• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-124
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• 2002

Background : Guillain-$Barr{\acute{e}}$ syndrome(GBS) is a neurologically emergent condition, leading to respiratory insufficiency without an early and appropriate treatment. Thus, the treatment of GBS requires early diagnosis but it is difficult due to the low sensitivity of laboratory tools in the initial stage. Hoffman reflex (H-reflex) and its facilitation by Jendrassik maneuver (JM) are sensitive tools evaluating the central circuit of motor system on the spinal cord level. The aim of this study is to test whether the change of H-reflex and F-wave under the JM is able to detect the early stage of GBS and whether GBS involves the central nervous system (CNS). Material and Methods : All 7 GBS patients who showed normal or nearly normal nerve conduction study were included. The facilitation of H-reflex and changes of F-wave were calculated by measuring the percent difference of H-reflex or F-wave amplitude under JM compared to basal H-reflex of F-wave amplitude. The changes of F-wave and H-reflex in the GBS patients were compared with them of 8 healthy controls. Results : The F-wave amplitudes of both healthy controls and GBS patients did not changed under the influence of JM ($102.4{\pm}24.9%$, $108.7{\pm}29.0%$ respectively). However, the facilitation of H-wave by JM in the GBS patients was absent ($98.8{\pm}5.8%$), even though the H-reflex amplitude I the healthy controls increased under the influence of JM ($124.8{\pm}12.1%$). Conclusions : The loss of H-reflex facilitation in GBS implies that this phenomenon might be the most early change detected in the electrophysiological study and support the early diagnosis, and that GBS might include lesion in the spinal motor CNS.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.428-432
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• 1999

Background: It has been shown that low-grade electrical stimulus can transform fatigue resistant muscles which then can be used to protect the heart. The bulky and cumbersome power sources of the artificial heart or implantable ventricular assist devices are still in need of solution; however, on the other hand, the implantable ventricular assist devices using the resistant muscles as the power source have the advantages of using its own muscle contractions. The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of a clinical application of the skeletal muscle ventricle. Material and Method: Latissimus dorsi muscles (LDM) of 8 canines were used for skeletal muscle ventricle. A latex chamber was wrapped one and a half times with LDM. The chamber was attached to a pressure transducer via Tygon tube. An electrode stimulator was placed around the thoracodorsal nerve and LDM was stimulated in cyclic bursts of 0.31 sec on time and 6.0 sec off time using 3.0 volt Itrel stimulator. The preload volume was added to the system in 25cc increments. Ejection volumes, pressures, and peak power outputs were measured. Result: Ejection volume was 76.3cc with 0cc of preload. Ejection volumes were less than 70ml with increments of preload over 75cc Pressures were more than 107 mmHg when the preloads were less than 75cc and less than 100 mmHg when the preloads were more than 100cc. Peak power output of 16.6 W/kg was observed at 50cc preload. Conclusion: Depending on the changes of preload, the volumes ejected from skeletal muscle ventricle and pressures from the skeletal muscle contraction surpassed those of the normal heart. These data suggest that there are clinical applications for skeletal muscle ventricular assist system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the secondary tasks such as sending text message (STM) and searching navigation (SN) on skin conductance level (SCL) and deviation of vehicle speed during driving. The participants included 30 healthy adults; 14 males aged $25.2{\pm}0.9$ with $1.9{\pm}1.8$ years of driving experiences and 16 females aged $22.6{\pm}1.9$ with $1.2{\pm}0.8$ years of driving experiences. All subjects were instructed to keep a constant speed (80km/h or 100km/h). SCL and deviation of vehicle speed were measured during driving only and driving with secondary tasks. SCL and deviation of vehicle speed were more increased during the driving with secondary tasks than driving only. Secondary tasks increased an activation of sympathetic nerve system and decreased driving performance. However, there were no significant differences in the SCL and deviation of vehicle speed according to gender and speed.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.19-25
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• 2009

Purpose: We report mid to long - term results of meniscal transplantation and evaluate the important factors for successful outcomes. Materials and Methods: Between December 1999 and September 2002, 25 meniscal transplantations were performed using fresh frozen allograft. The lateral meniscus was transplanted in 19 cases and medial meniscus in 6 cases. The mean age was 34 years (range, 17~50 years) and the mean follow up was 54.8 months (range, 6~85 months). Preoperative measurements were made using a ruler graded in millimeters. Lateral meniscus was fixed by keyhole technique and medial meniscus was fixed by double bone plug technique with suturing the periphery of the meniscal transplant. All patients were evaluated with Knee Assessment Scoring System (KASS), Lysholm knee score, and Tegner activity scale for daily activity. Results: Symptoms improved in all cases. The average KASS score increased from 61.7 preoperatively to 83.8 postoperatively. The average Lysholm knee score increased from 77.7 preoperatively to 87.7 postoperatively (excellent in 3 cases, good in 17 cases, fair 4 cases, poor 1 case). But painful swellings were 3 cases, numbness in 1 case, and granuloma due to non-absorbable suture material in 1 case. Peroneal nerve palsy in 1 case was recovered after 6 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: Meniscal allograft transplantation after subtotal or total menisectomy can significantly relieve pain and improve function of the knee joint. The exact preoperative sizing and secure fixation are essential for successful outcomes.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.151-160
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• 1994

In order to elucidate the patterns of tissue damage evoked by the scuticociliatids, eighteen fingerlings of Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, heavily infected with an unidentified scuticociliatid were histopathologically examined. Skin layer with the underlying musculature were severely necrotized due to the infestation of the ciliates. However in the early lesions, both dermis and myofibres remained relatively intact compared with other surrounding loose connective tissues. Mild damages were found in more dense tissues. One or more scuticociliatids were recognized in the blood and lymph vessels of the loose connective tissues with or without destructive changes. Many of nerve trunks or ganglia were also parasitized with less marked histological damage in the parenchyma. Dura and its adjacent tissues in the spinal cord were severely necrotized with massive accumulation of the ciliates in subdural space. The parasitic invasion in the central nervous system was usually confined to the cortical region. In the gill, variable degenerative changes were occurred due to the invasion of the ciliates recognized in the blood vessels of branchial arches or primary filaments. From these results, it was strongly suggested that the scuticociliatids are very actively penetrated into the deep tissues mainly through the severe destruction of the loose connective tissue components and that the vascular system could play a role in the rapid distribution of the ciliates to the remote tissues or organs.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.805-817
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• 2009

This study was to investigate central localization of neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints(Wijung, $BL_{40}$) and neurons of immunoreactive to hormones and hormone receptors regulating urinary bladder function by using peudorabies virus(PRV). In this experiment, Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus was used in rats to trace central localization of urinary bladder-related neurons and urinary bladder-related acupoints($BL_{40}$) which can regulate urinary system. PRV was injected into the urinary bladder and acupoints($BL_{40}$) related urinary system. After six days survival of rats, mainly common labeled neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were identified in spinal cord, medulla, pons and diencephalon by PRV immunohistochemical staining method. First-order PRV labeled neurons projecting to urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Commonly labeled preganglionic neurons were labeled in the lumbosacral spinal cord and thoracic spinal cord. They were found in the lateral horn area(sacral parasympathetic nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus), lamina V-X, intermediomedial nucleus and dorsal column area. The area of sensory neurons projecting to urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$) was L5-S2 spinal ganglia and T12-L1 spinal ganglia, respectively. In the brainstem, the neurons were labeled most evidently and consistently in the nucleus of tractus solitarius, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), C3 adrenalin cells, parapyramidal area(lateral paragigantocellular nucleus), locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, A5 cell group, Barrington's nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the paraventricular nucleus and a few ones were in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, perifornical nucleus, periventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the frontal cortex, 1,2 area, hind limb area, agranular insular cortex. Immunoreactive neurons to Corticotropin releasiing factor(CRF), Corticotropin releasiing factor-receptor(CRF-R), c-fos and serotonin were a part of labeled areas among the virus-labeled neurons of urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$). The commonly labeled areas were nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, Barrington,s nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, frontal cortex 1, 2 area, hind limb, and perirhinal(agranular insular) cortex. These results suggest that overlapped CNS locations are related with autonomic nuclei which regulate the functions of urinary bladder-relate organs and it was revealed by tracing PRV labeled neurons projecting urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints. These commonly labeled areas often overlap with the neurons connected with hormones and hormone receptors related to urination.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.6
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• pp.549-553
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• 2007

Sarcoidosis is a multi-systemic syndrome of an unknown etiology, and it is characterized by the formation of multiple noncaseating granulomas that disrupt the architecture and function of the tissues in which they reside. The most commonly affected organs are lung, skin and lymph nodes. Overt clinical involvement of the nervous system is uncommon and this occurs in about 5% of all patients during the course of their disease. The most common manifestations are granulomatous leptomeningitis, cranial nerve palsy, electrolyte or other endocrinologic abnormalities, but isolated memory impairment is a rare manifestation. This is a case of 59 years-old male with recent memory impairment, and he was previously diagnosed with pulmonary sarcoidosis by transbronchial lung biopsy. The brain MRI imaging revealed the leptomeningeal and parenchymal involvement of sarcoidosis. He was treated with high dose corticosteroid and his memory function was improved to nearly a normal level. We report here on a case of successful treatment of pulmonary sarcoidosis combined with neurosarcoidosis with using high dose corticosteroid, and the patient presented with recent memory impairment.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.207-223
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• 2003

For last five years, we are developing the novel local drug delivery devices using biodegradable polymers, especially polylactide (PLA) and poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) due to its relatively good biocompatibility, easily controlled biodegradability, good processability and only FDA approved synthetic degradable polymers. The relationship between various kinds of drug [water soluble small molecule drugs: gentamicin sulfate (GS), fentanyl citrate (FC), BCNU, azidothymidine (AZT), pamidronate (ADP), $1,25(OH)_2$ vitamin $D_3$, water insoluble small molecule drugs: fentanyl, ipriflavone (IP) and nifedipine, and water soluble large peptide molecule drug: nerve growth factor (NGF), and Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV)], different types of geometrical devices [microspheres (MSs), microcapsule, nanoparticle, wafers, pellet, beads, multiple-layered beads, implants, fiber, scaffolds, and films], and pharmacological activity are proposed and discussed for the application of pharmaceutics and tissue engineering. Also, local drug delivery devices proposed in this work are introduced in view of preparation method, drug release behavior, biocompatibility, pharmacological effect, and animal studies. In conclusion, we can control the drug release profiles varying with the preparation, formulation and geometrical parameters. Moreover, any types of drug were successfully applicable to achieve linear sustained release from short period ($1{\sim}3$ days) to long period (over 2 months). It is very important to design a suitable formulation for the wanting period of bioactive molecules loaded in biodegradable polymers for the local delivery of drug. The drug release is affected by many factors such as hydrophilicity of drug, electric charge of drug, drug loading amount, polymer molecular weight, the monomer composition, the size of implants, the applied fabrication techniques, and so on. It is well known that the commercialization of new drug needs a lot of cost of money (average: over 10 million US dollar per one drug) and time (average: above 9 years) whereas the development of DDS and high effective generic drug might be need relatively low investment with a short time period. Also, one core technology of DDS can be applicable to many drugs for the market needs. From these reasons, the DDS research on potent generic drugs might be suitable for less risk and high return.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.29-39
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• 2005

Objective : This study was performed to understand about the concept of Meridian muscle which is the method explaining the muscular system in the Oriental Medicine. Methods : To reveal the concept and the course of formation of Meridian muscle, we have compared the route and symptoms of meridian muscle with the Meridian route and Symptoms of <>, <> and <>. Results & Conclusion : 1. The concept of "Keun(筋)" reported in the <> include muscle, tendon, superficial vein and nerve. and in the <>, it means muscle and tendon. 2. The route of the Meridian muscle is facing toward the heart or head from the limbs, and the symptoms is mostly muscle spasm or pain according to the route, therefore the symptoms of the Meridian muscle are similar to the meridian symptoms of <>. 3. The twelve-Meridian muscle had been made by classifying the whole muscle into twelve sections with making reference to the Meridian system.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.462-467
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• 2019

Many studies in recent decades have revealed that olfactory stimulation by perfume or malodor inhalation exerts various psychological and physiological effects on humans. The most recent studies have examined the electrophysiological response of olfactory stimulation on the activity of human cortical nerve cells. The purpose of this current study is to quantitatively analyze what changes occur in the alpha activity in healthy participants (N=12) on olfactory stimulation using two types of odors (acacia and butanol). Exposure to the odor of acacia perfume was associated with a significant increase (66.7%) in alpha activity when compared with that of the no-odor background EEG. Exposure to the odor of butanol was associated with a significant reduction (33.3% to 41.7%) in EEG alpha activity when compared with that of the no-odor control. The results of this study demonstrated the potential to alter the cerebral cortex activity by olfactory stimulation. The results also suggest that olfactory perception has stimulatory effects on the function of the nervous system. In other words, it could be concluded from this study that inhalation of olfactory stimulation affected brain wave activities and mood states. Further research is needed to completely understand and describe the electrophysiological effects of different odors on the central nervous system.