• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2005

Neuroimaging in neurodevelopment is a fast growing area and new imaging techniques are rapidly developed every year. In the neurodevelopmental viewpoint, the definitive psychopathology in child and adolescent psychiatric disorders are not yet known. But many consistent findings in neuroimaging studies are being published recently. This review describes the past, present, future and limitation of neuroimaging study in neurodevelopmental perspectives.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2013

This review surveys the recent literature on the neurodevelopmental impacts of chemical exposures during pregnancy. The review focuses primarily on chemicals of recent concern, including phthalates, bisphenol-A, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and perfluorinated compounds, but also addresses chemicals with longer histories of investigation, including air pollutants, lead, methylmercury, manganese, arsenic, and organophosphate pesticides. For some chemicals of more recent concern, the available literature does not yet afford strong conclusions about neurodevelopment toxicity. In such cases, points of disagreement among studies are identified and suggestions provided for approaches to resolution of the inconsistencies, including greater standardization of methods for expressing exposure and assessing outcomes.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2022

Objective : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of brain-timing training using an Interactive Metronome (IM) on the reading abilities of children with low brain-timing abilities. Methods : A single-group pretest and posttest (retrospective study) were conducted in 8 children whose timing abilities were lower than that for their age average and who were trained from 2019 to 2021. Brain-timing training was conducted 2 or 3 times per week, with 70 sessions in total and 40-50 minutes per session, depending on the developmental characteristics of the child. Changes in brain-timing ability before and after the training were measured using the IM Long-Form Assessment (LFA), and reading ability was measured using the Basic Academic Skills Assessment:Reading (BASA:R). Results : On the basis of the results of the brain-timing ability evaluation using the LFA, the reaction times of all the children during motor tasks were decreased, resulting in statistically significant improvements in their brain-timing abilities (p < .05). Moreover, the raw scores in the BASA:R reading and fill-in-the-blank tests were significantly improved (p < .05). Conclusion : This study is meaningful in that it presents a clinical basis for brain-timing training to improve the reading abilities of children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2005

There has been an enormous progress in understanding of how genes contribute to both normal and abnormal development. Also many laboratory works are exploring the intricacies of how to develop in the human central nervous system. Understanding the mechanisms of cortical development gives essential insight into the pathogenesis of many genetic and acqured developmental psychiatric disorders, including autism, schizophrenia, and teaming disorder. Genes have been implicated in an ever-increasing number of disorders. Advance in genetics have begun to clarify the molecular basis of not only single-gene disorders, but also more complex phenotypes.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2016

Craniosynostosis is the premature fusion of calvarial sutures, resulting in deformed craniofacial appearance. Hence, for a long time, it has been considered an aesthetic disorder. Fused sutures restrict growth adjacent to the suture, but compensatory skull growth occurs to accommodate the growing brain. The primary goal for the management of this craniofacial deformity has been to release the constricted skull and reform the distorted shape of the skull vault. However, the intellectual and behavioral prognosis of affected children has also been taken into consideration since the beginning of the modern era of surgical management of craniosynostosis. A growing body of literature indicates that extensive surgery, such as the whole-vault cranioplasty approach, would result in better outcomes. In addition, the age at treatment is becoming a major concern for optimal outcome in terms of cosmetic results as well as neurodevelopment. This review will discuss major concerns regarding neurodevelopmental issues and related factors.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.11
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• pp.551-564
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• 2020

Proper development of the nervous system is critical for its function, and deficits in neural development have been implicated in many brain disorders. A precise and predictable developmental schedule requires highly coordinated gene expression programs that orchestrate the dynamics of the developing brain. Especially, recent discoveries have been showing that various mRNA chemical modifications can affect RNA metabolism including decay, transport, splicing, and translation in cell type- and tissue-specific manner, leading to the emergence of the field of epitranscriptomics. Moreover, accumulating evidences showed that certain types of RNA modifications are predominantly found in the developing brain and their dysregulation disrupts not only the developmental processes, but also neuronal activities, suggesting that epitranscriptomic mechanisms play critical post-transcriptional regulatory roles in development of the brain and etiology of brain disorders. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of molecular regulation on transcriptome plasticity by RNA modifications in neurodevelopment and how alterations in these RNA regulatory programs lead to human brain disorders.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2013

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of task oriented ADL exercise in different environments in patients with chronic stroke. METHODS: A total of 28 patients with hemiplegia resulting from stroke were included in this study. The patients were randomized into two groups. The control group(n=14) was received neurodevelopment therapy + task oriented ADL exercise and experimental group(n=14) was received neurodevelopment therapy + home based task oriented ADL exercise for 30 minutes twice per week during 6weeks. A task oriented ADL exercise pretest and postest design was used examine the change of FIM(Functional Independent Measure) and K-MBI(Korea-Modified Bathel Index) at the completion of 6 weeks task oriented ADL exercise. RESULTS: After 6 weeks, the experimental group compared with control group showed a significant improvement (p<.05) in FIM and K-MBI scores. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that the home based task oriented ADL exercise improves functions in the persons with chronic stroke.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.66-72
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• 2015

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of balance training with plantar flexor stretching on ankle dorsi flexion range of motion (ROM), balance, and gait ability in stroke patients. Design: A randomized controlled pilot trial. Methods: Thirty stroke patients volunteered to participate in this study. The subjects were randomly allocated to two groups: the experimental group (n=15) received the neurodevelopment therapy plus balance training with plantar flexor stretching for 20 minutes in one session. The control group (n=15) received the same neurodevelopment therapy plus plantar flexor static stretching for 20 minutes in one session. Both groups underwent sessions four times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. Measurements included passive range of motion (PROM), active range of motion (AROM) of ankle dorsiflexion using a goniometer, timed up and go (TUG), the functional reaching test (FRT), and the 10 m walk test (10 MWT). Results: There were significant improvements in AROM and PROM of ankle dorsiflexion, TUG, and FRT scores after the intervention in the experimental group (p<0.05). However, the control group showed no statistically significant differences except for PROM of ankle dorsiflexion. The experimental group showed a significant improvement in PROM, TUG, and FRT scores compared to the control group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Balance training with plantar flexor stretching improves ankle dorsiflexion ROM and balance ability in patients with stroke. Therefore, this therapeutic intervention will be effective for rehabilitation of stroke patients in the clinical setting.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.536-544
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• 2019

Purpose: Proper nutrition is essential for brain development during infancy, contributing to the continued development of cognitive, motor, and socio-emotional skills throughout life. Considering the insufficient published data in the Middle East and North Africa, experts drafted a questionnaire to assess the opinions and knowledge of physicians on the impact of nutrition on brain development and cognition in early life. Methods: The questionnaire consisted of two parts: The first focused on the responders' demographic and professional characteristics and the second questioned the role of nutrition in brain development and cognition. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize respondents' characteristics and their responses to questions. Results: A total of 1,500 questionnaires were distributed; 994 physicians responded. The majority of the surveyed physicians (64.4%) felt that nutrition impacts brain development in early childhood (0-4 years), with almost 90% of physicians agreeing/strongly agreeing that preventing iron, zinc, and iodine deficiency would improve global intelligence quotient. The majority of physicians (83%) agreed that head circumference was the most important measure of brain development. The majority of physicians (68.9%) responded that the period from the last trimester until 18 months postdelivery was crucial for brain growth and neurodevelopment, with 76.8% believing that infants breast-fed by vegan mothers have an increased risk of impaired brain development. Conclusion: The results of this study show that practicing physicians significantly agree that nutrition plays an important role in brain and cognitive development and function in early childhood, particularly during the last trimester until 18 months postdelivery.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.57 no.8
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• pp.345-350
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• 2014

Iron deficiency affects approximately one-third of the world's population, occurring most frequently in children aged 6 months to 3 years. Mechanisms of iron absorption are similar to those of other divalent metals, particularly manganese, lead, and cadmium, and a diet deficient in iron can lead to excess absorption of manganese, lead, and cadmium. Iron deficiency may lead to cognitive impairments resulting from the deficiency itself or from increased metal concentrations caused by the deficiency. Iron deficiency combined with increased manganese or lead concentrations may further affect neurodevelopment. We recently showed that blood manganese and lead concentrations are elevated among iron-deficient infants. Increased blood manganese and lead levels are likely associated with prolonged breast-feeding, which is also a risk factor for iron deficiency. Thus, babies who are breast-fed for prolonged periods should be given plain, iron-fortified cereals or other good sources of dietary iron.