiting activity. In addition, antioxidant tests were performed and the gastric emptying rate was determined. The results showed that cinnamic acid, p-methoxycinnamic acid, and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamic acid had an inhibitory effect on gastric lesions.

• Anatomy and Cell Biology
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• 제57권2호
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• pp.163-171
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• 2024

In the last decade, melatonin has gained recognition as a potent scavenger and an effective antioxidant capable of neutralizing free radicals, including reactive oxygen species. Additionally, it exhibits anti-apoptotic properties. In this review, we will examine a compilation of articles that explore the cellular signaling function of melatonin on spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs) and adjacent cells such as Sertoli and Leydig cells. These cells play a crucial role in the proliferation of SSCs both in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we analyze the function of melatonin in the proliferation of SSCs from other aspects. For this purpose, we examine the articles based on the presence of melatonin on SSCs in four groups: As a supplement in SSCs medium culture, SSCs three-dimensional culture system, SSCs freezing medium, and as a therapeutic factor in vivo. Mechanisms of growth and proliferation of SSCs were considered. The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential effects of melatonin as a powerful antioxidant or growth stimulant for SSCs, both in vivo and in vitro.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.293-296
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• 1990

규회석분말, 염화칼륨, 황산칼륨이 요소의 암모니아화 및 질산화에 주는 영향을 밝히고자 흙 500g씩을 플라스틱 포트에 담아 비닐하우스내($30{\sim}35^{\circ}C$)에서 17일간 밭상태로 보존하며 얻은 시험 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 황산칼리는 염화칼리보다 규회석분말의 토양산성중화를 용이하게 하였으며 이 효과가 요소질소의 암모니아화 및 질산화를 촉진하였다. 2. pH 6.0이하에서는 $(NH_4+NO_3)-N$에 대한 $NO_3-N$의 비율이 20%이다. 3. 토양의 pH 5.2~6.0은 암모니아의 질산화를 억제하는 임계범위가 되거나, 질산화를 억제하는 농도까지 암모니아를 집적시키기 쉬운 범위인 것 같다. 4. 암모니아의 질산화는 저수분의 풍건토양에서도 일어나는 것 같다.

• 펄프종이기술
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2008

It is known that ethanolamines play a critical role for deacidification of paper sized by alum-rosin. However, amines also are effective as a chelating agent of metal. The present work was focused on whether amines could scavenge metals and prevent from the aging of paper. Metals such as alum, copper(II) and iron(III) was added to paper, and the paper treated with amines was aged in a thermo-hygrostat for 3-6 days. In the case of paper added to alum, the amines efficiency against paper aging was good in the oder of triethanolamine, diethanolamine and monoethanolamine attributable to the intensity of basicity and steric effect. Even in the case of paper treated with copper(II) chloride, iron(III) chloride, and copper(II) chloride, the significant preservation efficiency was shown by ethanolamine during accelerated aging. This outcome pinpoints the fact that ethanolamine can prevent paper aging not only from acid by neutralizing acid contained in paper but also from metals by producing of complexes with metals. These consequences above convince that ethanolamine makes it possible for mass deacidification for paper which contains acid and metals. Future studies should be conducted concerning whether, in reality, the treatment of its gas mode, in a single or multiple applications, has significant effect on lessening paper aging.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.348-358
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• 1996

연구배경 : Interleukin-5(IL-5)는 호산구 보이는 여러 질환들과 관련이 있으며 특히 알레르기성 천식에서 호산구의 침윤정도와 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 그러나 IL-2도 증상있는 천식환자의 기도에서 상승됨이 관찰되어 호산구 침윤정도와 상관관계가 있는 것이 밝혀졌다. IL-2가 호산구의 생존을 증가시키는 기전이 IL-5의 표현을 증가시킴으로써인지 또는 다른 경로를 통하여 작용하는 것인지 알기위해 다음과 같은 방법으로 호산구 생존에 미치는 IL-2의 영향을 관찰하였다. 방법 : 호산구증다증을 보인 환자의 말초혈액으로부터 호산구를 분리하여 trypan blue dye exclusion test를 이용하여 생존율을 측정하였으며 Randolp 용액을 이용하여 호산구를 계수하였다. 1) IL-2, IL-5 존재하의 호산구 생존율 및 IL-2와 anti IL-5 존재하의 호산구 생존율을 측정하였다. 2) IL-2 존재하의 말초혈액단핵구에서 IL-5 m-RNA 표현을 Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction(RT-PCR) 방법을 통하여 관찰하였다. 3) IL-2로 자극한 호산구의 IL-2 수용체 발현 증가를 유세포분석기(Flow cytometer)로 측정하였다. 결과 : 1) 호산구의 생존율은 IL-2 및 IL-5에 대한 농도의존성을 보이며 증가하였다. 2) IL-2에 의해 증가된 호산구의 생존율은 anti IL-5에 의해 억제되지 않았다. 3) IL-2로 자극된 말초혈액단핵구는 IL-5 m-RNA를 표현하지 않았다. 4) IL-2는 호산구에서 IL-$2{\alpha}$ 수용체의 표현을 증가시키며 IL-$2{\beta}$ 수용체의 표현은 변화가 없었다. 결론 : 사람에서는 IL-2는 IL-5 형성증가를 통하지 않고 호산구에 IL-2 수용체를 증가시킴으로써 호산구의 생존율을 증가시킨다.

• 대한한방부인과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.17-32
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• 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Lonicera japonica(LJ) could inhibit LPS-induced type I IFN production. Methods: To evaluate inhibitory effect of LJ on type I IFN, we examined type I IFN, IRF-1, 7 and IL-10 production on LPS-induced macrophages using real time RT-PCR. Next, we observed the interaction of type I IFN, IRF-1, 7 and IL-10 using IL-10 neutralizing antibody. Finally we examined the activation of STAT-1, 3 using western blot. Results: LJ inhibited Type I IFN expression of mRNA and increased IL-10 expression of mRNA. Also LJ inhibited the level of IRF-1, 7 mRNA and the nuclear translocation of IRF-3. Further more, LJ reduced the activation of STAT-1, 3 which are involved in continuous secretion of immune cytokines. Blockade of IL-10 action caused a significant reduction of type I IFN and IRF-1, 7 than LPS-induced LJ pretreatment. Conclusions: LJ inhibits LPS-induced production of type I IFN by IL-10. This study may provide a clinical basis for anti-inflammatory properties of LJ.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제27권10호
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• pp.1498-1507
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• 2003

A SMPS(scanning mobility particle sizer) system measures the number size distribution of particles using electrical mobility detection technique. An aerosol charge neutralizer, which is a component of the SMPS, is a bipolar charger using a radioactive source to apply an equilibrium charge distribution to aerosols of unknown charge distribution. However, the performance of aerosol charge neutralizers is not well known, especially for highly charged particles. In this study, the effect of the particle charging characteristics of two aerosol charge neutralizers on the measurement using a SMPS system was experimentally investigated for highly charged polydisperse particles. One has radioactive source of $^{85}$ Kr (beta source, 2 mCi) and the other has $^{210}$ Po (alpha source, 0.5 mCi). The air flow rate passing through each aerosol charge neutralizer was changed from 0.3 to 3.0 L/min. The results show that the non-equilibrium character in particle charge distribution appears as the air flow rate increases although the particle number concentration is relatively low in the range of 1.5∼2x10$^{6}$ particles/㎤. The low neutralizing efficiency of the $^{85}$ Kr aerosol charge neutralizer for highly charged particles can cause to bring an artifact in the measurement using a SMPS system. However, the performance of the $^{210}$ Po aerosol charge neutralizer is insensitive to the air flow rate.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1051-1058
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• 2014

Platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR) plays an important role in bacterial infection and inflammation. We examined the effect of the bacterial cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Lactobacillus plantarum (pLTA) and Staphylococcus aureus (aLTA) on PAFR expression in THP-1, a monocyte-like cell line. LPS and aLTA, but not pLTA, significantly increased PAFR expression, whereas priming with pLTA inhibited LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAFR expression. Expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and 4, and CD14 increased with LPS and aLTA treatments, but was inhibited by pLTA pretreatment. Neutralizing antibodies against TLR2, TLR4, and CD14 showed that these receptors were important in LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAFR expression. PAFR expression is mainly regulated by the nuclear factor kappa B signaling pathway. Blocking PAF binding to PAFR using a PAFR inhibitor indicated that LPS-mediated or aLTA-mediated PAF expression affected TNF-${\alpha}$ production. In the mouse small intestine, pLTA inhibited PAFR, TLR2, and TLR4 expression that was induced by heat-labile toxin. Our data suggested that pLTA has an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the expression of PAFR that was induced by pathogenic ligands.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.27-32
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• 2004

Endothellial cells are subjected to hemodynamic shear stress, the dragging force generated by blood flow. Shear stress regulates endothelial cell shape, structure, and function, including gene expression. Since endothelial cells must be anchored to their extracellular matrices(ECM) for their survival and growth, we hypothesized that ECMs are crucial for shear-dependent activation of extracellular signalactivated regulated kinase(ERK) that is important for cell proliferation. Shear stress-dependent activation of ERK was observed in cells plated on two different matrices, fibronectin and vitronectin(the two most physiologically relevant ECM in endothelial cells). We then treated bovine aortic endothelial cells(BAECs) with Arg-Gly-Asp(RGD) peptides that block the functional activation of integrin binding to fibronectin and vitronectin, and a nonfunctional peptide as a control. Treatment of cells with the RGD peptides, but not the control peptide, significantly inhibited ERK activity in a concentration-dependent manner. This supports the idea that integrin adhesion to the ligands, fibronectin and vitronectin, mediates shear stress-dependent activation of ERK. Subsequently, whereas antagonists of vitronectin(LM 609, an antibody for integrin ${\alpha}_{\gamma}$/${\beta}_3$ and XT 199, an antagonist specific for integrin ${\alpha}_{\gamma}$/${\beta}_3$) did not have any effect on shear-dependent activation of ERK, antagonists of fibronectin(a neutralizing antibody for integrin ${\alpha}_5$/${\beta}_1$or ${\alpha}_4$${\beta}_1$ and SM256) had an inhibitory effect. These results clearly demonstrate that mechanoactivation of ERK requires anchoring of endothelial cells to fibronectin through integrins.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.11-21
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• 2000

Substance P(SP) can stimulate production of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$(TNF-${\alpha}$) from astrocytes stimulated with lipopolysaccharide(LPS). The objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Taraxacum officinale(TO) on the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ from primary cultures of rat astrocytes. TO(100& 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) significantly inhibited the TNF-${\alpha}$ production by astrocytes stimulated with LPS and SP. Interleukin-1(IL-1) has been shown to elevate TNF-${\alpha}$ production from LPS-stimulated astrocytes while having no effect on astrocytes in the absence of LPS. We therefore examined whether IL-1 mediated inhibition of TNF-${\alpha}$ production from primary astrocytes by TO. Treatment of TO(100 and 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) to astrocytes stimulated with both LPS and substance P decreased IL-1 production significantly. Moreover, the production of TNF-${\alpha}$ by LPS and substance P in astrocytes was progressively inhibited with increasing amount of IL-1 neutralizing antibody. These results suggest that TO may inhibit TNF-${\alpha}$ production by inhibiting IL-1 production and that TO has an antiinflammatory activity in the central nervous system.