• 벤처창업연구
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.71-102
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• 2007

기존의 많은 연구에서는 R&D 투자를 포함한 기술진보 요인이 TFP의 결정요인으로 작용한다는 실증연구는 많았으나, 산업 분석에 있어서 규모의 경제가 TFP에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증분석이 많지 않고 또 이들 연구들의 대부분이 비모수적 멤퀴스트 생산성지수 분석이나 확률적 변경생산함수 모형을 사용함으로써 개별 독립변수가 TFP에 미치는 영향에 대한 실증분석이 이루어지지 않았다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존의 성장회계방정식 요인 분해를 통해 산업별 TFP 증가율을 도출하고, 산업별 TFP의 영향 요인으로 R&D 투자와 규모의 경제(산업별 영세성)를 고려한 실증분석 모델을 구축하여 TFP 결정요인에 대해 실증 분석하였다. 우선 전체 15개 산업 기준 TFP 증가율을 보면 1993${\sim}$1997년 연평균 약 3.8%에 불과했으나, 외환위기 이후 1999${\sim}$2000년 연평균 7.8%로 상승하였다. 한편 1993${\sim}$2000년 사이의 산업별 TFP 연평균 증가율을 보면 IT 제조업 부문인 전기전자기기제조 부문이 11.6%로 가장 높게 나타났으며, 가구 및 기타 제품 제조는 -0.4%를 나타냈다. 서비스산업의 경우에는 운수 창고 통신 부문이 7.3%로 전기 수도 가스 2.9%, 도소매 음식 숙박-3.7%보다 훨씬 높은 TFP 증가율을 보였다. TFP의 결정요인에 대한 실증분석 결과, R&D와 TFP와의 상관관계는 전반적으로는 유의성이 검증되지 않은 정(+)의 상관관계로 나타났으나, 전체 종사자 중 자영업주 및 무급가족 종사자수를 산업별 영세성을 나타내는 대리변수로 사용한 모델에서의 유의한 부(-)의 상관관계를 보였다. 한편 산업별 고유의 규모의 영세도를 대리하는 변수들의 추정 계수의 부호는 일관되게 한 산업의 규모의 영세도가 높을수록 그 산업의 TFP 증가율이 낮아짐을 나타내는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.325-331
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• 2015

피부는 낮 동안 태양빛과 인공 빛에 끊임없이 노출되어 있으며, 그중 5%는 UV 영역, 50%는 가시광선, 나머지 45%는 적외선 영역으로 구성되어 있다. 이중 자외선의 피부에 대한 영향은 많은 연구가 되어 왔으나, 나머지 영역에 대한 연구는 미진한 실정이다. 이에, 가시광선에서 적외선 사이의 파장이 피부 섬유아세포에 어떤 영향을 미치는지 연구하고자 하였다. 광처리에 의한 효과는 광파장, 처리 시간, 광세기, 광조합 등 다양한 파라미터들의 조합에 의해 그 효능이 결정되므로, 본 연구에서는 섬유아세포의 성장 및 콜라겐 합성과 관련된 기능을 촉진시킬 수 있는 광처리 조건을 찾아내고자 하였다. 가시광선과 적외선 영역 사이의 6개의 파장을 처리한 결과, 레드(630 nm)와 그린(520 nm) 파장에 의해 섬유아세포의 증식이 증가함을 확인하였다. 광처리 시간은 콜라겐 합성량 증가를 위해서는 10 min의 광처리가 30 min의 광처리 보다 적합한 조건이었다. 광세기는 $0.05{\sim}0.75mW/cm^2$에서 6개의 광세기로 분할하여 실험한 결과, 레드 $0.3mW/cm^2$와 그린파장 0.15, $0.3mW/cm^2$ 세기가 type I collagen의 mRNA의 양을 증가시킬 수 있었다. 마지막으로 두 개 파장을 순차적으로 조합 처리하였을 때의 효과를 확인한 결과, 레드와 그린파장의 조합 조건은 섬유아세포의 수적증가를 목적으로 할 때 효율적인 방법이며, 콜라겐 합성에는 레드 단독처리가 보다 효과적인 방법이었다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시하는 광처리 조건을 이용시 피부 세포의 성장이나 콜라겐 합성에 긍정적 영향을 유도할 수 있으며, 재생 및 피부 미용 등에 활용할 수 있는 가능성이 클 것으로 기대된다.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.136-146
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• 2001

목 적 : 신증후군 환아의 궁극적인 예후는 양호하지만 치료시의 어려움은 빈번한 재발이다. 스테로이드에 반응을 보였던 신증후군 환아의 재발 가능성의 예측인자에 대한 여러 보고가 있었는데 최근에는 스테로이드에 반응을 보이는 신증후군 환아에서 관해기까지의 기간이 짧을수록 재발의 빈도가 의미 있게 적음이 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 신증후군으로 처음 진단 후 스테로이드에 반응을 보였던 환아들을 대상으로 스테로이드를 사용하기 전의 고지혈증의 정도와 환아의 신기능 및 관해 유도기간과의 연관성을 검증하여, 고지혈증이 관해유도의 지연 혹은 빈발 재발 환자를 조기에 선별하여 예측지표로 사용될 수 있는지 알아보고자 시행하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 1994년 10월부터 2000넌 8월까지 본원 소아과에서 입원했던 환아들 중 처음으로 신증후군으로 진단된 후 스테로이드 치료에 반응을 보였던 33명을 대상으로 이들의 입원 및 외래 기록지를 중심으로 후향적으로 분석하였다. 결 과 : 모든 대상 환아에서 고지혈증 소견이 관찰되었으며 이중 triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, apoB, Lp(a), total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol은 증가하였으나 HDL cholesteol은 증가하지 않았다. 스테로이드를 사용하기 전의 혈청 알부민은 $1.7{\pm}0.8\;g/dL$의 감소되었고 단백뇨는 $3.8{\pm}3.2\;g/24hr$로 증가보이나 크레아티닌 청소율은 $121.7{\pm}47.7\;mL/min/1.73m^2$로 감소되지 않았으며 스테로이드 사용 후 관해 유도기간은 $15.6{\pm}11.0일$이 필요했다. 혈청 알부민은 total cholesterol (r = -0.5157, P<0.005), LDL cholesterol (r = -0.5543, P<0.005), total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol (r = -0.4506, P<0.01), Lp(a) (r = -0.4570, P<0.025), apoB (r = -0.5297, P<0.025), apoB/apoAl (r = -0.5851, P<0.01), apoB/HDL cholesterol (r = -0.4961, P<0.05)등과 음의 상관관계가 있었다. 단백뇨와 크레아티닌 청소율은 스테로이드를 사용하기 전 혈청지질, 지단백과 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 관해 유도기간은 스테로이드를 사용하기 전 HDL cholesterol (r = +0.4511, P<0.05), apoB (r = +0.5190, P<0.05), apoB/HDL cholesterol (r = +0.7169, P<0.005)과 양의 상관관계가 있었다. 결 론 : 본 연구를 통해 신증후군의 특징인 고지혈증은 서로 다른 경과의 신증후군, 서로 다른 병리조직학적 소견과 지질대사 과정에 다양한 영향을 끼치는 요인에 의해 각각의 지질 및 지단백의 상승에 차이가 있을 수 있고 이런 지질 및 지단백의 상승은 주로 간에서 생성의 증가의 발생함을 알 수 있었다. 또한 지단백중 스테로이드를 사용하기전의 HDL cholesterol, apoB, apoB/HDL cholesterol등은 관해 유도기간과 의미 있는 양의 상관관계를 보여서 신증후군 환아의 재발을 예측 할 수 있는 지표로서 임상적인 의미를 부여할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.347-365
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• 1995

도시 보건소 직원의 보건소 업무에 대한 인식 및 태도를 파악하기 위하여 대구직할시 7개 보건소 직원 310명을 대상으로 1994년 8월 15일부터 9월 30일까지 설문조사를 실시하여 252명(회수율 81.3%)의 자료를 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 조사대상은 남자가 95명(37.3%), 여자가 157명(62.3%)이고, 60.3%가 대졸이상자였다. 현재 근무부서의 시설이 보건사업을 수행하는데 적합하다고 한 의견이 28.6%, 적합하지 않다가 51.1%였고, 보유 기자재가 사업수행에 적합하다가 19.4%, 적합하지 않다가 39.0%였으며, 보건소의 인력수가 적정하다가 28.6%, 적합하지 않다가 44.8%였다. 근무부서의 예산이 보건사업 수행에 적합하다고 한 의견이 13.1%, 적합하지 않다가 38.5%였다. 지방자치제 실시후 사업내용이 바뀌어야 한다고 한 의견이 51.9%, 지방자치제의 실시가 자신의 근무부서의 업무에 도움이 된다고 한 의견이 25.4%, 도움되지 않는다가 24.6%였다. 지방자치제 실시에 따라 보건소의 조직과 기능이 개선되어야 한다는 의견은 78.6%였다. 사업 목표량의 설정이 해당 부서나 지역의 실정에 비추어 맞게 책정되어 있다는 의견이 11.1%, '그렇지 않다'가 43.3%였다. 업무 수행을 위한 전문적인 지식이나 기술에 대한 교육을 더 받아야 한다고 한 의견이 57.5%, 더 받을 필요없다가 20.6%였고, 자신의 업무수행에 자율성이 있다고 생각하는 견해가 35.7%, 자율성이 없다가 25.8%였으며, 현재 하고 일에 만족한다가 39.3%, 만족하지 못한다가 16.3%였다. 보건소의 인사관리에 대해서는 11.5% 합리적이라고 하였고, 47.3%가 불합리적 이라고 하였으며, 보건소가 주민들로부터 신뢰를 받고 있다는 의견이 41.3%, '그렇지 않다'는 의견이 13.1%였다. 보건소에서 지역주민에게 제공하는 서비스 중에서 잘 시행되고 있는 사업은 결핵관리, 일반진료, 모자보건사업의 순이었으며, 부족한 사업은 보건교육, 치과진료, 위생, 통합보건사업의 순이었다. 향후 보건소에서 주민에게 제공해야 할 서비스로는 노인보건사업, 가정의료사업, 재활보건사업, 당뇨병관리, 고혈압관리, 학교보건사업, 정신보건사업의 순으로 지적하였다. 보건소 근무자들은 시설, 기자재, 인력, 예산, 인사관리, 사업목표량의 설정 및 평가, 인사관리 등에 대해서는 부정적인 의견이 많았으며, 업무수행을 위한 보수교육, 지방자치제 실시를 통한 업무의 변화, 업무의 자율성, 업무의 만족도 면에서는 대체로 긍정적인 의견을 가진 것으로 나타났다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.671-682
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• 1996

연구배경: 결핵은 아직 우리나라에서 중요한 질병중 하나이고, 기관지결핵은 진단이 용이하지 않고, 기도협착등 합병증을 초래하여 임상적으로 중요성이 인식되어 왔으나 적절한 치료법이 확립되어 있지 않고, 각 보고자마다 내시경적 분류를 다르게 하고 있다. 이에 저자들은 1991년1월 부터 1996년 4월간 한양대학교 부속병원에서 기관지결핵으로 진단된 201예를 대상으로 기관지결핵의 임상상을 알아보고자 하였다. 방법: 1991년 1월 부터 1996년 4월 까지 한양대학교 부속병원에서 기관지내시경으로 기관지결핵으로 진단된 201예를 대상으로 임상상에 대한 후향적 분석을 하여 다음의 결과를 얻었다. 결과: 1) 총 기관지내시경을 실시한 1031예 중 기관지결핵으로 진단된 환자는 201예 (19.5%)였고, 이중 남자 55예, 여자 146예로 여자가 남자에 비해 2.7배 많았다. 연령분포는 20-29세가 61예(30.3%)로 가장 많았으며, 30-39세가 40예(19.9%), 50-59세가 27예(13.4%), 40-49세가 21예(10.4%), 15-19세가 19예(9.5%), 60-69세가 19예(9.5%), 70세 이상이 14예(7.0 %) 순이었다. 2) 증상 및 증후로는 기침 74.5%과 객담 55.2%이 가장 많았으며, 호흡곤란 28.6%, 흉통 19.8%, 발열감 17.2%, 천명음 15.6% 객혈 11.5%순이었다. 3) 방사선 소견으로는 침윤 67.7%, 허탈 43.9%, 동공형성 11.6%, 흉막삼출 7.4% 순이었고, 정상인 예도 6예(3.2%)이었다. 침범부위는 좌상폐야 39.7%, 우상폐야 36.0%, 우중폐야 24.3%, 좌하폐야 21.2%, 좌중폐야 18.5%, 우하폐야 14.8% 순이었다. 4) 폐기능 검사를 실시한 76예의 결과는 정상소견이 44.7%, 제한성 양상이 39.5%, 폐쇄성 양상이 11.8%, 혼합형 양상이 3.9% 순이었다. 5) 기관지내시경 소견으로는 건락성 물질인 백색의 가막형성의 건락성 가막형이 70예 (34.8%)로 가장 많았으며, 점막의 발적 및 부종의 점막형이 54예(26.9%), 과형성성 소견의 파형성형이 52예(25.9%), 섬유화에 의한 협착소견의 섭유화 협착형이 22예(10.9%), 그리고 미란이나 궤양의 궤양형이 3예(1.5%) 순이었다. 6) 각 검사별 양성률은 기관지세척액에서 도말항산균 양성률이 51.2%, 배양양성이 27.4%, 기관지정 조직검사에서 항산균 양성률이 36.4% 항산균이 없는 육아종소견이 13.1%, 만성 염증소견이 36.4%, 확진을 못한 경우가 14.1%였다. 건락성 가막형의 조직검사 검체에서 항산균의 발현과 기관지 세척액에서 결핵군 배양양성률이 각각 44예 중 24예(54.5%; P=0.013), 70예 중 29예(41.4 %; P=0.009)로 높게 나타났다. 결론: 젊은 여성에 있어서 일반 진해제에 잘 반응하지 않는 기침이 오랫동안 지속될시 흉부 액스선 검사가 정상이고, 객담 도말항산균 검사가 음성이더라도 기관지결핵을 의심해야 하고, 확진을 위한 기관지내시경을 실시하여야 한다. 그리고 치료에 반응이 좋지 않은 천식이나, 폐암의 발생이 높은 노년층에 있어서도 감별진단을 위하여 또한 기관지내시경을 실시하여야 한다. 향후 기관지내시경에 의한 기관지결핵의 통일된 분류 및 스테로이드의 항결핵제와의 병용이 기도협착에 미치는 효과에 대한 잘 설계된 대조군 설정의 전향적 연구가 필요하리라 생각된다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.59-88
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• 2008

Digital Convergence means integration between industry, technology, and contents, and in marketing, it usually comes with creation of new types of product and service under the base of digital technology as digitalization progress in electro-communication industries including telecommunication, home appliance, and computer industries. One can see digital convergence not only in instruments such as PC, AV appliances, cellular phone, but also in contents, network, service that are required in production, modification, distribution, re-production of information. Convergence in contents started around 1990. Convergence in network and service begins as broadcasting and telecommunication integrates and DMB(digital multimedia broadcasting), born in May, 2005 is the symbolic icon in this trend. There are some positive and negative expectations about DMB. The reason why two opposite expectations exist is that DMB does not come out from customer's need but from technology development. Therefore, customers might have hard time to interpret the real meaning of DMB. Time is quite critical to a high tech product, like DMB because another product with same function from different technology can replace the existing product within short period of time. If DMB does not positioning well to customer's mind quickly, another products like Wibro, IPTV, or HSPDA could replace it before it even spreads out. Therefore, positioning strategy is critical for success of DMB product. To make correct positioning strategy, one needs to understand how consumer interprets DMB and how consumer's interpretation can be changed via communication strategy. In this study, we try to investigate how consumer perceives a new product, like DMB and how AD strategy change consumer's perception. More specifically, the paper segment consumers into sub-groups based on their DMB perceptions and compare their characteristics in order to understand how they perceive DMB. And, expose them different printed ADs that have messages guiding consumer think DMB in specific ways, either cellular phone or personal TV. Research Question 1: Segment consumers according to perceptions about DMB and compare characteristics of segmentations. Research Question 2: Compare perceptions about DMB after AD that induces categorization of DMB in direction for each segment. If one understand and predict a direction in which consumer perceive a new product, firm can select target customers easily. We segment consumers according to their perception and analyze characteristics in order to find some variables that can influence perceptions, like prior experience, usage, or habit. And then, marketing people can use this variables to identify target customers and predict their perceptions. If one knows how customer's perception is changed via AD message, communication strategy could be constructed properly. Specially, information from segmented customers helps to develop efficient AD strategy for segment who has prior perception. Research framework consists of two measurements and one treatment, O1 X O2. First observation is for collecting information about consumer's perception and their characteristics. Based on first observation, the paper segment consumers into two groups, one group perceives DMB similar to Cellular phone and the other group perceives DMB similar to TV. And compare characteristics of two segments in order to find reason why they perceive DMB differently. Next, we expose two kinds of AD to subjects. One AD describes DMB as Cellular phone and the other Ad describes DMB as personal TV. When two ADs are exposed to subjects, consumers don't know their prior perception of DMB, in other words, which subject belongs 'similar-to-Cellular phone' segment or 'similar-to-TV' segment? However, we analyze the AD's effect differently for each segment. In research design, final observation is for investigating AD effect. Perception before AD is compared with perception after AD. Comparisons are made for each segment and for each AD. For the segment who perceives DMB similar to TV, AD that describes DMB as cellular phone could change the prior perception. And AD that describes DMB as personal TV, could enforce the prior perception. For data collection, subjects are selected from undergraduate students because they have basic knowledge about most digital equipments and have open attitude about a new product and media. Total number of subjects is 240. In order to measure perception about DMB, we use indirect measurement, comparison with other similar digital products. To select similar digital products, we pre-survey students and then finally select PDA, Car-TV, Cellular Phone, MP3 player, TV, and PSP. Quasi experiment is done at several classes under instructor's allowance. After brief introduction, prior knowledge, awareness, and usage about DMB as well as other digital instruments is asked and their similarities and perceived characteristics are measured. And then, two kinds of manipulated color-printed AD are distributed and similarities and perceived characteristics for DMB are re-measured. Finally purchase intension, AD attitude, manipulation check, and demographic variables are asked. Subjects are given small gift for participation. Stimuli are color-printed advertising. Their actual size is A4 and made after several pre-test from AD professionals and students. As results, consumers are segmented into two subgroups based on their perceptions of DMB. Similarity measure between DMB and cellular phone and similarity measure between DMB and TV are used to classify consumers. If subject whose first measure is less than the second measure, she is classified into segment A and segment A is characterized as they perceive DMB like TV. Otherwise, they are classified as segment B, who perceives DMB like cellular phone. Discriminant analysis on these groups with their characteristics of usage and attitude shows that Segment A knows much about DMB and uses a lot of digital instrument. Segment B, who thinks DMB as cellular phone doesn't know well about DMB and not familiar with other digital instruments. So, consumers with higher knowledge perceive DMB similar to TV because launching DMB advertising lead consumer think DMB as TV. Consumers with less interest on digital products don't know well about DMB AD and then think DMB as cellular phone. In order to investigate perceptions of DMB as well as other digital instruments, we apply Proxscal analysis, Multidimensional Scaling technique at SPSS statistical package. At first step, subjects are presented 21 pairs of 7 digital instruments and evaluate similarity judgments on 7 point scale. And for each segment, their similarity judgments are averaged and similarity matrix is made. Secondly, Proxscal analysis of segment A and B are done. At third stage, get similarity judgment between DMB and other digital instruments after AD exposure. Lastly, similarity judgments of group A-1, A-2, B-1, and B-2 are named as 'after DMB' and put them into matrix made at the first stage. Then apply Proxscal analysis on these matrixes and check the positional difference of DMB and after DMB. The results show that map of segment A, who perceives DMB similar as TV, shows that DMB position closer to TV than to Cellular phone as expected. Map of segment B, who perceive DMB similar as cellular phone shows that DMB position closer to Cellular phone than to TV as expected. Stress value and R-square is acceptable. And, change results after stimuli, manipulated Advertising show that AD makes DMB perception bent toward Cellular phone when Cellular phone-like AD is exposed, and that DMB positioning move towards Car-TV which is more personalized one when TV-like AD is exposed. It is true for both segment, A and B, consistently. Furthermore, the paper apply correspondence analysis to the same data and find almost the same results. The paper answers two main research questions. The first one is that perception about a new product is made mainly from prior experience. And the second one is that AD is effective in changing and enforcing perception. In addition to above, we extend perception change to purchase intention. Purchase intention is high when AD enforces original perception. AD that shows DMB like TV makes worst intention. This paper has limitations and issues to be pursed in near future. Methodologically, current methodology can't provide statistical test on the perceptual change, since classical MDS models, like Proxscal and correspondence analysis are not probability models. So, a new probability MDS model for testing hypothesis about configuration needs to be developed. Next, advertising message needs to be developed more rigorously from theoretical and managerial perspective. Also experimental procedure could be improved for more realistic data collection. For example, web-based experiment and real product stimuli and multimedia presentation could be employed. Or, one can display products together in simulated shop. In addition, demand and social desirability threats of internal validity could influence on the results. In order to handle the threats, results of the model-intended advertising and other "pseudo" advertising could be compared. Furthermore, one can try various level of innovativeness in order to check whether it make any different results (cf. Moon 2006). In addition, if one can create hypothetical product that is really innovative and new for research, it helps to make a vacant impression status and then to study how to form impression in more rigorous way.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.211-250
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• 2007

1. The 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金娥), Yoshida Koton(吉田篁墩) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li '(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 1739${\sim}$1798) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai, Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 1749${\sim}$1787) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論) and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯) 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai 's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋司"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue", "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Rits(森立之 1807${\sim}$ 1885) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai, a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("神農本草經"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"(神農本草經) and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"("枳園隨筆") that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"("說文解字") to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據). Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬 1804${\sim}$1876) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai, and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園). He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi" and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan" but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 912-955) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 1755-1810) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi" and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi" are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng" is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"("素問識"), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan lu Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"("難經疏證"), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"("疾雅"), "Ming Yi Gong An"("名醫公案"), and "Yi Ji Kao"("醫籍考"). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 1789-1827), Yuan Jian(元堅 1795-1857) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(樂匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素間紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"(傷寒廣要), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("該腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(失數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', 'the founding of Ji Shou Guan and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai ' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제10권
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• pp.1-40
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• 2008

1.The 'Kao Zheng Pai'(考證派) comes from the 'Zhe Zhong Pai(折衷派)' and is a school that is influenced by the confucianism of the Qing dynasty. In Japan Inoue Kinga(井上金峨), Yoshida Koton(古田篁墩 $1745{\sim}1798$) became central members, and the rise of the methodology of historical research(考證學) influenced the members of the 'Zhe Zhong Pai', and the trend of historical research changed from confucianism to medicine, making a school of medicine based on the study of texts and proving that the classics were right. 2. Based on the function of 'Nei Qu Li'(內驅力) the 'Kao Zheng Pai', in the spirit of 'use confucianism as the base', researched letters, meanings and historical origins. Because they were influenced by the methodology of historical research(考證學) of the Qing era, they valued the evidential research of classic texts, and there was even one branch that did only historical research, the 'Rue Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(儒學考證派). Also, the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'(醫學考證派) appeared by the influence of Yoshida Kouton and Kariya Ekisai(狩谷掖齋). 3. In the 'Kao Zheng Pai(考證派)'s theories and views the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai' did not look at medical scriptures like the "Huang Di Nei Jing"("黃帝內經") and did not do research on 'medical' related areas like acupuncture, the meridian and medicinal herbs. Since they were doctors that used medicine, they naturally were based on 'formulas'(方劑) and since their thoughts were based on the historical ideologies, they valued the "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun" which was revered as the 'ancestor of all formulas'(衆方之祖). 4. The lives of the important doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢) Yamada Seichin(山田正珍), Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Mori Ritsi(森立之) Kitamura Naohara(喜多村直寬) are as follows. 1) Meguro Dotaku(目黑道琢 $1739{\sim}1798$) was born of lowly descent but, using his intelligence and knowledge, became a professor as a Shi Jing Yi(市井醫) and as a professor for 34 years at Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) mastered the "Huang Di Nei Jing" after giving over 300 lectures. Since his pupil, Isawara Ken(伊澤蘭軒) taught the Lan Men Wu Zhe(蘭門五哲) and Shibue Chusai(澀江抽齋), Mori Ritsi(森立之), Okanishi Gentei(岡西玄亭), Kiyokawa Gendoh(淸川玄道) and Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣), Meguro Dotaku is considered the founder of the 'Yi Xue Kao Zheng Pai'. 2) The family of Yamada Seichin(山田正珍 $1749{\sim}1787$) had been medical officials in the Makufu(幕府) and the many books that his ancestors had left were the base of his art. Seichin learned from Shan Ben Bei Shan(山本北山), a 'Zhe Zhong Pai' scholar, and put his efforts into learning, teaching and researching the "Shang Han Lun"("傷寒論"). Living in a time between 'Gu Fang Pai'(古方派) member Nakanishi Goretada(中西惟忠) and 'Kao Zheng Pai' member Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡), he wrote 11 books, 2 of which express his thoughts and research clearly, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Cheng"("傷寒論集成") and "Shang Han Kao"("傷寒考"). His comparison of the 'six meridians'(3 yin, 3 yang) between the "Shang Han Lun" and the "Su Wen Re Lun"("素問 熱論") and his acknowledgement of the need and rationality of the concept of Yin-Yang and Deficient-Replete distinguishes him from the other 'Gu Fang Pai'. Also, his dissertation of the need for the concept doesn't use the theories of latter schools but uses the theory of the "Shang Han Lun" itself. He even researched the historical parts, such as terms like 'Shen Nong Chang Bai Cao'(神農嘗百草) and 'Cheng Qi Tang'(承氣湯). 3) The ancestor of Yamada Kyoko(山田業廣) was a court physician, and learned confucianism from Kao Zheng Pai's Ashikawa Genan(朝川善庵) and medicine from Isawa Ranken(伊澤蘭軒) and Taki Motokata(多紀元堅), and the secret to smallpox from Ikeda Keisui(池田京水). He later became a lecturer at the Edo Yi Xue Guan(醫學館) and was invited as the director to the Ji Zhong(濟衆) hospital. He also became the first owner of the Wen Zhi She(溫知社), whose main purpose was the revival of kampo, and launched the monthly magazine Wen Zi Yi Tan(溫知醫談). He also diagnosed and prescribed for the prince Ming Gong(明宮). His works include the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨"), "Shang Han Lun Si Ci"("傷寒論釋詞"), "Huang Zhao Zhu Jia Zhi Yan Ji Yao"("皇朝諸家治驗集要") and "Shang Han Ja Bing Lun Lei Juan"("傷寒雜病論類纂"). of these, the "Jing Fang Bian"("經方辨") states that the Shi Gao(石膏) used in the "Shang Han Lun" had three meanings-Fa Biao(發表), Qing Re(淸熱), Zi Yin(滋陰)-which were from 'symptoms', and first deducted the effects and then told of the reason. Another book, the "Jiu Zhe Tang Du Shu Ji"("九折堂讀書記") researched and translated the difficult parts of the "Shang Han Lun", "Jin Qui Yao Lue"("金匱要略"), "Qian Jin Fang"("千金方"), and "Wai Tai Mi Yao"("外臺秘要"). He usually analyzed the 'symptoms' of diseases but the composition, measurement, processing and application of medicine were all in the spectrum of 'analystic research' and 'researching analysis'. 4) The ancestors of Mori Ritsi(森立之 $1807{\sim}1885$) were warriors but he became a doctor by the will of his mother, and he learned from Shibue Chosai(澁江抽齋) and Isawaran Ken(伊澤蘭軒) and later became a pupil of Shou Gu Yi Zhai(狩谷掖齋), a historical research scholar. He then became a lecturer of medical herbs at the Yi Xue Guan, and later participated in the proofreading of "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方") and with Chosai compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志"). He visited the Chinese scholar Yang Shou Jing(楊守敬) in 1881 and exchanged books and ideas. Of his works, there are the collections(輯複本) of "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing"("神農本草經") and "You Xiang Yi Hwa"("遊相醫話") and the records, notes, poems, and diaries such as "Zhi Yuan Man Lu"("枳園漫錄") and "Zhi Yuan Sui Bi"(枳園隨筆) that were not published. His thoughts were that in restoring the "Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing", "the herb to the doctor is like the "Shuo Wen Jie Zi"(說文解字) to the scholar", and he tried to restore the ancient herbal text using knowledge of medicine and investigation(考據), Also with Chosai he compiled the "Jing Ji Fang Gu Zhi"("經籍訪古志") using knowledge of ancient text. Ritzi left works on pure investigation, paid much attention to social problems, and through 12 years of poverty treated all people and animals in all branches of medicine, so he is called a 'half confucianist half doctor'(半儒半醫). 5) Kitamurana Ohira(喜多村直寬, $1804{\sim}1876$) learned scriptures and ancient texts from confucian scholar Asaka Gonsai(安積艮齋), and learned medicine from his father Huai Yaun(槐園), He became a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan in his middle ages, and to repay his country, he printed 266 volumes of "Yi Fang Lei Ju"("醫方類聚") and 1000 volumes of "Tai Ping Yu Lan"("太平禦覽") and devoted it to his country to be spread. His works are about 40 volumes including "Jin Qui Yao Lue Shu Yi"("金匱要略疏義") and "Lao Yi Zhi Yan"(老醫巵言) but most of them are researches on the "Shang Han Za Bing Lun". In his "Shang Han Lun Shu Yi"("傷寒論疏義") he shows the concept of the six meridians through the Yin-Yang, Superficial or internal, cold or hot, deficient or replete state of diseases, but did not match the names with the six meridians of the meridian theory, and this has something in common with the research based on the confucianism of Song(宋儒). In clinical treatment he was positive toward old and new methods and also the experience of civilians, but was negative toward western medicine. 6) The ancestor of the Taki family Tanbano Yasuyori(丹波康賴 $912{\sim}955$) became a Yi Bo Shi(醫博士) by his medical skills and compiled the "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"). His first son Tanbano Shigeaki(丹波重明) inherited the Shi Yao Yuan(施藥院) and the third son Tanbano Masatada(丹波雅忠) inherited the Dian You Tou(典藥頭). Masatada's descendents succeeded him for 25 generations until the family name was changed to Jin Bao(金保) and five generations later it was changed again to Duo Ji(多紀). The research scholar Taki Motohiro was in the third generation after the last name was changed to Taki, and his family kept an important part in the line of medical officers in Japan. Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡 $1755{\sim}1810$) was a teacher in the Yi Xue Guan where his father was residing, and became the physician for the general Jia Qi(家齊). He had a short temper and was not good at getting on in the world, and went against the will of the king and was banished from Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師). His most famous works, the "Shang Han Lun Ji Yi"("傷寒論輯義") and "Jin Qui Yao Lue Ji Yi"("金匱要略輯義") are the work of 20 years of collecting the theories of many schools and discussing, and is one of the most famous books on the "Shang Han Lun" in Japan. "Yi Sheng"("醫勝") is a collection of essays on research. Also there are the "Su Wen Shi"(素問識), "Ling Shu Shi"("靈樞識"), and the "Guan Ju Fang Yao Bu"("觀聚方要補"). Taki Motohiro(多紀元簡)'s position was succeeded by his third son Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), and his works include works of research such as "Nan Jing Shu Jeng"(難經疏證), "Ti Ya"("體雅"), "Yao Ya"("藥雅"), "Ji Ya"(疾雅), "Ming Yi Gong An"(名醫公案), and "Yi Ji Kao"(醫籍考). The "Yi Ji Kao" is 80 volumes in length and lists about 3000 books on medicine in China before the Qing Dao Guang(道光), and under each title are the origin, number of volumes, state of existence, and, if possible, the preface, Ba Yu(跋語) and biography of the author. The younger sibling of Yuan Yin(元胤 $1789{\sim}1827$), Yuan Jian(元堅 $1795{\sim}1857$) expounded ancient writings at the Yi Xue Guan only after he reached middle age, was chosen for the Ao Yi Shi(奧醫師) and later became a Fa Yan(法眼), Fa Yin(法印) and Yu Chi(禦匙). He left about 15 texts, including "Su Wen Shao Shi"("素問紹識"), "Yi Xin Fang"("醫心方"), published in school, "Za Bing Guang Yao"("雜病廣要"), "Shang Han Guang Yao"("傷寒廣要"), and "Zhen Fu Yao Jue"("診腹要訣"). On the Taki family's founding and working of the Yi Xue Guan Yasuka Doumei(矢數道明) said they were "the people who took the initiative in Edo era kampo medicine" and evaluated their deeds in the fields of 'research of ancient text', the founding of Ji Shou Guan(躋壽館) and medical education', 'publication business', 'writing of medical text'. 5. The doctors of the 'Kao Zheng Pai' based their operations on the Edo Yi Xue Guan, and made groups with people with similar ideas to them, making a relationship 'net'. For example the three families of Duo Ji(多紀), Tang Chuan(湯川) and Xi Duo Cun(喜多村) married and adopted with and from each other and made prefaces and epitaphs for each other. Thus, the Taki family, the state science of the Makufu, the tendency of thinking, one's own interests and glory, one's own knowledge, the need of the society all played a role in the development of kampo medicine in the 18th and 19th century.