• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.9
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• pp.1238-1242
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• 2000

Spinal schwannomas are usually extramedullary intradural tumors and their intramedullary localizations are thought to be extremely rare. A 60-year-old woman complaining spastic quadriparesis, voiding difficulty and dyspnea was admitted. Her cervical MRI revealed an intramedullary mass in the cervicomedullary junction with multiple cyst which extended from lower cervical to C3 spinal cord. The mass showed a low signal on T1WI, high signal on T2WI with an wall enhancement. The patient underwent a suboccipital craniectomy and C1-2 laminectomy and the cystic tumor was totally removed through a midline myelotomy. The tumor was proved as an intramedullary schwannoma by pathologic examination. The Intramedullary presence of a tumor arising from the cells of the nerve sheath is unusual, because the central nervous system fibers do not contain the Schwann cell. There have been several hypotheses, but none has been accepted universally. This rare tumor is considered as a curable benign neoplasm, and an accurate intraoperative diagnosis and surgically total removal are essential.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.110-113
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• 2006

Surgery and radiotherapy are mainly used for plasma cell neoplasm which constitutes about $1{\sim}2%$ of human malignancy. The authors carried out Fractionated Stereotactic Radiotherapy[FSRT] on the residual tumor after the subtotal removal of Intracranial plasmacytoma. A huge mass lesion was observed on MRI [magnetic resonance image] in the left anterior and middle cranial fossa of a 63-year-old man with left exophthalmus which lasted for a month, and was suspected as a meningioma with strong contrast enhancement. Extramedullary plasmacytoma was diagnosed on histopathological examination. After the surgery, FSRT was also carried out on the residual tumor which invaded the skull base. One-year follow up after FSRT showed contrast enhancement only in the left sphenoid bone on MRI, which indicated significant decrease in the size of the tumor without any abnormal neurologic deficits. We treated intracranial plasmacytoma which invaded left anterior and middle cranial fossa and surrounded cavernous sinus without cranial nerve deficit through subtotal tumor removal and FSRT.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2002

Cholinergic modulation of GABAergic spontaneous miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) by the activation of muscarine receptors was investigated in mechanically dissociated rat nucleus basalis of the Meynert neurons using the conventional whole-cell patch recording configuration. Muscarine $(10{\mu}M)$ reversibly and concentration-dependently decreased mIPSC frequency without affecting the current amplitude distribution. Muscarine action on GABAergic mIPSCs was completely blocked by $1{\mu}M$ methoctramine, a selective $M_2$ receptor antagonist, but not by $1{\mu}M$ pirenzepine, a selective $M_1$ receptor antagonist. NEM $(10{\mu}M),$ a G-protein uncoupler, attenuated the inhibitory action of muscarine on GABAergic mIPSC frequency. Muscarine still could decrease GABAergic mIPSC frequency even in the $Ca^{2+}-free$ external solution. However, the inhibitory action of muscarine on GABAergic mIPSCs was completely occluded in the presence of forskolin. The results suggest that muscarine acts presynaptically and reduces the probability of spontaneous GABA release, and that such muscarine-induced inhibitory action seems to be mediated by G-protein-coupled $M_2$ receptors, via the reduction of cAMP production. Accordingly, $M_2$ receptor-mediated disinhibition of nBM neurons might play one of important roles in the regulation of cholinergic outputs from nBM neurons as well as the excitability of nBM neurons themselves.

• BMB Reports
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.302-314
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• 2007

N type calcium channels (CaV2.2) play a key role in the gating of transmitter release at presynaptic nerve terminals. These channels are generally regarded as parts of a multimolecular complex that can modulate their open probability and ensure their location near the vesicle docking and fusion sites. However, the proteins that comprise this component remain poorly characterized. We have carried out the first open screen of presynaptic CaV2.2 complex members by an antibody-mediated capture of the channel from purified rat brain synaptosome lysate followed by mass spectroscopy. 589 unique peptides resulted in a high confidence match of 104 total proteins and 40 synaptosome proteome proteins. This screen identified several known CaV2.2 interacting proteins including syntaxin 1, VAMP, protein phosphatase 2A, $G_{o\alpha}$, G$\beta$ and spectrin and also a number of novel proteins, including clathrin, adaptin, dynamin, dynein, NSF and actin. The unexpected proteins were classified within a number of functional classes that include exocytosis, endocytosis, cytoplasmic matrix, modulators, chaperones, and cell-signaling molecules and this list was contrasted to previous reports that catalogue the synaptosome proteome. The failure to detect any postsynaptic density proteins suggests that the channel itself does not exhibit stable trans-synaptic attachments. Our results suggest that the channel is anchored to a cytoplasmic matrix related to the previously described particle web.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.895-897
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• 2009

Lonicera japonica has been widely used for chronic inflammatory diseases in many Asian countries. Its analgesic effect has not been explored yet. This study aimed to test the analgesic potential of methanol extracts from Lonicera japonica (MELJ) in rat neuropathic mctel. Neuropathic pain was pacts ed by partial sciatic nerve injury. Two weeks after surgery, neuropathic rats received oral administration of MELJ at doses of either 0.0 g/kg, 0.2 g/kg or 0.4 g/kg. At dose of 0.0 g, rats were administered with saline only and used as conracl. The behavioral tests for f 0.0 g, raand ccld hs were adma were weformed up to 2 hours after treatment. The MELJ at the dose 0.4 g/kg dmg gfg, ntly alleviated f 0.0 g, rahyperalgesia, but not cold hyperalgesia. These results showed that the MELJ had, although transient, analgesic effect on mechanical hyperalgesia in the rat neuropathic model.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.107-119
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• 2002

This study was performed to evaluate the effects of Koamsimsinwhan (without Cinnabarite) on depression in CMS-treated rats. Rats of trial groups were exposured to chronic mild unpredictable stress for 4 weeks. These CMS-treated rats were stratified into Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite) group and vehicle(non-drug) group. And there were control rats excluding both CMS and Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite). Forced swimming test, general activity test and immunohistochemical test(measuring the level of manifestation of c-Fos in PVN) were executed to evaluate the effects of Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite) on depression after 4 weeks of CMS treatment. The results were as follows 1. In FST, depression was induced from CMS treatment and was supressed with Koamsimsinwhan(without Cinnabarite). 2. The increased activity of nerve cell in PVN, which refers to stress, was induced from CMS treatment and normalized with Koamsimsinwhan (without Cinnabarite).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.73-86
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• 1994

In addition to classic cholinergic and adrenergic pathways, the existence of a third division of autonomic control in the human airways has been proved. It is called a nonadrenergic noncholinergic(NANC) nervous system, and difficult to study in the absence of specific blockers. Neuropeptides are certainly suggested to be transmitters of this NANC nervous system. It is very frustrating to understand the pathophysiologic role of these peptides in the absence of any specific antagonists. However, further studies of neuropeptides might eventually lead to novel forms of treatment for bronchial asthma. Another study of the interaction between different components of the autonomic nervous system, either in ganglionic neurotransmission or by presynaptic modulation of neurotransmitters at the end-organ will elute neural control in airway disease, particularly in asthma. Studies of how autonomic control may be disordered in airway disease should lead to improvements in clinical management. Epithelial damage due to airway inflammation in asthma may induce bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Axon reflex mechanism is one of possible mechanisms in bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Epithelial damage may expose sensory nerve terminals and C-fiber nrve endings are stimulated by inflammatory mediators. Bi-directional communication between the nerves and mast cells may have important roles in allergic process. The psychological factors and conditioning of allergic reactions is suggested that mast cell activation might be partly regulated by the central nervous system via the peripheral nerves. Studies in animal models, in huamn airways in vitro and in patients with airway disease will uncover the interaction between allergic disease processes and psychologic factors or neural mechainsms.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.24-27
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• 2001

The barbel structure of the spined loach Iksookimia longicorpa were investigated histologically. Their barbels consist of epidermis, dermis, and a central rod. The epidermis contains mucous cells, terminal buds, granular cells, and epidermal cells. The mucous cells are thin rims of basophilic cytoplasm and are located at the surface of the epidermis. The terminal bud is basophilic and is situated at the distal portion of the epidermis. The dermis consists of loose connective tissue containing blood vessels, pigment cells, and nerve cells. The central region of cartilage is the innermost region and is enclosed within muscle layers.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2 s.32
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• pp.394-404
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• 1996

Epilepsy is a chronic cerebral. disease resulting from a variety of factors, which is a syndrome with chief complaint of recurrent seizure caused by abnormal electrical discharge of cerebral nerve cell, while the clinical result showed that epilepsia occurs more frequently in pediatrics. A Child having the chief complaint of recerrent vomiting for 2 months undergone the brain and abdominal C.T, MRI, and gastric endoscopy, when the child was normal. While vomiting gas too serious to administer a medicine, a cyclic vomiting repeated with its discontinuation for 2-3 days after continuation for 10 days. As a result, the child visited the ambulatorium of our hospital and then was hospitalized and treated over two times, when there was a remarkably improvement. There was no any particular complaint for 1 year and 2 months, then, the child complained moderate headache. For thjs reason, we performed again electroencephalography, when there appeared in epilepsia opinion. Since then, we have experienced a case of autonomic nervous seizure which was significantly improved by anticonvulsant, and a therapy by using the phlegm resolvents and central stimulants for treating epilepsy(豁痰醒腦治癎法) as an oriental medicine. Therefore, it is to report both treatment view of oriental medicine and analysis on Oriental and Western medical literatures.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Medical Physics Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.89-92
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• 2005

The effects of acupuncture are complex and how it works is not entirely clear. Research suggests that the needling process, and other modalities used in acupuncture, may produce their complex effects on a wide variety of ways in the brain and the body. For example, it is theorized that stimulated nerve fibers transmit signals to the spinal cord and brain, thus activating parts of what is called the central nervous system. The spinal cord and brain then release certain hormones responsible for making us feel better overall and, more specifically, feel less pain. In fact, a study using images of the brain confirmed that acupuncture increases our pain threshold, which may explain its ability to produce long-term pain relief. Also, acupuncture may increase blood circulation and body temperature. It may also affect white blood cell activity (responsible for our immune function).