• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.308-315
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• 2005

Aflatoxin contamination is a major problem in several food crops. Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin, produced by Aspergillus flavus has gained immense concern in the scientific world because of its tremendous harmful effects. The study was focused to see the effect of oil and aqueous extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) seeds on the growth of Aspergillus and production of aflatoxin by the mold. Various amounts of neem oil $(5\;-\;50\;{\mu}l/ml)$ and aqueous extract of neem (5 - 50 mg/ml) were used both in the broth as well as the solid medium. Fungistatic (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentrations (MFC) were found to be $10\;{\mu}l/ml$ and $50\;{\mu}l/ml$ respectively for neem seed oil. At the concentration of $5\;{\mu}l/ml$ neem oil and 5 mg/ml of aqueous extract, a significant decrease in the aflatoxin content was found in broth medium. Aflatoxin production was totally inhibited at $50\;{\mu}l/ml$ and 50 mg/ml for neem oil and aqueous extract of neem respectively, in both treatments. There was significant inhibition of mycelium dry weight by the neem seed oil. Mycelial growth was totally inhibited at $20\;{\mu}l/ml$ of neem seed oil concentration in broth, whereas it was not affected at all by aqueous extract. It can therefore be inferred that the oil and extract from the neem seed leads to inhibition of aflatoxin production while neem seed oil also significantly inhibits the mycelial growth. Neem seed oil thus can be used as potent, natural and easily available anti-aflatoxigenic agent.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.189-192
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• 2009

The effect of plant extracts of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus chamadulonsis), garlic (Allium sativium), marigold (Tagetes erecta) and neem (Azadirachta indica) and essential oils were tested on the suppression of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita under greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro study, all tested treatments had nematicidal effect on nematode juveniles after 24 and 48 hours from exposures. The highest percentage of nematode mortality was achieved by application of neem extract (65.4%), essential oils (64.4%) and marigold extract (60.5%), followed by garlic and eucalyptus extracts (38.7-39.5%). Under greenhouse and field conditions, neem extract and essential oils treatments were more effective in reducing population numbers of the M. incognita in soil and root gall index compared to other treatments. In field experiments, the maximum protection of tomato plant against root-knot nematode was obtained by application of neem and essential oil treatments, 44.2 and 32.6%, respectively.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.435-444
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• 2014

Neem제를 이용한 가지 담배가루이 친환경 방제기술을 개발하고자 azadirachtin 0.5%가 함유된 Neem제를 100~2,000배까지 희석배수 5처리를 두고, 담배가루이 방제효과와 가지생육과 수량을 조사하였으며, 경제성을 분석하였다. 담배가루이 성충과 약충의 발생상황은 Neem제 희석배수가 높아질수록 성충과 약충의 발생량이 증가하여 방제효과가 낮았다. Neem제 처리농도별 가지 생육상황은 낮은 희석배수에서는 약해가 발생하였고, 높은 희석배수에서는 담배가루이에 의한 피해가 나타났다. 생육 및 수량은 48일후 조사에서 500배가 초장, 엽장, 절수 등 생육이 양호하였다. 또한 Neem제 500배 처리에서 과실의 발육이 좋아 수량성 및 상품률도 가장 높았다. 경제성 분석결과에서도 Neem제 500배 처리에서 10a당 13,545천원으로 소득이 가장 높았다. 따라서 담배가루이 방제를 위한 Neem제 희석배수는 500배였다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.108-112
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• 1990

It was confirmed that extracts of some plants were used in folklore medicine as hypoglycemic agents. Of these plants is Azadirachta indica ("neem") which grows in tropical regions. The present study deals with biochemical effects of the "neem" leaf water extract given orally to experimental aminals, especially the hypoglycemic characteristics. Normals as well as alloxan diabetic rats have been used in this work. The results showed that the "neem" leaf extract produced some hypoglycemia in normal rats when given in two doses, while in diabetic rats there was a decrease in blood sugar, but it could not alleviate the diabetic in body weight loss and high percentage mortality, especially with a high dose. It was observed increased with concomitant decrease in the liver fat as compared to normal levels. There was also a drop in liver proteins which was dose-related. The results were compared wiht those obtained with an oral hypoglycemic drug (Glibenclamide).glycemic drug (Glibenclamide).

• 환경생물
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.501-506
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• 2004

In organic agriculture, choose of effective and cheap bio-pesticide is very important. The authors developed an insecticidal extract from neem cake, waste of neem oil from kernel, and applied as a bio-pesticide. Bio-pesticide neem cake extracts experiment on cabbage pest was carried out at Wonju Agricultural Technology and Extension Center from 11 March to 30 May 2003. There were six treatments with three replications, using completely randomized design. Treatments involved three and six sprays of synthetic pyrethroid pesticide cypermethrin 10 EC at the dilution rate of 2.2 mL $L^{-1}$ of distilled water and four, five and six sprays of bio-pesticide neem at the dilution rate of 13.3 mL $L^{-1}$ of distilled water, and untreated control. For each treatment, designated sprayings were done at 7 days interval. Pre-spray data showed that the plants in all the experimental plots were already infested with aphid (Aphis gossypii), and diamondback moth (Pluetella xylostella). The results indicated that all neem pesticide treatments were more effective in insecticidal activity than the untreated control and the chemical treatments in controlling aphids and diamondback moth. Among the three neem treatments, there were no significant differences between them.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제63권1호
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• pp.75-76
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• 2024

몇 종의 주요 농작물 해충에 대한 식물추출물(cinnamon extract 5% + citronella oil 10% + citrus oil 30% + derris extract 10% + neem extract 20% + penetrating surfactant 25%)의 살란 효과를 분무법으로 검정하였다. 노린재류의 경우 알이 부화하는 과정에서 치사하는 경향을 보였다. 식물추출물(500배액) 처리시 썩덩나무노린재(Halyomorpha halys), 톱다리개미허리노린재(Riptortus clavatus), 홍비단노린재(Eurydema dominulus), 온실가루이(Trialeurodes vaprarorium), 담배가루이(Bemisia tabaci), 파밤나방(Spodoptera exigua), 검거세미밤나방(Agrotis ipsilon)에 대한 최종 살란 효과는 100%로 높게 나타나, 향후 산업화가 가능할 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.269-280
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• 2014

본 연구는 고삼, 정향 및 neem 추출물에 대한 항균 항충력을 규명하여 벼 친환경 재배 포장에서 병해충 방제제로의 이용가능성을 검토하고자 수행하였다. 식물추출물에 대한 잿빛곰팡이균에 대한 항균력 실험결과 정향추출물이 가장 높은 활성을 나타내었으며, 벼멸구에 대한 살충력은 고삼추출물이 가장 높은 효과를 보였는데, 고삼추출물의 300배 희석용액에서도 100%의 살충 방제가를 나타내었다. 정향과 고삼추출물에 각각 목초액(10%)과 유화전착제(10%)를 혼합하여 친환경 벼 재배포장에 살포하고 병해충 발생률을 조사한 결과, 정향추출물 처리구의 병해 방제가는 무처리구(100%) 대비 50.8%, 해충 발생은 70.6%를 나타내었고, 고삼추출물 처리구는 무처리(100%) 대비 병해 방제가는 43.1%, 해충 방제가는 79.1%로 나타났다. 결론적으로, 고삼 및 정향 추출물은 벼 친환경 재배 시 병해는 약 50%, 충해는 약 70%를 감소시킬 수 있어서 친환경농자재로의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.302-310
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• 2008

Azadirachta indica A. Juss (N.O. Meliaceae), popularly known, as 'Neem' is an indigenous tree widely available in India. Almost every part of the tree has long been used in Unani system of medicine for the treatment of a variety of human ailments. The flowers have been mentioned as a remedy useful in controlling diabetes mellitus. The present study had been designed to investigate the hypoglycemic/anti-hyperglycemic effects of the methanolic extract of the flowers of A. indica (Gule-Neem) and its different fractions on normal, glucose fed hyperglycemic, adrenaline induced hyperglycemic and alloxan induced diabetic rats. The methanolic extract was resolved into water soluble and water insoluble fractions. Water soluble portion of the methanolic extract was found to possess significant blood sugar lowering effect in glucose-fed and adrenaline-induced hyperglycemic rats but it did not show such effect in normal and alloxan induced mild and severe diabetic rats. Water-soluble portion was fractionated by employing the polarity criterion with ethyl acetate and butanol. The ethyl acetate fraction was further fractionated into phenolic and non-phenolic fractions. Hypoglycemic effect of these fractions was also evaluated. The results suggest that the flowers of A. indica contain at least two different constituents, responsible for the said activity. These investigations validate the use of flowers of A. indica in diabetes by Unani physicians.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.54-64
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• 2010

13종의 식물 정유(anise oil, clove oil, marigold, mustard oil, neem oil, quassia, quilaja, rosemary oil, rotenone, tea tree extract, thyme oil, wintergreen oil, and yucca)와 caffeine이 산업곤충인 누에(Bombyx mori)와 생물적 방제 인자의 하나인 곤충병원성 선충 Steinernema carpocapsae GSN-1 계통(Sc)과 Heterorhabditis sp. Gyeongsan 계통(Hg)에 미치는 영향을 실내 검정하였다. 1,000 ppm 농도의 식물체 추출물들 중 neem oil이 누에에 대한 살충활성이 가장 높았다. Neem oil을 처리한 뽕잎을 공급하였을 때, 급상 5일과 10일 후 누에의 치사율은 각각 55.3%와 100%였다. 그리고 neem oil이 처리된 뽕잎을 섭식한 누에는 번데기와 고치를 형성하지 못하였다. Rotenone을 처리한 뽕잎을 공급받은 누에의 고치와 번데기 무게는 각각 0.27 g과 1.01 g으로 가장 적었다. Mustard oil은 곤충병원성선충에 대하여 살선충 활성이 높았다. X-plate에서는 mustard oil 20 ppm 처리 시 곤충병원성선충 Sc와 Hg의 치사율이 처리 3일 후 각각 69.0%와 100%였으며 5 ppm 농도에서도 4%와 36%의 치사율을 보였다. Sand barrier에서 Sc를 100 ppm 농도의 mustard oil과 혼합 처리 시 꿀벌부채명나방(Galleria mellonella) 노숙 유충의 치사율은 무처리구와 차이가 없었으나 Hg의 경우는 무처리구에 비하여 30% 낮은 꿀벌부채명나방 치사율을 보였다. 꿀벌부채명나방 유충의 체내에 정착한 선충 수는 Hg가 Sc에 비하여 적었다. Sand barrier내 생존 Sc 선충 수는 200 ppm 이하 농도에서는 무처리구와 차이가 없었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권9호
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• pp.1273-1277
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• 2002

The effect of urea treatment on chemical composition of neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) was investigated by soaking the cake in 2.1% urea solution (1.2 l $kg^{-1}$ NSKC) for five days. The effect on utilisation of nutrients by replacing groundnut cake (GNC) (30%) with urea-treated neem seed kernel cake (UTNSKC) (33%) in a concentrate mixture fed to meet 70% of the protein requirements of lambs (8 males and 8 females), was monitored in a digestibility study. Following urea treatment of NSKC only 9.5% of urea was hydrolysed and the crude protein content of the cake was increased by 6.65%. The tannin content in depulped neem seeds was 37% catechin equivalent. Whereas feeding UTNSKC had no effect on intake of dry matter (72.5 vs 66.3 g/kg $BW^{0.75}day^{-1}$) and digestibility of crude fibre (41.3 vs 43.4%), the cake depressed (p<0.01) the percent digestibility of dry matter (63.7 vs 70.2), crude protein (63.2 vs 70.2), nitrogen free extract (73.8 vs 80.5) and gross energy (64.3 vs 69.1). Digestibility of ether extract (75.8 vs 70.9%) was higher (p<0.05) in animals offered UTNSKC. The nutritive value of the composite ration consumed by lambs offered UTNSKC was lower (p<0.01) in terms of total digestible nutrients (64.7 vs 70.2%) and digestible energy (2.8 vs 3.0 Kcal/g DM). Intake of digestible energy (199.8 vs 194.1 Kcal/kg $BW^{0.75}day^{-1}$) and retention of nitrogen (7.53 vs 8.23 g $day^{-1}$) and calcium (2.12 vs 1.84 g $day^{-1}$) were comparable on the 2 rations. Animals fed UTNSKC retained less (p<0.01) phosphorus (0.37 vs 1.05 g $day^{-1}$). The results indicate that urea treatment increased the protein level of NSKC whereas feeding the treated cake as a replacement of GNC, lowered the digestibility of nutrients and retention of phosphorus.