• 환경정책연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.95-118
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• 2015

2015년 프랑스 파리에서 열릴 UNFCCC 제21차 당사국총회에서는 신기후체제를 위한 합의문인 2015 합의 채택을 목표로 하고 있다. 이러한 상황에서 신기후체제의 설계 특징을 살펴보고 신기후체제 협상에서 가장 중요한 쟁점사항 중 하나인 차별화의 기술적인 적용방법에 대해 논의하였다. 연구 결과 자국이 스스로 정하는 기여(INDC)의 순환적 구조와 감축기여진전 규정을 통해 당사국 스스로 감축상향을 자동적으로 이룰 수 있는 구조로 신기후체제가 설계되어 있는 것이 특징이다. 또한, 이원화된 차별화 적용 방안은 신기후체제에서는 우리나라가 감축과 이행수단 지원 의무국으로 편입될 가능성이 높기 때문에 지양하는 것이 바람직하며 새로운 차별화 적용 방안을 지지하는 것이 필요하다고 판단된다. 차별화의 적용은 INDC와 기본개념을 같이 하는 자체적 차별화가 우리나라의 국익에 부합하며 자체적 차별화를 추진하기 위해서는 이와 관련된 기본 규칙 마련이 필요하고, 기본 규칙은 감축상향을 유도할 수 있도록 설계되어야 한다.

• 한국기후변화학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.471-485
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• 2018

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has made many efforts to reduce greenhouse gases through a legal framework, making obligations to reach domestic and overseas targets via the Paris Convention in 2015. China recently launched a nation-wide emission trading system (ETS) and has considered extending this ETS to include the ROK. This study examines the possibility of linking the ETS between ROK and China by considering the institutional design elements of the ETS. Additionally, this study provides policy implications to reach Korea's overseas reduction target. For the research methodology, the design elements of both the ROK and China policies were analyzed by categorizing their standard design elements based on the International Carbon Action Partnership. This paper focuses on four main barriers (cap type, borrowing, offset and price ceiling) based on their environmental benefits and analyzes the challenges to combining the design elements between the ROK and China systems. The two ETS commonly share the same cap types, and there is similar institutional progress regarding the offset and price ceiling. In addition to this, note that China has a borrowing system that is opposite to the borrowing system in ROK. According to these findings, there are major challenges to linking the ROK and China systems due to differences in the major design elements. Thus, it is necessary to modify the Korean domestic borrowing system and understand the Chinese institutional processes related to environmental negotiation to achieve further cooperation.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.3296-3303
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• 2010

본 연구는 현 우리나라에서 가족관광시 발생되는 상이한 갈등을 중심으로 연령별 가족관광 의사결정시 갈등 관리전략요인을 확인하고자 하였다. 그럼으로써 관광심리 및 행동을 연구하는 관광학은 물론 갈등관리전략변수를 중심으로 관광산업의 진흥측면에서 연령별 갈등관리전략을 규명함으로써 가족관광의 지속적인 참여와 더 높은 관여도 및 헌신을 이끌어 낼 수 있는 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 살펴보면, 첫째, 모든 연령층과 의사 결정자와 상충된 집단간 갈등관리잔략방안으로 주변 인물들과 자신의 욕구충족을 위하여 타협전략 및 중용전략을 사용하고 있는 것으로 규명되었다. 둘째, 갈등유발시 명령에서 협상전략으로, 권위에서 민주주의전략 방식으로 주변인의 의견을 수렴하거나, 의견조율, 다수결 결정 등으로 가족관광시 발생된 갈등을 해결하고자 노력하고 있는 것으로 분석되었다. 마지막으로, 내적/대인적/구조적 제약요인 등에 대하여 적극적 문제해결을 통하여 가족관광시 발생된 갈등을 완화하려고 노력하고 있는 것으로 규명되었다.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.3-26
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• 1990

1990년대에 들어 한국(韓國)의 미곡시장(米穀市場)은 대내외적(對內外的)으로 새로운 변화를 겪고 있다. 대외적(對外的)으로는 "우루과이라운드" 및 쌍무협정을 통해 대외개방(對外開放)과 생산보조금(生産補助金)의 감축에 대한 압력에 직면해 있고, 대내적(對內的)으로도 쌀소비의 감소(減少)로 1989년부터는 정부수매가격(政府收買價格)이 도매가격(都賣價格)을 상회하는 구조적(構造的)인 문제가 나타났다. 이러한 가격역전현상(價格逆轉現象)은 민간상인(民間商人)의 재고기능(在庫機能), 계절적(季節的) 가격안정기능(價格安定機能), 유통기능(流通機能)을 위축시키며, 정부재정(政府財政)에 주는 부담을 기하급수적으로 증가시킬 뿐만 아니라 미곡시장(米穀市場)의 가격구조(價格構造) 및 유통과정(流通過程)을 왜곡시키고 있다. 따라서 미가지지정책(米價支持政策)을 통환 증산(增産)보다는 농촌생활기반조성(農村生活基盤造成) 및 농업구조조정(農業構造調整)으로의 전환(轉換)이 필요하다. 그러나 농민들의 농업정책(農業政策)에 대한 불신, 농업기반(農業基盤)의 취약성, 그리고 정치적인 역학관계를 고려할 때 정부(政府)의 일방적인 지시보다는 농민이 선택할 수 있는 대안(代案)을 제시함이 바람직하며, 점진적인 구조개선(構造改善)이 필요하다고 생각된다. 이 논문에서는 전환기에 처한 한국(韓國) 미곡시장(米穀市場) 현황(現況) 대한 경제적(經濟的) 분석(分析)과 사회적(社會的) 비용(費用) 및 마찰(摩擦)을 최소화(最小化)하며 대내외(對內外) 환경변화에 적응할 수 있는 정책대안(政策代案)을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국항해학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.35-65
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• 1995

The development of Korean shipping industry is maybe defined into three development stages-industry fixing stage, industry coordinating stage, industry development stage-. The development of shipping industry has been depended on the geovernment/authority role such as shipping policy, system, law, rules and regulations. In 1983, Korean shipping industry reorganization and coordination by shipping authority have made our shipping industry on the stable condition together with each company's efforts. Today's world economic environment such WTO/UR negotiation results get this government role limited. According to the being reduced government role, each company's competitive advantage power becomes more important. Besides, korean shipping industry is exposed into the entire and bitter world competition. In order to win and prevent the world shipping competition, it is necessary to look out the competitive advantage power of Korean shipping industry. The first purpose of this study is the situation analysis for competitive advantage power of Korean shipping industry. The second is to compare with our shipping policies with foreign ones concerned with ship, cargo, crew, tax and others. But in order to compare with foreign shipping, this study need their shipping statistics data, this study has some limit of the foreign data. This study has been carried on the basis of the following items. 1. Shipping environment, 2. Ships and ship acquirement(shipbuilding/purchasing), 3. Oceangoing cargo and ship's stowage rate, 4. Human factor in shipping-crew, 5. The incomes and costs in finacial statements. We have some conclusions as following through the this study. First, Korean shipping industry environment-competitive disadvantage situation- has changed rapidly due to the shipping market opening, free market entering of foreign shipping. Second, Korean shipping is disadvantageous due to the high tax rate and financing conditions in connection with ship acquirement. In order to improve the competitive advantage power, the shipping tax system and ship financing conditions should be reviewed to profitable for owners. Third, but both world and Korean oceangoing cargoes quantity have been increased annualy, Korean ship's cargo stowage rate is being decreased. This is serious situation but Korean shipping take well use of foreign vessel with hire. It is recommended to take use of owner's vessel and hired ones in the long range view, considering the world shipping management. But the number of crew has been decreased by 2, 000~3, 000 annualy, it is desirable that the long sea-experienced crew have been increased. Almost of owners usauly complain the crew cost is the main obstacles to competitive advantage power. Human factor is the most important firm's asset. All owners should pay attention to this though, and invest the proper budget to training, education, welfare as much as possible. In the long run this effects could be feedback to owners. Fifth, We must improve the financial statements structure, that is, the first step is to increase income, the second is to decrease cost, the third is to increase income on the same cost, the fourth is to decrease cost on the same income. It is essential to find out what the urgent investment is and what unnecessary cost is. At last, in order to competite world shipping race, each shipping firm must try for himself to retain the power. The government/authority is no longer dependable. I believe that each firm's power will be the industry's power, the industry's power will be the nations's power.

• 한국시스템다이내믹스연구
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.5-31
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• 2000

The summit meeting of the South North Korean leaders was a turning point in the relationships between the two countries. It was followed by the Red-Cross Meeting, Minister-Level Meeting, economic agreements, which have increased the relationship more colorful in both quantities and qualities. However, the half-century period for separation was too long to overcome all the problems by only one event. The two countries have quite different social systems; one politically strong person is governing the North, while many interest groups are involved in political decision making processes in the South. In short, it would take a long time to settle down all the problems residing between the two countries. A system dynamics model is developed to describe the long term dynamics of the relations between the South and North Koreas. As a first attempt, the model focuses only on the diplomatic meeting issues between the South and North. The model aggregates diplomatic issues into 5 categories; economic issues, security issues, infrastructure, cultural issues, and past problems. It assumes that there would not be any dramatic changes between the two countries. It is a conceptual model composed of around 200 variables, and should not be used as a forecast tool. However, it captures most of the logics discussed in the papers and conferences concerning the South and North Korea relations. Many sensitivity studies and Monte Carlo simulations have shown that the simulation results matches with mental models of experts; that is the model can be used as a learning tool or as a secondary opinion until the data required by the model is collected. In order to analyze the current situation, five scenarios are simulated and analyzed; the functional approach, the conditional approach, the balanced approach, the circumstantial approach, and the strategic approach. The functional approach represents that the South makes efforts in the area where the possibility of agreement is high for the next 10 years. The conditional approach is a scenario where the South impose all difficult issues as conditions for resolving other diplomatic issues. The balanced approach is resolving the five issues with the same priorities, while the circumstantial approach is resolving issues which seem to be resolved easily. Finally, another optimum approach has been seek using the system dynamics model developed. The optimum strategy (it is named as the strategic approach) was strikingly different from other four approaches. The optimum strategy is so complicated that no one could find it with mental model(or by just insights). Considering that the system dynamic model used to find the optimum is a simplifind (maybe over simplified) version of the reality, it is concluded that a well designed system dynamics model would be of great help to resolving the complicated diplomatic problems in any kind.

• 수산경영론집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.91-115
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• 2004

The main purpose of this study is to analyze the cooperative squid fisheries problems surrounding the $E128^{\circ}$, established by the 1965 Korea - Japan Fisheries Agreement which banned Korean large trawlers' fishing east to the $E128^{\circ}$ In fact, the moratorium was put on by Japans request. However, such issue did not occur until the filefish stock in the southern Korean sea, which was a major target fish species of the large trawl fisheries, The filefish stock collapsed completely around 1991 and at the same time most of bottom fish stocks in the East China Sea began to show a symptom of over - exploitation. Thus, the off - shore large trawlers learned to have a little opportunity of finding out alternative fish stocks as well as fishing grounds. Fortunately, at that time squid resource stock and consumption were on the increasing trend. The large trawl fisheries were able to economically exploit squid stock east to the $E128^{\circ}$ through cooperative fishing with squid angling light boats in the East and East - South Sea, even though such cooperative fishing activities violate the existing fishery laws apparently. Some important reasons that the large trawlers have continued the cooperative fishing seem to be because (ⅰ) squid resource stock has been on the increasing state over time, (ⅱ) the trawl fisheries have made a significant contribution to meeting domestic and export demands and stabilizing squid prices, and (ⅲ) they have kept domestic squid market from foreign competition. However, the new Korea - Japan fisheries agreement in 1998 provided a momentum of questioning the effectiveness of the $E128^{\circ}$ by the squid - related fisheries other than the squid angling. Serious conflicts between squid - related fisheries began to emerge and to be much intensified. Squid angling industries in the East opposed to large trawlers's efforts to formalize such illegal cooperative squid fishing activities. Their main argument was that such formalizing would definitely make the East coast squid prices lower and in turn their business performance would be worse off. The results of quantitative analysis suggest that the trawlers' massive landing may have a significant influence on lowering the east coast squid prices. Now, an important issue that the squid - related fisheries and the government are facing is to solve such complex squid fishing problems through a multi - participatory negotiation process, including price stabilization, total allowable catch level and its operation schemes, $E128^{\circ}$ rearrangement, and so on.

• 안보군사학연구
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• 통권8호
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• pp.1-48
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the Untied Nations' efforts for peace on Korean peninsular after CCF's participation in Korean War. The Untied Nation tried to negotiate th peace plan between two sides from the end of 1950. Once the CCF's entry into the war had been confirmed, the war situation moved to a new phase, and the UN forces, which had guided the war in an effort to destroy the NKP A forces, and to punish North Korea, had to set up new guidelines to cope with the new situation. Accordingly, in late November, 1950, the UN forces camp, mainly the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United Nations Command, discussed various options, such as an expansion of the war up to the Chinese territory, a cease fire along the 38th Parallel, or a forced and inevitable evacuation. The Korean delegation to the UN insisted that "the unification of Korea should be achieved only by victory in the war. The Chinese intervention in the war is a Challenge to the UN in the same way as the North Korean invasion. The UN participation in the war was to repulse the invasion. With the same spirit we should drive back the Chinese Communists." The Korean delegation also emphasized to the friendly nations the political objective and will of unification, and that a cease fire at a threshold of unification might return us to the status quo ante bellum, and would be contrary to the Korean nation's desire. At that time, particularly, the US strongly considered the employment of nuclear weapons as one of the new strategies to cope with the Chinese invasion. The international effects of these casual remarks were realized almost at once. The British Prime Minister who had not wanted the expansion of war in the Far East, especially from the view point of the interest of NATO's security, visited Washington. so the conference had a very important meaning for the UN forces' new strategy. On the other hand, at the UN, on the 5th of December, the very day Truman and Attlee agreed to seek a cease-fire under UN auspices, a group of thirteen Asian and Arab states proposed to ask China and North Korea not to cross the 38th Parallel, and sounded out both sides about a cease fire along the 38th Parallel. The United States and the United Kingdom gave their assent, but China and North Korea gave no direct response. The CCF, who were securing the initiative of operation, were not agreeable with the proposal of the UN forces. The Untied Nation has tried to negotiate th peace plan between two sides from the December of 1950 and January of 1951. The Untied Nations' has achieved great results to negotiate for the peace plan on Korean peninsular after CCF's participation in Korean War. It's the results considering both the operation situation and political opinions.

• 한국건설관리학회논문집
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.10-21
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 최근 중국의 여건변화에 대응하여 중국 현지 진출 국내업체를 대상으로 설문 면담조사와 전문가 조사를 통해 애로사항 및 중국 건설시장 진출 활성화를 위한 요구사항을 분석하였다. 이와 더불어 경제적 유발계수 모형을 이용하여 국내 경제에 파급효과가 큰 부문을 분석하여 진출전략 방안을 제시하였다. 중국시장에 진출해 있는 우리 건설업체들은 면허요건 등의 완화에도 불구하고 여전히 면허 유지에 부담이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 외상투자제도로 인해 시장진입이 어려운 것으로 분석되었다. 재정사업 참여가 거의 불가능하고 PPP사업도 용이하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 아울러 중국과의 FTA에 큰 기대를 할 수 없지만, 향후 GPA 협상 등을 통해 우리 업체들의 애로 요인을 제거 내지 감소시키기 위한 정부의 노력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 향후 중국건설시장 진출 활성화를 위해서는 경제적 유발계수 모형분석을 통해 한 중 업체간 협력모델이 활성화가 필요한 것으로 분석되었다. 중국이 우리의 협력을 원하는 분야, 즉 신형도시화, 환경, 수처리 등에서의 협력 모델을 기반으로 중국업체와의 장기적인 동반사업 모델을 구축해나가는 것이 필요하다. 두 번째로 시장진출 활성화를 위한 정부의 지속적인 노력이 필요하다. GATS 서비스 협상에서 중국의 추가적 시장개방을 요구하고 향후 GPA 협상에서 중국의 정부조달 시장개방을 요구해야 한다. 특히 외국업체의 단독 수주가 가능하도록 노력해야 한다. 셋째로 우리 건설기업들은 국제기구 사업에 참여 등을 통해 중국내에서 유대관계 구축에 힘써야 한다. 국제개발은행 등의 프로젝트에 대한 모니터링하고 실제 사업에 참여하기 위해 노력해야 한다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.587-594
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• 2021

이 연구의 목적은 포스트 코로나 시대에 있는 대학생들의 스트레스 대처방법이 여가제약협상에 어떻게 영향을 미치는지를 살펴보는 것이다. 이 연구의 목적을 달성하기 위하여, 2021년 1월 25일부터 2월 19일까지 전북, 전남, 부산에 소재한 대학생을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하여 총 247명의 자료를 분석에 사용하였다. 자료분석은 SPSS 21.0과 AMOS18.0 을 사용하여 기술통계, 확인적 요인분석, ANOVA와 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과 COVID-19 이전과 이후의 여가유형에 변화에 따라 여가제약협상에 차이가 나타났다. 대학생들의 스트레스 대처방법에 따라 여가제약협상에 대한 부분에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타나 대처방안에 대한 세부적 접근에 대해 고민해야 할 것이다. 특히 스트레스 대처방법 중 적극적인 스트레스 대처방법(문제중심 대처, 사회적지지추구)이 여가제약협상에 긍정적 영향을 미치고 있음을 확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 COVID-19와 연계하여 스트레스 대처와 연계한 여가제약이나 여가만족 등 다각도의 접근이 필요 할 것으로 판단된다.